^ni ■t.:L^t':l■
Return to
LIBRARY OF MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY
WOODS HOLE, MASS.
Loaned by American Museum of Natural History
PROCEEDINGS
1^
OF THE
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
OF PHILADELPHIA.
VOL. IV. 1846, 1849.
PHILADELPHIA.
PRINTED FOR THE ACADEMY,
Br Merrihew Sc Tlioiiipson, 7 C»rl»-r'» AIIpj,
1860.
61'^
INDEX TO VOLUME IV.
Abert, Lieut. J. W., don. to lib., 111.
Adams, C. B., don. to lib., Ill, 263,
265.
Adams, Mr., don. to mus., 137.
Agassiz, Prof. Louis, don. to lib.. Ill,
176. ; on the distinction between the
fossil Crocodiles of the green sand of
New Jersey, 169; letter from to Dr.
Gibbes in relation to Dorudon serra-
tus, 4.
Alexander, Dr., don. to mus., 241.
AUinson, Geo. B., don. to mus., 109.
American Acad, of Arts and Sciences,
don. of memoirs of, 143.; of Proceed-
ings, 32, 82, 243.
Amer. Philosoph. Soc, don. of Trans-
actions of, 31 ; Proceedings of, 54,
189, 261 ; Resolution by to deposit its
collections of organic remains with
the Acad. Nat. Sci., of Philada., 247.
American Journal of Agriculture and
Science, don. of by editors, 30, 31,
32.
Anderson, J. D., don. to mus., 109, 241.
Asiatic Society of Bengal, don. by of
Journal, 81.
Ashmead, Samuel, don. to mus., 29, 52,
69, 163, 176, 241 : remarks on a pe-
culiarity in the calcareous spar from
Rossie Lead mines, 6.
Ashmead, H. E., don. to mus., 109.
Audubon, J. J., don. to mus., 164.
Australian Museum, don. to mus., 175.
Ayr, William, don. to mus., 205.
Bache, Prof. A. D., don. to lib., 189.
Bachman, Rev. Dr., Notes on the gene-
ration of the Virginian Opossum, 40.
Baird, Prof. S. F., don. to mus., 29,
don. to lib., 263.
Babbage, Charles, don. to lib., 31, 81.
Beasley, Theophilus, don. to mus., 103.
Berendt, Dr., ^don. to lib., 166.
Blanchard, M.Emile, don. to lib., 111.
Bovy, Mons., don. to mus., 29.
Boston Society of Natural History, don.
of Journal of, S2; of Proceedings, 111.
Bourcier, M., don. to mus., 137.
Boye, Dr. M. H.,don. to lib., 191.
Bogerslawski, Prof., don. to lib., 243.
Bridges, Dr. Robert, don. to lib., 190 ;
don. to mus., 138, remarks on esti-
mates relating to the length of the
year, 58.
Bryan, Wm. C, don. to mus., 109.
British Association, don. to lib., 55.
Browne, Peter A., paper read by, en-
titled " Reasons for believing that
animal torpidity is influenced by elec-
trical currents," 2.
Bristol Institution, don. to mus., 163.
Budd, Charles T., don. to mus., 164,
175.
Burlington College, don. to mus., 109.
Butcher, William, don. to mus., 109.
By-Laws, amendments to, 50, 148.
Calcutta Journal of Nat. Hist., don. of
by editors, 177.
Cantor, Dr. Theodore, don. to lib., SI.
Carpenter, Dr. Wm. S., don. to mus.,
137.
Cartwright, Dr. Samuel, don. to lib.,
242.
Carson, Dr. Joseph, don. to mus., 109.
Carey, John, don. to lib., 32.
Cassin, John, remarks on the man-
agement of monkeys in captivity, 3 ;
-, description of new species of Cyano-
corax, 26 ; descriptions of new species
of Vidua, Briss., Euplectes, Sw., Py-
renestes, Sw., and Pitylus, Cuv., 65 ;
description of a new Tanagra, 85 ;
Catalogue of Birds collected by Mr.
Wm. S. Pease, 87; description of
Owls, supposed to be new, 121 ; de-
scriptions of new species of Nyctale
and Sycobius, 157 ; Notes of an ex-
amination of the family Vulturidae,
J 58; remarks on a specimen of Anas
Rafflesii from Louisiana, 195; De-
scriptions of new species of Capri-
mulgidae, 236; special report, as Cura-
tor, on the Ornithological collection
of the Academy, 256.
Chambers, Andrew R.,don to mus., 79.
IV.
INDEX.
Club of Members, don. to mus., by, 29.
Committees, Scientific, for 1818, '2 : for
1849, 148.
Committee on Mr. Nuttall's descrip-
tions of new plants from the Rocky
Mountains ami California, collected by
W. Gambel, 3 ; on Dr. Leidy's paper
on some bodies in the Boa constrictor
resembling the Pacinian corpuscles,
3 ; on Mr. Cassin's descriptions of
new species of Cyanocorax, 7 ; on Dr.
Bachman's Notes on the generation
of the Virginian Opossum, ST); on Dr.
Hallo well's descriptions of two new
species of Onychocephahis from Africa
35 ; on Dr. Mydleton Mitchell's re-
marks on the generation of the Opos-
sum, 3G ; on Mr. Henrv C. Lea's
catalogue of the Tertiary Testacea of
the U. S., 36 ; on Dr. Leidy's descrip-
tion of Merycoidodon Culbertsonii,
36 ; on Dr. Dickeson's paper, Micro-
scopic examination of the development
of the foetus of the Succinia amphibia,
57; on Major M'Call's Notes on Mexi-
can birds heretofore not fully de-
described, 58 ; on Mr. Conrad's ob-
servations on new Eocene fossils from
Vicksburg, Mississippi, 58; on Dr.
R. W;, Gibbes Monograph of the fossil
Squalids of the U. S., 65; on Mr.
Cassin's descriptions of new species
of Vidua, Euplectes, Pyrenestes and
Pitylus, 65 ; on Dr. Gambel's descrip-
tion of a new Mexican Quail, 74; on
Dr. Gambel's descriptions of new
Californian Quadrupeds, 76 ; on Dr.
Hallowell's Notes of the post-mortem
appearances observed in a Cynocepha-
lus porcariuSjSo ; on Mr. Cassin's de-
scription of a new Tanager from the
Rio Negro, 84 ; on Mr. Pease's paper
on the Geology and Natural History
of part of Mexico, 85 ; on a Catalogue
of Mexican birds by the same, 85; on
Mr. Conrad's descriptions of new
species of recent Shells, 120: on Dr.
Gambel's Catalogue of the Columbidac
in the collection of the Academy, 120;
on Mr. Cassin's descriptions of new
Owls, 120; on Dr. Gambel's Contri-
butions to American Ornitholojy,
120; on Dr. Hallowell's description
of a new Salamander from California,
120 ; on Dr. Morton's Additional ob-
servations on a new livins species of
Hippopotamus, 149 ; on Mr. Cassin's
Catalogue of the Vulturidae and Stri-
gidae in the collection of the Academy,
150; on Mr. Cassin's descriptions of
new species of Nyctale and Sycobius,
150; on Mr. Conrad's descriptions of
new fresh-water and Marine Shells,
150; on Mr. Cassin's notes on the
Vulturida; and Strigidae in the collec-
tion of the Academy, 150; on Dr.
Hallowell's notes of a post-mortem
examination of a Cynocephalus, 150;
on Dr. Gambel's remarks on the
Birds of Upper California, 169; on
Dr. Gambel's Notes on the Pidgeons,
169 ; on Prof. Haldeman's description
of new species of Cryptocephalus,
169; on Dr. Keller's memoir on Cili-
ary cells of some marine naked Mol-
lusca, in embryo, 109 ; on Dr. Meigs*
observations on the reproductive or-
gans and on the foetus of the Delphinus
nesarnak, 172 ; on Dr. Leidy's re-
marks on the fragments of Tapirus
Americanus fossilis in the collection
of the Academy, 179 ; on Dr. Hal-
lowell's description of a new species
of Eryx, 183; on Dr. Savage's com-
munication on the Driver Ants of
West Africa, 184; on Prof. Halde-
man's descriptions of new species of
Hymenoptera, 193 ; on Dr. Savage's
paper on the Termitidae of West
Africa, 209 ; on Mr. Van Amringe's
letter proposing a new system of
Zoological classification, 224 ; on Mr.
Cassin's descriptions of new species
of Caprimulgida;, 234 ; on Dr. Gibbes*
descriptions of new species of Mylio-
bates from the Eocene of South Caro-
lina, 245 ; on Dr. Leidy's descriptions
of two species of Distoma, 247 ; on
Dr. Leidy's description of new Ento-
phyta, 248 ; on Dr. Le Conte's paper
"an attempt to classify the Longicorn
Coleoptera of America north of
Mexico," 248 ; on Dr. Morton's paper
on the size of the brain in the various
races of Man, 248 ; on a paper by
Professor Baird, Revision of the North
American Tailed-Batrachia, 204.
Committee on Dr. Savage's paper on
the Driver Ants of West Africa, ob-
servations by, 200.
Conrad, T. A., don. to mus., 138; don.
to lib., 30; Descriptions of two new
genera, and new species of recent
shells, &c., 121; descriptions of new
fresh-water and marine shells, 152.
Cook, John, don. to mus., 69 ; don to
lib., 205.
Cooper, C. C, don. to lib., 52.
Correspondents elected:
Blythe, Edward, Calcutta, 78.
INDEX.
V.
Brydges, Sir Harford, England, G8.
Cantor, i)r. Theodore, Bengal Medical
Service, 78.
Cobb, Prof. J., Kentucky, 107.
Doane, Rt. Rev. George W., New
Jersey, 107.
Dowler, Dr. Bennett, New Orleans,
68.
Ehrenberg, Chr. Gotfried, Berlin, 51.
Eschricht, Prof., Copenhagen, .51.
Fischer, de Waldheim M., Moscow,
107.
Frennont, Col. J. C, U. S. A., 51.
Goodsir, .Tohn D., Edinburgh, 260.
Henderson, Dr. A. A., U. S. N., 74.
Holmes, Francis S., Charleston, S.C.
78.
Jackson, Dr. R. M. S., Pennsylvania,
74.
Jones, Dr. Wm. L. Riceboro, Geo.,
51.
Kaup. Jean Jacq., Darmstadt, 2S.
Kirtland, Dr. J. P., Ohio, 107.
Michel, Dr. Mydleton, Charleston,
162.
Porcher, Dr. Francis P., S. Carolina,
224.
Ravenel, Henry W., S. Carolina, 162.
Scoresby, Rev. Wm. D. D. England,
28.
Schouw, Prof. J. Fred., Copenhagen,
51.
Sharpey, Wm. S., London, 260.
Strickland, Hugh E., London, 78.
Shumard, Dr. Benj. E., Kentucky,
107.
Tiedemann, Dr. Frederick, Hiedel-
berg. 64.
Tuckerman, Edward, Massachusetts,
107.
Van Amringe, Wm. F., New York.
68.
Verreaux, M. Jules, Paris, 149.
Wood, Dr. W. Maxwell, U. S. N., 3.
Yandell, Dr. L. P., Kentucky, 107.
Culbertson, Joseph, don. to mus, 52.
Curators, report for 1848, 132 ; for 1849,
254; announcement by of reception of
a collection of Sivalik fossils from the
East India Company, 75.
Cramer, Charles, don. to lib., 30, 1 10.
Dallas, George M., don. to lib., 55, 81.
Dana, R. H., don. to lib., 54.
Dana, J. D., don. to lib., 32, 242.
Dana, S. L., don. to lib., 112.
Dantzig Nat. Hist. Society, don. to lib.,
166.
Davenport, Mrs., don. to mus., 137.
Dawson, Dr., of Phila., don. to mus. ,109.
Dawson, J. W., of Pictou, N. S., don.
to mus., 69 ; Notes of specimens of
the Wheat Midge from Nova Scotia,
210.
Denny, Henry, don. to lib.,31, 166,242.
Desilver, Thomas, don. to mus., 261.
Dewey, William, don. to mus., 79.
Dickeson, Dr. M. W., don. to mus., 29;
don. to lib., 31.
Dilhvyn, L. W., don. to lib., 140, 165.
Dix, J. L., don. to lib., 143.
Doubleday, Edvv.,don. to mus., 109,110.
Dowler, Dr. Bennett, don. to lib., 112,
166, 188, 265.
Dundas, James, don. to mus., 176.
East India Company, don. to mus., 79.
Election ofCorres. and Rec. Secretaries,
74; of Record. Sec, 183.
Eyre, M. D., don. to mus., 138.
Faraday, Michael, don. to lib., 189.
Fisher, J. Coleman, don. to mus., 241.
Fisher, Thomas, don. to mus., 51.
Fischer, de Waldheim M., don. to lib.,
54,265.
Fitton, Wm. Henry, don. to lib., 164.
Fletcher, Charles S., don. to mus., 138.
Eraser, John F., don. to lib., 176.
Fremont, Col. J. C, don. to lib., 111.
Gambel, Dr. William, don. to mus., 175;
don. to lib.. 54; observations on some
birds from Florida, collected by Dr.
Hermann, 71 ; description of a new
Mexican Quail, 77 ; contributions to
Amer. Ornithology, 126 ; resignation
as Record. Sec, 179.
Gartland, F. X., don. to mus., 187.
Geneva Nat. Hist. Society, don. of me-
moirs of, 81.
Germain, L. J., don. to mus., 51, 109,
137.
Gibbes, Dr. R. W., don. to mus., 109 ;
don. to lib., 166, 205; letter to from
Prof. Agassiz in relation to Zeuglo-
don cetoides, 4 ; letter from to Dr.
Morton on same subject, 57.
Gilliss, Lieut., TJ.S.N., don. to lib., 205.
Gliddon, George R., don. to mus., 69;
don. to lib., 143.
Goddard, Dr. Paul B., don. to mus., 29,
187.
Gould, Dr. A. A., don. to mus., 163 ;
don. to lib.. 111.
Gourlie, Wm. Jr., don. to mus., 163.
Graff, Mrs. C. H., don. to mus., 138.
Grant, Dr. W. R., don. to mus., 110.
Gray, Dr. Asa, don. to lib., 32, 176.
Gray, J, E., don. to lib., 81.
VI.
INDEX.
Griffith, Dr. R. E., don. to mus., 51, 69,
262 ; dep. in lib., 52, 54, 55, 56, 71,
81, 112, 140, 142, 164, 165, 176, 178,
205, 20G, 243,244, 266.
Griffitli, M. E., don. to mus., 163.
Hagedorn, Mr., don. to mus., 187.
Haldeman, S S., don. to mus., 109; don.
to lib., 32, 55, 82, 244, 269; remarks
on the fibrous lava from the Hawaiian
Islands, 5 ; descriptions of new spe-
cies of Cryptocephalinae, 170; de-
scriptions of some new Hymenoptera,
203.
Haldeman, Lieut., don. to mus., 109.
Halloweli, Dr. E., don. to mus., 51, 109,
241; descriptions of two new species
of Onychocephalus from Africa, 59 ;
post-mortem appearances observed in
a Cynocephalus papion, 62; post-mor-
tem examination of a Cynocephalus
porcarius, 86; on a new Salamander
from Upper California, 126 ; post-
mortem exam, of a Cynocephalus,
151 ; correction of an error in the
locality of the Salamander described
at page 126, 183 ; description of a new
Eryx from Madras, 181; remarks on
the young of Coluber venustus, 245.
Hare, Dr. Robert, don. to lib., 32.
Harris, Edward, don. to mus., 79, 109,
241.
Harrison, Mr., don. to mus., 1S7.
Hays, Dr. Isaac, don. to lib., 244.
Hazzard, H., don. to mus., 187.
Heerman, Dr., don. to mus., 30, 81, 137,
175.
Hembel, William, t'on. to mus., 164;
don. to lib., 143, 243; letter declining
a re-election as President, 247;' reso-
lutions by Academy relative thereto,
248,
Henderson, Dr. A. A., don. to mus.,
138.
Henry, Dr. Bernard, don. to mus., 261.
Heuland, H., don. to mus., 137.
Historical Soc. of Penna., don. of Pro-
ceedings of, 31.
Hobson, William, don, to mus., 69.
Holmes, Francis S., don, to lib., 143.
Horsfield, Dr. Thomas, don. to mus., 80;
don. to lib., 82.
Howard, John G., don. to mus., 205.
Imperial Soc. of Nat. of Moscow, don.
of Bulletin of, .54, 142, 243, 269,
Imperial Mineralog. Soc. of St. Peters-
burg, don. to lib., 177.
Jackson, Dr. J. B. S-, don. to lib., 55.
Jackson, Dr. Chas. T., don. to lib., 31,
72.
Jameson, William, Jr., don. to mus., 51.
Johnston, Prof. J., don. to mus., 164.
Johnson, Prof. W. R., don. to lib., 70,
177, 189; communication from, 84.
Jones, G. N., don. to mus., 79,
Jones, Dr. Wm. L., don. to mus., 52.
Journal of Indian Archipelago and
Eastern Asia, don. of by Editor, 32,
52, 70, 81, 138, 191,243,269.
Keller, Dr. Wm., on ciliary cells in
some marine naked MoUusca in em-
bryo, 173; remarks on calculi from
the bladder of the whale, ISO ; analy-
sis of the same, 185.
Kilvington, Robert, don. to mus,, 30 ;
don. to lib., 110, 111.
Lacordaire, Th,, don. to lib., 138, 191.
Lambert, John, don. to mus., 29, SO ;
don. to lib., 31, 72,
Lea, Isaac, don, to lib., 178.
Lea, Henry C, catalogue of the Tertiary
Testacea of the United States. 95,
Le Conte, Dr. John L., don. to lib., 265.
Lepsius, Prof., don. to lib., 189,
Leeds Literary and Philosoph. Society,
don, to lib., 31.
Leidy, Dr. Joseph, don. to mus., 110,
261; don. to lib., 31, .52, 138, 139,
143, 178, 189 ; on the existence of the
eye in the perfect Cirrhipoda, 1; re-
marks on the hair of a Hottentot boy
brought to Philada, by Capt, Chase,
7; on certain bodies resembling Paci-
nian corpuscles in the Boa constrictor,
27; on a new fossil genus and species
of Ruminantoid Pachydermata, Mery-
codoidon Culbertsonii, 47; on the de-
velopment of the Purkinjean corpuscle
in bone, 116; on the existence of the
intermaxillary bone in the embryo of
the human subject, 145; on the Ta-
pirus Americanus fossilis, 180; on
the existence of Entophyta in healthy
animals, as a natural condition, 225;
on the odoriferous glands of the Inver-
tebrata, 234 ; descriptions of new
genera and species of Entophyta, 249.
Letters from individuals :
Allinson, George B,, 84.
BacLe, Prof, A. D., 73.
Bancroft, Hon. George, 57.
Beck, Dr. T. Romeyn, 245, 248.
Berendt, Dr., 150.
Berzelius, the Baroness, 147.
Blythe, Edward, 183.
Bowman, A. H., 65.
INDEX.
VU.
Brown, Richard, 36, 74.
Cantor, Dr. Theodore, 73.
Carpenter, Dr. Wm. M., 1.
Cautley, Major P. T., 120.
Cobb, Prof. J., 150.
Dana, J. B., 149.
Denny, Henry, 2.
Dowler, Dr. Bennett, 84.
Eschricht, Prof., 184.
Faraday. Michael, .35.
Fischer de Waldheim, M., 195.
Foulke, William P., 247.
Fremont, Col. J. C, 76.
Gibbes, Dr. R. W., 1, 179.
Gilliss, Lieut. J. M., 120.
Grecx, John A., 84.
Hembel, William, 224, 247, 249.
Henderson, Dr. A. A., S3.
Hildreth, Dr. S. P., 1.
Holmes, F. S., 83, 81.
Horsfield, Dr. Thomas, 73, 115, 172.
Jameson, William, 183.
Jackson, Dr. Charles T., 5.
Jackson, Dr. R. M. S., 84.
Johnson, Walter R., 84.
Jones, Dr. Wm. L., 65.
Kaup, J. J., 83.
Kenworthey, Dr. C. T., 149.
Kern, Richard H., 245.
Lacordaire, Prof. Th., 115, 194.
Leidy, Dr. Joseph, 73.
McMinn, J. M., 246.
Michel, Dr. Mydleton, 172, 183.
Morse, A. H., 224.
Motchaulsky, M. Victor, 249.
Nicholson, Dr. Charles, 115.
Norman, Benj. M., 84.
Parkinson, Caspar, 234.
Porcher, Dr. F. P., 245.
Prince de Wied, 193.
Ravenel, Henry W., 172, 248.
Redfield, Wm. C, 39.
Savage, Rev. T. S., 5, 35.
Scoresby, Rev. Wm., 76.
Selby, Prideanx J., 36.
Shelley, Dr. Joel Y., 1.
Shumard, Dr. Benj. F., 145.
Smith, Dr. H., 145.
Smith, Joseph, 36.
Squier, E. George, 172.
Strickland, Hugh E., 115.
Sturm, F. and J. W., 245.
Sturm, Prof. J., 65.
Thompson, William, 5.
Tuckerman, Edward, 115.
Van Arrringe, Wm. F., 83.
Verreaux, M., 183.
Wood, Dr. Wm. Maxwell, G.
Yandell, Dr. L. P., 145.
Letters from Societies, &c.:
Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences,
120.
Amer. Philosoph. Society, 36, 74, 83,
116, 180,224.
Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, 74.
British Museum, 172, 183.
Directors of E. India Co. Mus., 73,
172.
Edinburgh Geological Soc, 179.
Geological Soc. of London, 1,73, 172.
Imperial Soc. of Naturalists of Mos-
cow, 35, 116, 209.
Linnean Soc. of London, 6, 83.
Lyceum of Nat. Hist, of New York,
SI, 179,224.
Resents of Univ. of the State of New
York, 149.
Royal Acad, of Sciences of Brussels,
194.
Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences,
149, 224.
Royal Society of London, 248.
Royal Society of Copenhagen, 74.
Smithsonian Institution, 116, 246.
Society for developing the mineral
resources of the United States, 65.
Western Acad, of Nat. Sciences, 245.
Lewis, Dr. E. J-, don. to mus., 69,241.
Librarian's Report for 1848, 130 ; for
1849, 252.
Linnean Assoc, of Penn. College, don. of
Journal of, 31, 32, 52, 54, 70, 72, 81,
82, 110,112, 140.
Linnean Society of London, don. of
Transac. of, 32 : of Proceedings, 111.
Longchamps, Ed. de Selys, don. to lib.,
269.
Lyceum of Nat. Hist, of New York,
don. of annals of, 1 11.
Marcou, M. Jules, don. to lib., 177.
Markoe, Francis, Jr., don. to mus., 79.
Mantell, G. A., don. to lib., 164, 266.
McAndrew, Mr., don. to mus., 163.
McCall, Major Geo. A., Notes on some
Mexican Birfis heretofore not fully
described, G3.
McFarland, Rev. W., don. to mus, 176.
McMinn, J. M., don. to mus., 261; let-
ter from on the ' snow flea,' 246.
McMurtrie, Dr. H., don. to mus.. 137.
Medical Examiner, don. of by editors,
265.
Meigs, Dr. Charles D., don. to mus.,29y
188; on the mode of copulation of
the Opossum, 58; letter on the effects
of deep-sea pressure on the uterus of
the Cetacea, 193.
Members elected :
Barton, Thomas Pennant, 17 !.
Vlll,
INDEX.
Belknap, Henry, 179.
Biddle, Alexander, 7S.
Cook, John, 3.
Cope, Caleb, 3.
Dillingham, Wm. H., 3.
Fouike, Wm. P., 247.
Goddard, Rev. Kingston, 3.
Grant, Dr. Wm. R., 260.
Haines, Robert, 3.
Horner, Prof. Wm. E., 162.
Henry, Dr. Bernard, 179.
Lea, Henry C.,28.
Lejue, Wm. R., 28.
Lewis, Dr. Francis W., 239.
Meigs, Prof. Charles D.,51.
Norris, Octavius A., 239.
Roberts, Edward, 64.
Smith, John Jay, 28.
Smith, Dr. Francis G., 162,
Whitman, Wm. I;:., 28.
Wilson, Wm. S., 68.
Wolgemuth, F. F., 28,
Michael, Capt. W,, don, to mus., 175.
Michel, Dr. Mydleton, on the generation
of the Opossum, 46.
Moricand, M., don. to mus., 164.
Morris, Miss E, C, don. to mus., 17.5;
don. to lib., 177.
Morris, Miss M. H., on Cecidomyia
culmicola, 194.
Morton, Dr. S. G., don. to and dep. in
mus.. 29, 51, 52, 69, 80, 137, 187, 241,
261; don. to lib., 32, 52,72, 143, 164,
188, 189, 190, 265; observations on a
Bushman Hottentot boy brought to
Philada., 5; remarks on some ancient
Peruvian crania from Pisco, 39 ; on
some crania of Shoshonee Indians, 75;
on an antique silver image from Peru,
115; observations on the size of the
brain in various races and families of
man, 221 ; on a specimen of " bloody
bread," 246.
Morton, Wm. T. G., don. to lib., 176.
Moss, Theodore F., don. to mus., 138,
175, 188, 241.
Neill, Dr. John, don. to mus., 241,
Newbold, Wm, L., don. to mus., 175;
remarks on some peculiarities in the
African cranium, 221.
Nott, Dr. Josiah C, don, to lib., 205,
Nuttall, Thomas, don. to lib., 82; de-
scriptions of plants from the Rocky
Mountains and California, collected
by W, Gambel, 7,
Officers for 1848, 136; for 1849, 260,
Palmer, A, A., don
to lib,, 111,
Pease, Wm, S,, observations on the geo-
logy and natural history of Mexico, 9 1 .
Peirce, Jacob, remarks on a hybrid be-
tween the Guinea fowl and Peacock,
35.
Percival, Thomas C, don. to mus., 137;
don. to lib., 70, 81.
Percival, Miss M., don. to lib., 244.
Piddington, Henry, don. to lib., 244.
Pitcher, R., U. S. N., don. to mus., 241.
Pickering, Dr. Charles, on the faculty
of vision in the Balani, 2 ; remarks in
relation to estimates of the length of
the year, 58.
Powel, Samuel, don, to mus,, 138. 187,
205, 241,
Publication Committee of Acad, Nat.
Sci., don. to lib., 82, 205, announce-
ment by, of publicaf ion of part 2, new
series of journal, 75; do. of part 3, 193.
Pulte, Dr. J. H,, don, to lib., 52.
Prince de Wied, don to lib., 205,
Professeurs du Jardin des Plantes, don.
to mus., 109,
Ravenel, Dr, E., don. to lib., 188.
Read, James, don. mus., 187 ; don. to
lib., 71.
Recording Secretary, report of, for 1848
and 1849, 251.
Redfield, Wm. C, don. to mus., 109.
Redfield, John H., don. to lib., Ill,
Regents of University of State of New
York, 82, 138, 166, 189.
Reid, Mr., don. to mus., 137.
Report of committee on Mr. Conrad's
additional descriptions of tertiary fos-
sils of the United States, 64 ; on Dr.
Gibbes' monograph of the fossil squa-
lida3 of the United States, 65; ap-
pointed to prepare a corrected list of
members and correspondents, 116; on
Prof. Johnson's letter proposing to
memorialize Congress on the import-
ance of adding a naturalist to the as-
tronomical expedition to Chili, 116;
on Mr. Cassin's catalogue of the vul-
turida; and strigidas in the collec-
tion of the Academy, 150; on Dr.
Morton's additional observations on a
new species of hippopotamus, 162 ; on
Dr. Gambel's remarks on the birds of
California, and also on his notes on
the Columbida3 in the collection of
the Academy, 171 ; on Dr. Meigs' ob-
servations on the reproductive organs,
and on the foetus of the Delphiniis
Nesarnak, 174, on Prof. Haldeman'.s
descriptions of new cryptocephalin.T,
179 ; of the committee appointed to
INDEX.
IX.
superintend the printing of a new
edition ol' the by-laws, 179 ; on Prof.
Baird's revision of the North Ame-
rican tailed-batrachia, 209; of the
committee on proceedings in reference
to the sale of Say's American con-
chology, 209; of the committee ap-
pointed to enquire into the expediency
of altering the room adjoining the
library, so as to adapt it to the pur-
poses of the latter, 246; on Dr. Gibbes'
descriptions of new species of Mylio-
bates from the Eocene of S. Carolina,
247 ; on Dr. Leidy's descriptions of
two species of Distoma, 248; on Dr.
Le Conte's memoir on the Longicorn
Coleoptera of the United States, 249.
Report on the Ornithological collection
of the Academy by Mr. Cassin, 256.
Retzius, Prof., don. to lib., 189, 20.5, 269.
Resignation of Corresponding and Re-
cording Secretaries, 73.
Resolutions : to present the thanks of
the Academy to M. Bovy for a me-
dallion of Cuvier, 2 ; to inform M.
Vattemare that the Academy was
prepared to exchange with the Eu-
ropean Museums, 2 ; to request of Dr.
Shelly further information respecting
the locality for certain fossils in
Berks Co., Pa., G; to present a copy
of the proceedings to Dr. Savage, 36 ;
to present part 1, new series of Jour-
nal to M. Fischer de Waldheim, 36 ;
presenting the thanks of the Society
to Prof. W. R. Johnson for his ser-
vices as Corresponding Secretary, 73;
presenting the thanks of the Society
to Mr. J. Lambert for his services as
Recording Secretary, 74; presenting
the thanks of the Society to the Court
of Directors of the East India Co.'s
Museum for a collection of casts of
Sivalik fossils, 76; presenting the
thank? of the Society to Dr. Thomas
Horsfield for a cast of the cranium of
Sivatheriumgio;anteum, 76 ; instruct-
ing Secretary to invite the members
of the American Association for the
advancement of Science to visit the
Academy while in Philadelphia, 83 ;
to present to Dr. Wm. Blanding parts
1 and 2, new series of the Journal,
120 ; appointing a committee to su-
perintend the printing of a new edition
of the by-laws, 171 ; to loan from the
cabinet to Agassiz the cranium of a
Manatus, 174; to present to the Prince
de Wied part 2, vol. 8, first series,
and parts 1,2 and 3, new series of the
Journal, 194; to appoint a committee
respecting proposed alterations in the
room adjoining the library, to adapt
it to the purpf>ses of the same, 245;
to present to the Western Academy
of Natural Sciences portions of the
Proceedings, 245.
Rogers, Prof. H. D., remarks on the for-
mation of mountain ridges, 145.
Royal Academy of Sciences of Belsium,
don. to lib., 208.
Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences,
don. to lib., 106, 243.
Ruschenberger, Dr. W. S.,don. to mas.,
176.
Sanborn, D. M., don. to mv7s., 109.
Savage, Rev. T. S., don. to mus., 29 ;
letter to Dr. Hallowell in relation to
the habits of some African animals,
36; on the Driver ants of Western
.\frica, 195 ; on the species of Ter
mitidce of West Africa, 211.
Say, Mrs. Lucy W., don. to lib., 164,
165, 166, 177, 178, 189.
Sergeant, John, Jr., don. to lib., 190.
Sergeant, J. D., don. to mus., 188.
Silliman, B. Jr. don. to lib., 265.
Silliman's Journal, don. of by editors,
31, 54, 71, 81, 110, 138, 164, 177
189, 191j 243, 265.
Skelton, Dr., don. to mus., 69.
Skerret, Dr., don. to lib., 52.
Smith, Mrs. J. B., don. to mus., 69.
Smithsonian Institution, don. to lib.,
205.
Spooner, Mrs. J. E. don. to mus., 137.
Squicr, E. G., don. to lib., 165.
State of South Carolina, don. to lib., 166.
Stoever, M. L., don. to lib., 143.
Stott, Mrs. Eliz. extracts from will of,
74 ; don. to lib. by Executors of, 81.
Sturm, Jacob, don. to lib., 72.
Sturm, F. & J. W., don. to lib., 265.'
Sullivant, Wm. S., don. to lib., 71.
Taylor, R. C, don. to mus., 261 ; don.
to lib.. 111.
Taylor, J. H., don. to mus., 69.
Taylor^ James, don. to mus., 51.
Thompson, Wm., don. to mus., 187,
don. to lib., 190, 191.
Townsend, J. K., don. to mus., 51.
Troost, Dr. Gerard, don. to lib., 176.
TJ. S. Treasury Department, don. to
lib., 81.
Van Amringe, Wm. F., don. to lib., 72.
Vargas, Dr., don. to mus., 69.
X.
INDEX.
Vattemare, Alexander, don. to lib., 31.
Vaux, Wm. S., don. to mus., 109, 176,
261.
Verneuil. M. de, don. to lib., 31.
Verreaux, M. Ed., don. to mus., 163,
187.
Walker, Peter, don. to mus., 205.
Warren, Dr. J. C, don. to mus., 175.
Watson, John, don. to mus., 165, 271.
Watson, Dr. Gavin, don. to mus., 29,
30, 51, 69, 79, 176, 187, 21i, 261.
Weissmuller, Mr., don. to mus., 163.
Western Academy of Natural Sciences,
don. to lib., 166.
Wilson, Dr. T. B., don. to mus., 29,51,
69, 79, 109, 110, 137, 138, 163, 175,
176, 187, 241, 261 ; dep. in mus., 29,
52, 138, 175; don. to lib., 263, 264,
265. 266, 267, 268, 269, 270.; dep. in
lib., 30, 31, 32, 33, 52, 54, 55, 56,70,
71, 72, 81, 82, 110, 111, 112, 138,
140, 141, 142, 143, 164, 165, 166,
167, 176, 177, 178, 188, 189, 190,
191, 205, 206, 207, 208, 242, 243.
Wilson, E. T. and C. W.,don. to mus.,
211.
Wilson, Edward, don. to mus., 163;
don. to lib., 110, 267.
Wistar, Dr., don. to mus., 241.
Wislezenus, Dr. A., don. to lib., 70.
Wood, William S., doa. to mus., 29,
13S.
Woodhouse, D. Samuel W., don. to
mus., 69, 138.
Wyman, Dr. Jeffries, don. to lib., 54,
188.
Yandell, Dr. L. P., don. to lib., 70.
Young, Aaron, Jr., don. to lib., 31.
Zoological Society of London, don. of
Transactions and Proceedings of, 32.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,
OF PHILADELPHI A^
[rrr " -mm
January 11th, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
A letter was read from Dr. S. P. Hildreth, of Marietta, Ohio, dated
December 2-ith, 1847, relating to a peculiar variety of the Glow-
worm.
A letter from Dr. Joel Y. Shelley, dated Hereford, Berks county,
Pennsylvania, in reference to some valuable fossil remains from that
vicinity, was read and referred to the Geological and Mineralogical
Committee.
A communication was read from the Secretary of the Geological
Society of London, dated Somerset House, 4th of November, 1847,
acknowledging the receipt of recent numbers of the Proceedings.
Dr. Morton read a letter addressed to him by Dr. R. W. Gibbes,
dated Columbia, S. C, December 25th, 1847, in relation to the Basil-
osaurus, and announcing a new fossil genus Saurocetus.
A letter was read from Dr. William M. Carpenter, of New Orleans,
dated December 11th, 1847, enclosing a communication addressed to
the Academy, by Dr. E. Pilate, of Opelousas, S. C, dated October 29th,
1847, and proposing exchanges of Books or objects of Natural History.
Referred to the Curators.
Dr. Leidy remarked, that the existence of the eye in the perfect
condition of the Cirrhopoda, has been denied by all anatomists up to
the present time, but its presence in the larva or imperfect stages is
very generally acknowledged. Several years since, having received
some living specimens of Balanus rugosiis adhering to an oyster, he sub-
mitted them to dissection, in the course of which, he noticed upon the
dark purple membrane which lines the shell and muscular columns
running to the opercula, on each side of the anterior middle line, a
small, round, black body, surrounded by a colourless ring or space of
the membrane, which, upon submitting to a low power of the micro-
scope, he found to be an eye, composed of a vitreous body, having
nearly two-thirds of its posterior part covered by pigmentum nigrum,
and attached to a nervous filament, which he afterwards traced to the
PROCEED. ACAD. NAT. SCI. OF PHILADELPHIA. — VOL. IV. NO. I. 1
^ [Jan.
supra-oesophageal ganglia. The presence of this organ in other species
or genera, he had not yet had an opportunity of determinino-. (See
Plate, Fig. 4.)
Dr. Pickering mentioned in confirmation of the Balani possessing
the faculty of vision, that in their native situations, he had frequently
observed them suddenly retract their cirrhi, and close the opercula,
when the hand was passed over and above them.
January 18th, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
Mr. Peter A. Browne read a paper, entitled " Reasons for believing
that animal torpidity is influenced by the annihilation, or interruption,
of electrical currents ;" which was referred to Dr. Bridges, Professor
Johnson, and Dr. Pickering.
A letter was read from Henry Denny, Esq., dated Philosophical
Hall, Leeds, December 7th, 184-7, addressed to the Secretary of the
Academy, presenting several numbers of the Proceedings of the Geo-
logical and Polytechnic Society of the West Riding of Yorkshire.
On motion of Mr. Tovvnsend, the Corresponding Secretary was
directed to present the thanks of the Society to Mons. A. Bovy, the
artist of a beautiful medallion of Baron Cuvier, presented by him
this evening through Mr. A. Vattemare.
On motion of Dr. Leidy, the Corresponding Secretary was instructed
to inform Mr. Vattemare, that the Academy was prepared to com-
mence a system of exchanges of objects of Natural History, with the
Museums of Europe, as soon as lists of the especial wants of the latter
were made out and furnished to the Society.
January 2Wi, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
On motion of Professor Johnson, it was Resolved, That a new and
revised edition of the "Notice of the Academy," be prepared under the
superintendence of the author, in such manner as to give a condensed
view of the present state, as well as past history of the Institution, and
that five hundred copies be printed for the use of the Academy.
On motion of Dr. Bridges, Resolved, That Peter A. Browne, Esq.,
be requested to present to the Library of the Academy, a copy of his
paper, entitled " Reasons for believing that animal torpidity is in-
fluenced by the interruption or annihilation of electrical currents."
The following Committees were elected for the ensuing twelve
months :
Geological and Miner alogical.
J. Price Wetherill, T. A. Conrad,
Samuel George Morton, William S. Vaux,
Thomas B. Wilson, Samuel Ashmead,
John Lambert.
%
1848.]
Zoological.
Robert E. Griffith, John Cassin,
S. S. Haldeman, Edward Harris,
Edward Hallowell, William Gambel,
Joseph Leidy.
Botanical.
Robert Brid,g;es, R. E. Griffith,
William S. Zantzinger, Gavin Watson,
Robert Kilvington.
Physics.
Walter R. Johnson, John S. Phillips,
Paul B. Goddard, Thomas G. Percival,
Samuel Powel.
Library.
R. Bridges. T. C. Percival,
S. B. Ashmead, Benjamin J. Kern,
M. Carey Lea.
Committee on Proceedings.
S. G. Morton, C Corresponding and
J. S. Phillips, A Recording Secretaries,
W. S. Zantzinger, (_ ex-officio.
Caleb Cope, Esq., William H. Dillingham, Esq., John Cooke, Esq.,
and the Rev. Kingston Goddard, of Philadelphia, and Robert Haines,
Esq., of Germantown, were elected Members, and Dr. William Max-
well Wood, U. S. N., was elected a Correspondent,
February 1st, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
A communication was presented, entitled, " Descriptions of some
new plants collected by Mr. William Gambel in the Rocky Mountains,
and California, by Thomas Nuttall, F. L. S.'' Referred to Dr. Bridges,
Mr. Gambel, and Dr. Zantzinger.
Dr. Leidy read a paper " On some peculiar bodies in the Boa Con-
strictor, resembling the Pacinian corpuscles," which was referred to a
committee, consisting of Drs. Hallowell, Morton, and Bridges.
Mr. Cassin, referring the Academy to a paper by Professor Percy, " On the
management of Monkeys in captivity," published in the Proceedings of the Zoo-
logical Society of London, for 1844, made some remarks on that subject.
He characterized Prof. Percy's observations, as highly judicious and evidently
the result of much experience, — he (Mr. C.) wished however to point out the
fact, that in the enumeration of articles suitable for the diet of those animals in
confmement. Prof. P. had mentioned no animal food, except milk, an omission
difficult to account for, as Prof. P. observes in the same paper, " the Marmozet
eats spiders with great avidity."
Mr. C. stated that it was a well known fact, that many of the American
species fed not upon fruit solely, but also upon insects, bird's eggs, and even
4 [Feb.
birds, and he had also ascertained, that several African species not only devoured
insects with eagerness, but also caught them vs'ith great dexterity. A specimen
of the Cei-co}}ithecus saher/ts, observed by him, was very I'ond of the common
cockroach, and upon being furnished with a daily supply of that insect, actually
recovered perfect health alter symptoms of disease had made their appearance.
This individual caught cockroaches with surprising adroitness, and when one
escaped, he would watch for it to reappear with the patience and quiet of a cat.
Mr. C. stated as his opinion, that all the African monkeys (and perhaps all
others) were insect eaters, and to a person aware of the large number and enor-
mous size of many of the species of Coleoptera of Africa, it would appear a reason-
able supposition that those insects were eaten by monkeys.
All monkeys in confinement should be furnished with animal food, either
insects, or raw mutton, or beef, cut into tiiin strips resembling worms, which he
had found to be the best substitute.
Mr. C. stated that much of the disease of those animals in captivity, was
doubtless to be attributed to the fact, that they were invariably, as far as he had
observed, restricted to vegetable food.
February 8th, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
The Chairman read a letter addressed to him by Dr. R. W. Gibbes,
dated Columbia, S. C, January 27th, 1848, enclosing another from
Prof. Agassiz, addressed to Dr. Gibbes, dated Charleston, December
23d, 1847, and coinciding with him in the opinion that the Basilo-
saurus of Harlan, or Zeuglodon celoidcs of Owen, is generically dis-
tinct from the species described by Dr. Gibbes under the generic name
of Dorudon, and published in these Proceedings. The following is a
portion of the letter of Professor Agassiz : —
" I have examined the interesting fossil remains of Cetacea which you left with
me yesterday. On close comparison, I have satisfied myself that Basilosaurus
or Zeiiglodoii. cetoides, is generically distinct from your second species, which you
first described under the generic name of Dorudon. The hollowness of the teeth
cannot be indicative of a mere young age of that animal, as the form of the lower
jaw is altogether difTerent in the two animals : Zeuglodon having a continuous
fissure connecting the alveoli, and another groove along the edge of the jaw-bone,
which are wanting in Dorudon. Besides, the posterior branch of the jaw is also
different, the two lamcUre of the bone rising to the same height, and much higher
in Zeuglodon, than in Dorudon, which has a deep depression upon its external sur-
face, owing to the difference in the heiglit of the two laminae. Again, Zeuglodon
has deep pits upon the external surface of the lov.-er jaw, shewing that the teeth of
the upper jaw left an impression upon the lower, resting upon it, as in the croco-
diles of our days, when the mouth is shut. The other portions of the jaws of
Dorudon are from the upper jaw, the one with one tooth being from the left side,
the other with three teeth being from the right side. I am therefore sorry that
you have withdrawn your genus, in deference to the suggestion of Prof. Owen, as
he did not insist upon their generic identity, but rather alluded to the close affinity
of these remains.
The isolated tooth, though imperfect, is highly interesting, as indicating a new
genus of Sauroid Cetacea, allied to Me^alosaurus by the form of the tooth, but
difTering byithe form of its root. I would propose to call it Sauro-cHits G-ihhesii.
It will easily be distinnuished from the fang of Dorudon, by its great flatness and
acute serrated edge. In the form of these anterior teeth tliere is another generic
difference between Zeuglodon and Dorudon, worth mentioning; in the former
being blunt and short, whilst Dorudon has them acute and sharp upon the edges.
1 thank you for the opportunity you have afforded me to examine these highly
1848.] 5
interesting remains. As soon as I reach Boston, I shall avail myself of the op-
portunity of Dr. Warren's collection, to ascertain whether the Zeuglodon of South
Carolina is specifically identical with the large species of Alabama, which I begin
to doubt."
A letter was read from the Rev. Thomas S. Savapre, addressed to Dr.
Hallowell, dated Natchez, Miss., January 15th, 18 tS, stating that he
had drawn up some flicts connected with the habits of three of the
specimens of Natural History from Africa, lately presented by him to
the Society, and had forwarded them with sketches of two of the
serpents in a recent state, with some account of them as connected
with the superstition of the natives of that part of Africa.
A letter from William Thompson, Esq., addressed to Dr. Griffith,
dated Donegal Square, Belfast, January 11th, 184-8, was read, acknow-
ledging the receipt of a donation of shells from Dr. Griffith and the
Academy, and returning his thanks therefor ; also stating that he was
preparing to forward in return, a number of species of Echinodermata
and MoUusca, and of Alg(B, about one hundred and fifty species ; and
also offering to transmit, if desired, specimens of Irish Crustacea and
Zoophytes, also Cirrhipoda, Annelidce, and Amorphozoa, and fossils
from the green sand formation of his vicinity.
A letter was read from Dr. Charles T. Jackson, addressed to the
Academy, dated Boston, January 20th, 18-18, relating to the proposed
erection in Paris of a monument to M. Etienne Geoffi'oy St. Hilaire,
and enclosing a printed circular on the subject, dated Paris, April 30th,
1847, signed by Dumeril, Arago, Dumas, Serres, L. Elie de Beaumont,
Jomard, Regnault, and Roche, and soliciting the co-operation of scien-
tific societies and individuals in this country.
Professor Haldeman made some remarks ou the fibrous lava of the
Hawaian Islands, and referred to the formation of a similar material in
anthracite blast-furnaces. When the hearth of the furnace is some-
what chilled, and the slag not highly fluid, if the blast is allowed to
escape over it, it will be drawn out into long threads, which form
bunches resembling flax. According to Mr. Dana, the fibrous lava
(which Prof. H. proposes to call Stypnite,) is formed from masses of fluid
lava cast into the air and struck by the wind.
Dr. Morton oifered some observations of the Bushman Hottentot boy, now in
this city, and who was brought here under the kind and paternal auspices of Capt.
Chase, United States Consul at the Cape of Good Hope. This gentleman has ex-
pressed his intention to be present, with the boy, at a future meeting of the
Academy; and in view of this arrangement, Dr.M. stated that he should confine his
remarks to a few very interesting points. The boy is supposed to be about
eighteen years of age, is three feet eleven inches in height, and of slender make.
His complexion is that of a dried leaf, as described by travellers among these
people ; the head is elongated, flattened on the coronal region ; full behind, and rather
broad between the parietal bones. The face does not project ; the nose is so flat
as scarcely to be seen in profile ; the cheek-bones wide, and the forehead low but not
receding. The hair is arranged in delicate tufts, of a straight and cylindrical form,
each tuft being inserted separately into the scalp, so that the intervening light
skin presents a strong contrast with the black hair. If these tufts are examined,
the hairs composing them are found to be spiral, and so intimately blended as to
give the whole fasciculus a compact appearance, and an extraordinary flexibility.
The hairs are very fine; but Dr. M. observed that his friend Dr. Meigs had called
6 [Feb.
his attention to the remarkable fact, that they are flattened, like tape, and as seen
under a power of forty or fifty diameters of Chevallier's microscope, each hair has
the precise appearance of an ordinary steel watch-spring. Dr. M. had repeated
the experiments of Dr. Meigs, with that gentleman's assistance, using one of
Oberhauser's microscopes, with the same result. Dr. M. also adverted to a
prominence at or near the top of the sacrum, which, so far as he could judge
from a very imperfect examination of it, as covered with the boy's usual dress,
seems to be a prolongation of the spinous and transverse processes over the
region in question ; and which would appear to be the osseous frame-work of
that fatty cushion which is of proverbial occurrence in the Hottentot women. Dr.
M. expressed a hope that he might yet be able to examine this structure more
carefully, and report the facts to the Society. The boy's head corresponds, in most
of its developments, to those of two Hottentot skulls in Dr. M.'s collection, sent
him by Mr. John Watson, of Cape Town. The mental and moral questions con-
nected with the history of this youth, possess an extreme interest, but can only
be correctly judged of after more extended inquiries.
Mr. Ashmead made some remarks on what he considered a peculiarity in the
calcareous spar, from the Rossie Lead mines, in New York.
The general form presented by fractured crystals of calcareous spar is
rhomboedrous. Cleavage is perfect parallel totheprimary planesof a rhomb, andis
therefore three-fold.
Some time since, Avhile engaged in reducing to convenient size for the cabinet,
some specimens of double refracting spar from the above locality, he observed that
some of the fractured crystals were susceptible of mechanical division in different
directions from those of the planes of a rhomboedron ; this induced him to slice off
the laminae wherever he found cleavage was perfect, and by proceeding with this
sort of dissection, the result was a nucleus, of a perfectly geometrical form. It is
a solid, bounded by six isosceles triangular planes of similar lustre, or two obtuse
three-sided pyramids, placed base to base ; it has but one axis passing through
opposite solid angles; assuming the axis to be vertical, the base is an equilateral
triangle. As the faces are not parallel, but inclined to each other, it is suscepti-
ble of perfect cleavage in six directions.
The solid angle of the apex is similar to the obtuse solid angle of the rhomb,
therefore, by truncating the alternate solid angles of the rhomb, this solid is
produced.
On motion of Dr. Leldy, the Corresponding Secretary was requested
to make some further inquiry of Dr. Joel Y. Shelley, of Berks county,
respectinfz; the locality of certain fossils from his vicinity, and the
depth at which they were found by him.
February Ibth, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
A letter was read from Dr. William Maxwell Wood, U. S. N.,
dated Philadelphia, February 11th, 1848, acknowledging the receipt
of his notice of election as a Correspondent.
A letter M^as read from the Secretary of the Linnean Society of
London, dated Soho Square, December 30th, 1847, acknowledging the
receipt of recent numbers of the Proceedings of the Academy.
A supplement to a communication presented at the meeting of Feb-
ruary 1st, 1848, entitled "Descriptions of some new plants collected
by Mr. William Gambel in the Rocky Mountains and California, by
Thomas Nuttall, F. L. S.," was read and referred to the same Commit-
■tee, viz., Dr. Bridges, Mr. Gambel, and Dr. Zantzinger.
1848.] 7
Mr. Cassin read a paper, containing " Descriptions of new species of
Birds of the genus Cynnocorax Boie, specimens of which are in the
collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia," which
was referred to the following Committee, viz., Dr. Wilson, Mr.
Gambel, and Mr. Townsend.
Professor Henry D. Rogers exhibited and explained his Geological
Map of Pennsylvania, and also a " Section of the Southern Anthracite
coal basin at Pottsville."
Dr. Leidy mentioned to the Society, that he had examined the hair
of the Hottentot boy, and that his observations corroborated the state-
ment of Dr. Morton, made at last meeting, that it was much com-
pressed or flattened. Transverse sections varied in outline from an
oval to a very compressed lenticular form.
February 29th, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
The Committee on Mr. NuttalPs paper, read 1st and llth insts.,
reported in favour of publication in the Journal and Proceedings.
Descriptions of Plants collexted by Mr. William Gambel in the Rucky Mountains
and Upper Calif ornia. By Thomas Nuttall.
*GAMBELlA.t
Natural order, ScROPHULARiNiE. Tribe, ANTiRRHiNEiK.
Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Corolla hypogynous, the tube cylindrical, sac-
cate at the base, orifice narrowly pervious, the border bilabiate, the palate rather
prominent, smooth, upper lip erect; the lower spreading, all the segments nearly
equal and oblong. Stamina four, arising from the base of the corolla tube, in-
cluded, didynamous :' no sterile filament: anthers bilocular, oblong Ovarium
bilocular, with many ovules, seated upon a glandular torus. *7^/e simple, cla-
vate, entire. Capsule subglobose, 2-celled, opening below the summit by two
or three irregular apertures. Seed, [not seen.] — A spreading bush, with verti-
cillate, entire, coriaceous leaves, and axillary and terminal conspicuous scarlet
flowers. Allied to Galvezia, but with a prominent palate and a saccate spur at
the base of the corolla.
G. speciosa.
Hab. In the island of Santa Catalina on the coast of California. Flowering
in the month of February.
*CROSSOSOMA.t
Calyx 5-leaved, imbricated, somewhat coriaceous and persistent, the leaves
unequal and concave, with colored margins. Corolla of 5 subsessile, oval petals.
Stamina perigynous, about 25, on a fleshy disk; anthers adnate. Urarics two
fin honor of Mr. William Gambel, a naturalist, who has explored Upper Cali-
fornia, and made an interesting collection of the plants of that country.
J From xpoaao^ f'-ugc, and ffw^a a body; in allusion to the fimbriate arillus.
8 [Feb.
to five, united at base into a short stipe, 1-celied ; ovules many, attached to the
ventral suture in a single crowded series. Sliginas thick and sessile, recurved.
Capsules two to five, coriaceous and cylindric, opening longitudinally and in-
wards, many-seeded. Seed roundish-reniform, nearly surrounded by a deeply
fringed arillus. Embryo not seen. — A Californian shrub, with alternate, entire,
crowded, exstipulate leaves, and 1-flowered, short, terminal branchlets ; flowers
white.
C. CaUfornica.
Har. Abundant on the borders of streams in the island of Catalina, off
the coast of Upper California. Flowering in February.
TRIFOLIUM.
§. *Physantha.. ( Tnvolucrarium.) With the calyx 5-cleft, one or two of the di-
visions smaller. Corolla marcescent. The vexillum transformed into a physi-
form sac, which at length envelopes the very small wings and monopetalous
carina. Stigma capitate. Legume stipitate, 2 to 5-seeded, included in the calyx.
T. *stmophyllain. .\nnual, branching from the base; leaves ternate, smooth
and linear, distantly serrulate; stipules subulate, sparingly denticulate; pe-
duncles elongated, filiform, heads small and nearly round, the vexillum, at length,
forming a membranous inflated sac of equal breadth throughout, embracing the
small wings and small carina, which is monopetalous, with but one broad claw
attached to the vexillum.
Hab. The island of Catalina, near Santa Pedro, Upper California.
Flowering in February.
T . '* G amhelii . Perennial and decumbent, smooth, branching from the base;
leaflets roundish-oval or cuneate-oval, obtuse, very minutely and sharply ser-
rulate; stipules membranaceous, dilated, entire, with subulate, slender points;
peduncles about the length of the leaves; involucrum about S-cleft, the seg-
ments lanceolate, acuminate; teeth of the calyx trifid,or simple, with setaceous
points; legume stipitate, 3 to .'i-seeded ; wings longer than the vexillum.
Hab. Island of Catalina, St. Simeon and Pueblo de los Angeles.
A large, robust species, with shortish branches, very large stipules, and
heads of large flowers, which appear to have been whitish, with purple tips to
the carina ; heads of flowers 1 to H inches across; the vexillum very wide
below, so as to conceal the other petals ; the wings and carina are also united ;
leaflets three quarters of an inch long, and about the same breadth.
T. *cilkdum. Q. Smooth and erect, but little branched ; lower leaves on
very long petioles; leaflets cuneate-elliptic or oblong, obtuse, minutely and
sharply serrulate; bractes adnate, subciliate, herbaceous, entire and acutely
acuminate; capitnli axillar and terminal, rounded, many-flowered, destitute of
involucrum, but subtended by a cicatrised circle of points ; the flowers attached
to a cylindric torus, often ending in a long subulate point beyond the capitulnm ;
segments of the calyx unequal, one of the teeth small, the rest lanceolate, sharply
acuminated and bristly ciliated with stiff" hairs ; vexillum enclosing the other
petals, which are small; legume flat, stipitate, about 1-seeded.
HiB. Pueblo de los Angeles, Upper California.
Stipules herbaceous ; the leaves rather thick and strongly veined, with forked
vessels ; calyx nearly the length of the ochroleucous flower. This is again a
Physan-iiia, but without a proper involucrum.
1S4S.] 9
T. ^demidatum. Q. Smooth, stem erect, a little branched, lower leaves on
very long petioles; leaflets obcovdate or oboval, minutely and sharply serrulate ;
stipules membranaceous, entire and setaceously acuminated; capituli axillary
and terminal, rounded, many-flowered, without an involucrum, but with a cica-
trised circle in its place, the flowers attached to a conic torus of the same struc-
ture ; segments of the calyx subequal, linear lanceolate, sharply acuminated,
nearly the length of the small ochroleucous flower; pod stipitate, about
2-seeded.
H-vB. With the above, which it much resembles, but the vexillum is not
unusually inflated.
About a span high ; a rather small annual, and very smooth in every part.
Leaflets about three-quarters of an inch long, three to four lines wide. Flowers
small, with the teeth of the calyx very long and conspicuous.
T. ^diversifolum. Q. Small and smooth, branching from the base; leaflets
linear or oblong, obtuse, perfectly entire, or repandly and rather sharply serru-
late towards the apex; stipules nearly entire, with subulate points; peduncles
longer than the leaves ; heads very small, 8 to 10-flowered; involucrum 6 to
8-parted, the divisions entire, ovate, obtuse ; calyx nearly half the length of the
short flowers, the teeth simple and acute ; legume 2-seeded.
Hab. Near St. Simeon, Upper California. Remarkable for the diversity of
its foliage, some of the leaflets being linear and quite entire, others with the
same slightly serrulate ; in other plants they are cuneate-oblong, and even
emarginate. The plant about a span high, with reddish flowers and a deep
purple tipped carina.
ASTRAGALUS.
fi. MicROLOBTUM. Annual or perennial? Flowers various. Legume small,
scarcely exserted beyond the calyx, 1-seeded.
K. *Catal!.nensis. Q. Nearly erect and much branched ; stipules ovate, dis-
tinct, leaflets linear, deeply emarginate, five to seven pair, as well as the stem,
scattered with appressed hairs ; flowers ochroleucous, in capitate heads ; seg-
ments of the calyx subulate, obtuse, thickly clad with rough white and black
hairs, the segments all inclined to the lower side ; legume scarcely exserted,
scabrous.
Hab. On the island of Catalina, in Upper California. Flowering in Feb-
ruary.
A. *nigrescens. Annual; nearly erect and much branched; stipules
ovate, acuminate; leaflets cuneate-linear, deeply emarginate, nearly smooth;
flowers ochroleucous, in short oval spikes, at length nodding; segments of the
calyx subulate, acute, clothed with shortish black hair; legume ovate, acute, and
villous, a little exserted ; cells 1-seeded.
Hab. With the above, which it greatly resembles, but difl^erent in the
calyx and pod; flowers less crowded and pedicellate, the calyx not so deeply
divided, nor clothed with such long rough hairs ; bractes minute, chaffy, subulate;
stipules partly united at the base.
PHLOX.
P. *brijoides. Densely crespitose, very small ; leaves closely imbricated in 4
rows, the ciliar pubescence extending beyond the points of the oblong-lanceo-
2
10 [Feb.
late, very acute short leaves; flowers scarcely exserted ; segments of the calyx
obtuse; those of the corolla cuneate, entire.
Hab. On the dividing ridge of the Rocky Mountains. (Nuttall.)
P. *nana. Dwarf and many-stemmed, viscidly pubescent; leaves rather
long and linear, acute, the upper ones alternate; peduncles few, from the termi-
nal branches, and as well as the calyx pilose; flower exserted, with the tube
twice the length of the calyx segments ; border of the corolla longer than the
tube, segments cuneate, emarginate.
Hab. Near Santa Fe, Rio del Norte. Flower large and red. Stems
many from the same perennial root, 4 to 5 inches high ; the lower leaves 1 1 inches
long, from 1 to 2 lines wide, quite flat, and more or less clothed with a small
glandular pubescence. Flowers few, and as large as any in the genus ; segments
of the calyx linear and acute; the tube of the corolla about twice its length.
Corolla more than an inch across. Cells of the ovarium 2-seeded.
PoLEMONiuM *uiscosum. Dvvarf ; every part covered with a short, viscid pu-
bescence; leaves nearly as long as the short flower stems, segments rounded,
ovate or subcordate, very small and short ; flowers in small terminal clusters ;
corolla much longer than the elongated lanceolate segments of the calyx ; ovaries
2 or 3 in each cell.
Hab. On rocky ledges towards the sources of the Platte Flowering in June.
(Nuttall.)
GILIA.
G. * multijlora. Biennial, erect and much branched from the base; stems low
and pubescent; leaves pinnatifid, mostly trifid, segments narrow linear and
mucronulate, above simple; flowers disposed in sessile or pedicellate axillary
clusters; tube of the corolla about twice the length of the curved calyx; the
segments of the corolla oblong and mucronulate; stamens somewhat exserted.
Hab. Sandy hills along the borders of the Rio del Norte, (New Mexico.)
Flowering in August.
S. *ALLOPHyLLuar. Annual. Leaves dissimilar and broad, obscurely
3 to 5-parted, with distinct partial petioles. Stem difTusely branched, the
flowers small, partly funnel-form, disposed in cymose racemes. Capsule oval,
the cells 2-seeded; the seeds roundish, not angular. Closely allied to Col-
lomia, but with the cells of the capsule 2-seeded.
G *divaricatii. Annual, diffusely branched and subdecumbent, viscidly puberu-
lous ; leaves alternate, digitately united at the base; leaflets 3 to 5, lanceolate
acute, attenuated into a petiole, two or four much smaller than the others;
branches forked, ending in cymose racemes ; calyx obcoiiic, divided nearly to
the base, enlarging with the ripening of the fruit; the segments lanceolate acute,
viscid ; corolla small and slender, the tube more than twice the length of the
small calyx ; segments of the border oblong ; stamens somewhat exserted, an-
thers roundish.
Hab. Monterey, Upper California.
§. *Chrysantha. Annual, pubescent. Leaves sessile, opposite, palmately di-
vided, with entire linear segments. Flowers fastigiate, somewhat corymbose
on filiform peduncles, (yellow) segments of the calyx acute. Corolla funnel-
184-8.] 11
form, with a short tube, the segments oval and entire. Anthers ovate. Stamens
exserted beyond the throat of the corolla. Ovules in the capsule about 20.
G. *aurea. Corolla smooth, about twice the length of the calyx; segments
of the leaves short and hispid, 3 to 6.
Hab. Santa Barbara. Flowering in April.
^. Perennials or biennials, with the leaves often sparingly pinnatifid towards
the extremity, or entire and linear, fleshy. Flowers in condensed clusters, capi-
tate or in spikes, generally white. Corolla tubular, with a deeply 5-cleft,
spreading border. Stamens shortly exserted or even with the summit of the
tube. Stigmas very short. Ovaries 2 to 4 in a cell, rarely 1. — *Elafhocera.
G. congesta. (Hooker.) Common in the Rocky Mountain region.
G. ^crebrifo/ia. Perennial and branching from the base ; leaves entire, linear,
acute and fleshy, smooth, crowded so as to conceal. the stem ; flowers in capi-
tate clusters; stamens exserted to the length of the corolla segments.
Hab. Big Sandy Creek of the Colorado of the West. Flowering in July.
(Nuttali.)
G. *spici:ifa. Perennial; leaves linear, fleshy; flowers in clusters, spiked;
stem and calyx lanuginous, segments of the calyx linear acute and viscid; tube
of the corolla exserted; stamens at the summit of the tube.
Hab. On the hills near Scott's Bluffs of the Platte. Flowers white, segments
oblong. (Nuttali.)
G. *trijida. Biennial; radical leaves linear; cauline trifid towards the ex-
tremity, fleshy and smooth ; flowers clustered in spikes; stem and calyx pubes-
cent, segments of the calyx linear and very acute ; tube of the corolla exserted ;
stamens at the summit of the tube.
Hab. With the above, which it greatly resembles, except in the leaves; cells
of the capsule each with three or four ovules. About a span high, (Nuttali.)
G. *pumila. Perennial? branching from the base ; flowers in terminal clus-
ters, subtended by long leaves, wooly at their base ; leaves fleshy, trifid at the
extremities ; segments narrow, linear, spinulose at points ; corolla small, the
tube exserted ; stamens extending a little beyond the orifice of the tube.
Hab. Near the first range of the Rocky Mountains of the Platte. Flowering
in May. (Nuttali.)
G. (CoLLOMioiDEs) ^Jillfolia. Q. Erect and rigid ; stenis smooth below,
nearly simple; leaves mostly trifid ; the segments setaceous and rigid ; capituli
corymbose and whitely woolly ; tube of the corolla about the length of the calyx;
segments of the border lanceolate; stamens shorter than the corolla.
Hab. Near Santa Barbara, Upper California.
LEPTOSIPHON.
L. *hlcolor. Branching from the base ; leaves 3, 5 to 7-cIeft, the lowest
much shorter; lower segments oblong-linear, cuneate, the upper subulate,
all more or less roughly ciliate; segments of the calyx subulate, lanceolate ;
tube of the corolla three times the length of the funnel-formed border, its seg-
ments oval and rounded ; stamens about half the length of the border.
Hab. On moist rocks, on the Oregon near the outlet of the Wahlamei; the
only place where we saw it, (Nuttali.)
12 . [Feb.
FENZLIA.
F. *speciosa. Copiously branching from the base, nearly glabrous ; leaves
linear, entire ; flowers pedunculate, (concolor, nearly white ?) border of the
corolla as long as the elongated segments of the smooth calyx.
Hab. On the island of Catallna. Flowering in February.
F. *concinna. (■). Very dwarf and somewhat pubescent, branching from the
base; leaves linear, flowers nearly sessile ; segments of the caly.K longer than the
cup.
Hab. Near Santa Diego, Upper California. Flowering in May. (Nuttall.)
LEPTODAC TYLON.
L. *cxspitosum. Diffusely casspitose, herbaceous and smooth; leaves
imbricated, the segments about 3, flat, with sharp subulate points ; the
tube of the corolla exserted ; segments cuneate, entire.
Hab. On the borders- of the Platte, and hills near Scott's Blufi^s. Flowering
in May. (Nuttall.)
EUTOCA.
E. ^alhijlora. Q. Glandularly pilose and viscid ; stem erect and branching;
leaves broad-ovate, shortly petiolate, subcordate, angularly biserrate ; racemes
curved, elongated, many-flowered, calyx segments spaithulate-linear, obtuse ; co-
rolla not much longer than the calyx ; capsule many-seeded. '
Hab. Santa Barbara, Upper California.
E. *speciosa. Q. Stem erect and simple; leaves broad ovate, subcordate,
doubly serrate, almost lobed, beneath strongly nerved, and, as well as the stem
and calyx, hispid and viseidly glandular ; racemes at the summit of the stem,
several, circinate, not elongated ; flowers on short pedicels ; segments of the calyx
spathulate-linear ; capsule with more than fifty roundish, very rugose seeds.
Hab. Near St. Diego, Upper California. (Nuttall.)
*EUCRYPTA.t
Calyx 5-parted, without external appendages ; lobes oval or ovate.. Corolla
tubular companulate, half .5-cleft, deciduous, without internal appendages; the
lobes rounded; the aestivation with three segments exterior and two interior.
Stamens 5, equal, arising from the base of the corolla, smooth, somewhat ex-
serted; anthers small and oval, nectary none. Ovary depressed, globose, 1-
celled ; placentas 2, free, externally septiferous, each with four dissimilar
ovules. Style elongated, very shortly bifid. Stigmas minute. Capsule
2.valved, dividing parallel with the placenta, presenting four roundish, rugose
seeds ; concealed in the adnate parietes, as it were, of each of these valves are,
(when perfect,) two other seeds, which are even and elliptic ! separated from the
other seeds by a perfect membranaceous partition, parallel with the deep con-
cavity of the valves, and each of these partitions is again divided internally by a
proper transverse septum; so that the capsule is in fact 4-ceiIed, witli closed
partitions, and the division of the adnate placentas presents the large circular
cavity of the capsule, as if merely 1-celied, with two hemispherical valves!
Seed with a corneous, large albumen ; embryo straight, minute, central, not
t So called in allusion to the concealed cells of the capsule.
1848.] 13
half the length of the albumen. — Annuals with bipinnati/id leaves, with the
flowers in loose racemes.
E. *paniciilata. Flowers in a loose terminal panicle; stem viscid; uppermost
leaves pinnatifid, segments of tlie calyx oval, obtuse.
H.\.B. Near Santa Barbara, Upper California. Flowering in April and May.
E. *folinsa. Leaves all bipinnatifid, hirsute ; racemes not longer than the
leaves ; segments of the calyx ovate, acute.
Hab. With the above, which it much resembles, but a lower, less viscid
plant, with rather smaller flowers and capsules.
COLLOMIA.
^. Calyx obconic, scarcely cleft to the middle, with foliaceous segments.
Flowers racemose, scattered. Intensely bitter to the taste. — *Picracoi,la.
C. *linuiJes. Leaves narrow-linear, scattered, ending in a short mucro ;
flowers small, scattered, subsessile, the calyx shorter tnan the tube of the co-
rolla.
Hab. Banks pf the Platte. (Nuttall.)
PHACELIA.
P. *canescens. Canescent and hirsute ; leaves spathulate, oblong or sublan-
ceolate, entire; racemes condensed into circinate clusters; corolla twice the
length of the calyx ; stamens exserted, the filaments pilose.
Hab. In the Rocky Mountains and Blue Mountains of Oregon. (Nuttall.)
p. *glandulosa. Annual or biennial, very pilose, with a soft, short, shining
pubescence ; the stems and calyx covered with blackish, viscid, resinous glands;
leaves pinnatifid ; the segment.^ somewhat toothed, short and roundish ; flowers
shortly pedicellate in crowded circinate spikes; segments of the calyx oblong;
stamens exserted ; style pilose.
Hab. About Hams' Fork of the Colorado of the West, on dry, bare hills.
(Nutlall )
NAVARRETIA.
N. ^minima. Q. Smooth, dwarf, depressed and branched from the
base; leaves somewhat bipinnately divided, with iew and divaricate, subulately
sharp segments; floral leaves simply pinnately dissected ; calyx with three of
the segments usually entire ; corolla longer than the tube of the calyx; ovary
cells 2-seeded.
Hab. Plains of the Oregon, near Walla. Walla, (\uttall.)
Seldom more than an inch high; segments of the leaves quite acicular ;
flowers small and white, the tube exserted a little beyond the calyx; the
stamens slightly exserted.
ERIOGONUM.
E. *acaule. Very dwarf, stemless and cscspitose, the caudex much divided,
leaves whitely tomentose, oblong-linear, reflected so as to be semi-cylindric ;
involucrum wholly sessile, few flowered, 4 or 5- toothed, the teeth very ob-
tuse.
Hab. On the summit of the Rocky Mountains, near the Colorado of the
West, at the highest land. A very remarkable dwarf species, forming dense
tufts, independent of the subterraneous woody caudex, not an inch high, whitely
14 [Feb.
tomeiitose. Leaves about a line wide and about 3 or 4 long. Flowers yellow
and bright, externally somewhat pubescent, as well as the germs.
E. *Andhitt,m. 8temless, ceespitose, the caiidex much divided ; leaves small
and spathulate, wholly and whitely tomentose, reflected on the margin ; scapes
all radical, terminating in a single capitulum; involucrum divided nearly to the
base, the segments about 8, leafy ; flowers yellow, small.
Hab. With the above. (Nuttall.)
With a woody brown subterraneous stem, terminating with cjBspitose tufts of
white, softly tomentose leaves ; scape 2 or 3 inches high, with a small umbel of
bright yellow flowers, which are pubescent externally, and reflected from the
multifid involucrum, which is divided into eight small, leafy appendages. Germ
smooth. Stigmas rather long.
E. *denudatum. Annual, very smooth, excepting the under surface of the
leaves, which are tomentose; leaves all radical and small, roundish reniform, on
long petioles ; stems many, all from the base, naked and scapoid, terminating in
a single invohicrum, or corymbosely terminated by 2 or 3; involucres double,
the outer or bractes short and 3-cleft, the inner 8-toothed and strongly ribbed,
bearing tufts of abortive filaments ; perigonium smooth, (purple.)
Ka.b. In the Rocky Mountains of Upper California.
E. *racf'.mos!t.m. Scape naked and whitely tomentose, as well as the elliptic
ovate leaves, sparingly forked at the summit, with the solitary involucres ses-
sile and forming a spike ; involucrum very woolly, obsoletely toothed, subtended
by a 3-cleft sheathing involucel or bractes; perianth smooth, oblong, attenuated
at the base, (flowers ochroleucous?)
Hab. Colorado of the V\ est.
E. '^ellipticum. SufFiuticose ; barren branchlets at the base of the scapoid
stem; leaves elliptic or olilong-elliptic, beneath whitely tomentose, above nearly
smooth; umbel compound, the forked divisions and general umbel involucrate;
the involucels leafy and spreading; involucrum campanulate, lanuginous, 6-cleft,
the segments rather longer than the tube, very many-flowered ; perianth exserted,
oblanceolate, attenuated to the pedicel, smooth, (or pubescent ?)
Hab. Kocky Mountains. (Nuttall.)
j3. megacephalum. Leaves oblong, subelliptic ; perianth pubescent; umbel
simple.
Hab. With the above.
E. *gcn!culu(uiu. SufFruticose, low and considerably branched ; stems clus-
tered ; leaves linear, somewhat oblong, revolute on the margin, pubescent above,
tomentose beneath ; umbels simple, of few rays, the involucrum of the umbel
long and leafy; proper involucrum campanulate, many-flowered, lanuginous;
the border many-cleft, the divisions spreading and nearly as long as the cup;
■ flowers yellow, numerous and small, obconic, externally pubescent towards the
base.
Hae. In the Rocky Mountains, on the western slope. (Nuttall.)
E. *cerniium. Q. Leaves all radical, round oval, upon longish petioles,
very whitely tomentose beneath, less so above; scape smooth, two or three
times dichotomous ; involucres solitary, pedicellate, smooth, pedicels exserted, at
1848.] 15
length cernuus ; involucrate bractes 3-cleft, acute, appressed ; teeth of the iiivo-
liicriim acute ; flowers few and small ; segments of the perianth unJulated
Hab. On the plains of the Oregon and in the Rocky Mountains. (Nuttall.)
E. *iiiicrotheca.. Suffruticose and dwarf; stems slender and clustered, at first
arachnoid tomentose ; leaves linear-oblong, nearly smooth above, whitely tomen-
tose beneath, shortly petiolate, the petiole widened at the ba^e ; umbel two or
three times di or trichotomous, each division bracteate ; the involucrum small
and distinct, pubescent, about G-flowered ; the teeth about six, ovate, obtuse;
flowers yellow, very small.
Hab. On the sides of hills in Oregon, cast of Walla- Walla (Nuttall.)
E. *cn)vpanufufui}i. Leaves all radical, clustered upon a thickish caudex, linear-
spathulate or narrowly oblong, narrowed below into longish petioles, whitely
tomentose on both surfaces ; scaj)es smooth and naked ; umbel about twice tri-
chotomous, few-flowered ; bractes acute, a little tomento.se on the margins ; in-
volucrum campanulate, about 6 to lO-flowered, smooth, with obtuse teeth; peri-
anth yellow, smooth.
Hab. On the western declivity of the Rocky Mountains. (Nuttall )
E. *brevicauUs. Branches very short, arising from a woody caudex, clustered,
tomentose ; leaves linear lanceolate, long and rather acute, attenuated into a
very long petiole, whitely tomentose beneath, less densely above ; upper sea-
poid stem very smooth; the bractes acuminated, tomentosely margined ; umbe
two or three times compounded, with very long rays ; teeth of the canpanulate
involucrum acute; flowers smooth, yellow and very small.
Hab. On the upper plains of the Oregon. (iXuttall )
E. *gyrophyUum. With a woody caudex ; lower leaves clustered towards the
base of the stem, oblong-lanceolate, acute, attenuated at the base, beneath to-
mentose and yellowish-white, above slightly pubescent and green; a verticel of
leaves on the stem, about 6, subsessile, oblong; umbel simple, of many short
rays, with a leafy, spreading involucrum, tomentose within and without, many-
flowered, shallow and simple, with longish, reflected teeth ; perianth smooth,
exserted.
Hab. Kocky Mountains of the Platte. (Nuttall.)
E. *angiistif(iUuiii. SuflVuticose. with infertile branches towards the base;
leaves fasciculated and verticillated, linear-acute, narrowed below, whitely to-
mentose beneath, greenish but pubescent above, a verticel of about six leaves on
the short stem ; umbel simple, subtended by long, leafy bractes ; divisions of the
many-flowered involucrum reflected, pubescent; perianth reflected, smooth.
Hab. Western slope of the Kocky Mountains. (Nuttall.)
E. *effusum. Suffruticose ; leaves linear, oblong, obtuse, beneath whitely
tomentose, above pubescent, greenish ; stem tomentose, two oi three times tri-
chotomous, divaricate ; bractes ternate, lanceolate-acute ; (flowers not seen.)
Hab. In the Rocky Mountains. (Nuttall.)
E. *micranfhum. Leaves nearly all radical, arising from a thickish, woody
caudex, linear-spathulate, or narrowly oblong lanceolate, narrowed below into
longish petioles, whitely tomentose on both surfaces; scapes, bractes and invo-
lucres tomentose ; umbel decompound, pedicels of the second divisions very
short, with about three involucres in each; bractes acute or acuminate ; invo-
.16 [Feb.
lucres campanulate, very small, the teeth obtuse; flowers smooth, small and
yellow, dioicoLis ?
Hab. In the Rocky Mountains of Oregon. (T. Kultall.)
In aspect nearly allied to E. campanu/utum, but with rather longer and nar-
rower leaves, and the involucres most of them sessile.
E. '^'alburn. Nearly stemless, with a woody caudex ; leaves very whitely to-
mentose, spathulate-obovate, obtuse, usually longer than the petiole ; bractes
mi-nute, appressed ; umbel nearly simple, of few rays; involucrum tomentose,
angular, with shortish teeth; flowers numerous, smooth.
Hab. Rocky Mountains of Oregon (Nuttall.)
E. *rosniarinifolium. Shrubby and much branched, sm.ooth or somewhat pu-
bescent; leaves clustered, nearly linear, revolute on the margin, slightly tomen-
tose beneath; umbel pedunculate, compound, bractes leafy, numerous ;. involucres
usually smooth, with acute teeth ; perianth mostly glabrous.
Hab. Near Santa Barbara, Upper California, (\uttal!.)
^. foliolosum. Leaves more acute, with the petiole, young branches and the
perianth, externally near the base, pilosely pubescent.
Hab. With the above.
E. *verticillafum. Biennial ; stem dichotomously branching, the offsets all
subtended by verticles of sessile, lanceolate, very acute leaves, in 3's; radical
leaves oblong, as well as the stems and branches whitely tomentose, attenuated
below into long petioles ; flowers wholly unknown.
Hab. Near St. Diego, Upper California.
We have not seen the plant in flower, but the remarkable characters, some-
what resembling those of E. iomentotum, and unlike any other species, perhaps
justifies our giving it a passing notice.
E. ^lenelhim. Densely caespitose, with a woody, multifid, short caudex ;
leaves roundish, ovate or elliptic, on short petioles, not exserted from the caespi-
tose mass, whitely tomentose on both sides, as well as the scape and involucrum ;
capitulum solitary, rather small ; involucrum cylindric, with obscure teeth,
cluster of involucres 8 or 10 sessile ; flowers small, purple ; segments of the peri-
anth oblong, not very unequal.
Hab. In the Rocky Mountains, on the western slope.
-EUCYCLA.t
Pcrimith membranaceous, colored, petaloid, dimorphous, the three outer di-
visions, orbicular, concave; the three inner linear-oblong, emarginate, connivent
into a cylinder. Stamens 9, with short filaments, membranous at base. Sfi/les
three, of moderate length, with small, capitate stigmas. Adicniuin attenuated,
triangular. Einbryo excentric ; radicle superior; cotyledons flat.
E. *ovnlifoli,a. Leaves all radical, short and roundish-ovate, whitely tomen-
tose; capitulum made up of several sessile, whitely tomentose involucres; outer
segments of the yellow perianth rather narrower at base, the inner emarginate
segments exserted.
Eriogonum ovalifoUum. Nutt., Journ. Acad. Nat Sci., Philad.
Hab. Sources of the Missouri. Flowers bright yellow.
fin reference to the circular figure of the perianth.
1848.] 17
E. ^purpurea. Leaves all radical, short and roundish-ovate, whitely tomen-
tose ; capitulum made up of several sessile, smoothish, tomentosely margined
involucres; outer segments of the purple perianth orbicular, sometimes emargin-
ate at base ; the inner emarginate, narrow, segments scarcely exserted.
Hab. Rock}' Mountains of the Platte.
Scape about a span high, arising from a multifid woody caudex; flowers larger
than in the preceding and purple ; filaments much shorter than the perianth, with
a torn membranous margin at base ; three stamens seated on each of the inner
narrow segments ; embryo rather short.
CHORIZANTHE.
C. *nudicaule. Annual; radical leaves narrow spathulate, pubescent, with
long, slender petioles, tomentose beneath; scapiform stem nearly naked, the
summit trichotomous, the branchlets once or twice bifid, the flowers cymosely
conglomerated ; stem and very unequal toothed involucrum lanuginous ; segments
of the sessile, exserted perianth oblong, obtuse.
IIab. Santa Barbara, Upper California. Flowering in April.
C. *angustifolia. Annual and small ; leaves all linear-spathulate, softly la-
nuginous, as well as the branches; stem trichotomous, the heads of flowers
somewhat racemose ; involucrum pilose, with very unequal, uncinate spreading
teeth, subulate to their base; perianth minute, the segments obtuse and without
points.
Hab. Pueblo los Angeles, Upper California. Flowering in April.
C. *discolor. Annual or biennial, and rather dwarf; leaves all radical in a
rosulate cluster, the primary nearly smooth, rather large, spathulate-oblong,
obtuse or emarginate, rather smooth above, whitely tomentose beneath ; the
jietioles, stem and involucrum very hairy ; the involucrum with spreading, very
unequal teeth subulate to their base; scape low, doubly trichotomous, the flowers
in cymose clusters.
Hab. St. Diego, Upper California.
C. *procumbe7is. Annual or biennial, softly pilose ; leaves spathulate, rather
small ; stem nearly naked, procumbent, the branches extremely divaricate and
fragile, cymose ; flowers in small clusters ; involucrum with the teeth subulate
to the base, slightly uncinate, unequal ; perianth segments oblong, entire, (yellow)
pubescent.
Hab. With the above. Flowering in April and May. (Nuttall.)
A very remarkable species by its procurhbent habit and extreme fragility ; the
branchlets and clusters of flowers disjointing into numerous fragments on the
slightest touch, like a Loranthus.
C. *uncinata. Like the preceding, but with the teeth of the involucrum
strongly and remarkably uncinate and nearly equal ; the tube is almost
smooth and strongly ribbed ; it is likewise yellowish, as well as the pubescent
perianth.
Hab. With the above. (Nuttall.)
^. Perianth exserted ; the segments oblong, deeply fringed towards their base,
(red) styles very long — *Ptilosepal4.
C. -^Jimbriata. Annual; leaves all radical, spathulate-oval, pilose beneath;
scape trichotomous ; flowers in compound cymes ; involucrum pubescent,
3
18 , [Feb.
the teeth subulate, unequal: perianth torn at the sides into long capillary
fringe.
Hae. With the above. (Nuttall.)
PTEROSTEGIA.
P. '^dlphyUu. O- Pubescent ; leaflets binate, each division obcordate or bilobed ;
comnnon petiole on the lower leaves very long; achenium with the angles acute.
^. *biloba. Leaves nearly all 2-lobed, the lobes sometimes emarginated.
Hab. Near Santa Barbara. Flowering in May.
P. *micruplnjUa. Q. Somewhat hirsute; leaflets binate, the lower ones
twice compounded, divisions obcordate or unequally bilobed, the lobes some-
times with a single tooth; common petiole on the lower leaves elongated, the
upper leaves sessile ; achenium with obtuse angles.
Hab. With the above, which it greatly resembles, but always smaller leaved
and more pubescent.
* NEMACAULTS.f
Involucr urn, none; the flowers monoicous, disposed in round clusters at the
joints of the filiform stem, subtended and mixed with elliptical bractes. Feriantli
obconic, 6-cleft. Stamens 3. Styles 3, very short, with small subcapitate
stigmas. Achenium ovoid, angular only at the summit. — Califirnian annuals, the
leaves wholly, and the bractes on the upper side densely and whitely tomentose ;
stems smooth or viscid, filiformly elongated and nearly naked, with the flowers
disposed in sessile round heads at the joints of the stem, and subtended and
mixed with small, elliptical, marginated bractes. The flowers resemble
those of Eriogoiium, but the habit, absence of involucrum, and paucity of sta-
mens, at once distinguish it.
N. *denudnia.
Hab. St. Diego, Upper Californiaj in sandy places near to the sea shore.
Flowering in April and May. (Nuttall.)
N. *foliosa. With the above, from which it perhaps is not distinct; the leaves
are much longer, the stem a little glutinous, and with most of the joints of the
stem leafy.
•OXYTHECA.J
Dioicous or monoicous. Involucrum small, 4 to 5-toothed, obconic, few-
flowered, (3 to 5,) the teeth mostly spinulose. Female perianth closed to the
summit, about 6-toothed ; male and hermaphrodite shortly 6-cleft. Staments
about 6 ? Achenium compressed, Ssided, elliptic. Style 3. Embryo excen-
tric, in a somewhat fleshy perisperm, antitropus. Coiyledones oval, flat ; radicle
elongated, curved. — Annuals, with the leaves generally hirsute, nearly all radical ;
panicle or branches trichotomous and very divaricate, the ramifications sub-
tended by verticillated bractes, free or united, into a cup. Involucres very
small, solitary and pedicellate, 4 to .5-toothed, the teeth terminating in very long,
sharp, rigiil bristles, more rarely unarmed; perianth pubescent; the branches
clothed with viscid, pedicellate glands. Somewhat allied to Chorizanthe, but
with the involucrum more than l-flowered, and the achenium compressed.
fFrom the singular prostrate, thread-like stem.
J In allusion to the peculiar involucrum
1848.] 19
0. *dendroidea. Leaves all linear, radical, hirsute; scape divaricately di and
trichotomoiis ; peduncles capillary; invohicrum about 3-flowered ; awns twice
the length of the involiicrum.
Hab. On the sar.d hills of the Rocky Mountains, near Lewis' River.
0. *fuliosa. Leaves liuear-lancsolate, hirsute ; divisions of the trichotomous
stem subtended by verticils of leaves ; awns of the involucrum about its length.
H\B. With the above, which it much resembles ; it is, however, a much
stouter plant. The leaves about 2 inches-long and 2 to 3 lines wide.
§. *GoMPHOiHECi Dioicous, Annualj stem naked, verticillately branched
and very divaricate. Involucrum small, about 5-toothed, 5-flowered ; without
awns.
0. *i(la/idulusa. Leaves all radical, roundish and pilose ; branches verticillate,
branchlets very numerous and divaricate, the ultimate ones and pedicels capillary;
flowers exserted, pubescent.
Ha'b. Rocky Mountains of Upper California
*STENOGONUM.t
Monoicous. Involucrum none. Flowers naked, in axillary clusters. Perianth
triangular, 6-cleft. Stamens 6 ? Styles minute, with capitate stigmas. Achenium
conic, triangular, the angles sharp and salient, with a margin. — A small, smooth,
rather succulent annual plant of the Rocky Mountains, dichotomously subdi-
vided and branched ; leaves entire, opposite or ternate ; flowers yellow, in axillary
and terminal clusters, subtended by small, similar, leafy bractes. In the want
of involucrum, approaching Nemacaulis, but the habit, flower and achenium are
very distinct.
6*. sahuginosu7n.
Hab. Bare saline hills of the Colorado of the West, in the Rocky Moun-
tains. Flowering in June and July. (Nuttall.)
*HELIOMERIS.J
Capitulum many-flowered, heterogamous ; rays ligulate, in a single series,
neuter; discal florets tubular, hermaphrodite. Involucrum irregularly imbricated
and leafy, in about two series, and rather spreading. Receptacle conic, the palea
embracing the florets, lanceolate and acute. Corolla, rays ligulate, (10 — 12,)
those of the disk tubular, the tube short, throat wide and cylindric, border
5-toothed. Stigmata with oblong tips. Achenia laterally compressed, some-
what tetragonous, smooth, and without any pappus.
H. multijtorus.
A perennial tall herb, exactly resembling an Helianthus, with narrow, entire,
somewhat scabrous leaves, the lower ones opposite ; flowers yellow, terminal,
numerous.
Hab. In Upper California, (Mr. Gambel,) and in the Rocky Mountains
collected by Mr. Gordon.
CHRYSOTIIAMNUS.
C. *depressus. Suffruticose and dwarf, nearly smooth; leaves rigid,
lance-linear, very acute, 1-nerved; flowers in small corymbs; involucrum
fin allusion to the sharp and slender angles of the achenium.
tin allusion to its close affinity to Helianthus.
20 [Feb.
closely imbricated, the scales in 5 rows, lanceolate, acutely acuminated, smooth,
the lowest very small, 1 -nerved and somewhat carinate ; pappus fulvous.
Hah. In the sierra of Upper California. Nearly allied to C. pumila, but
with a different involucrum. Achenia smooth, 5-ribbed.
*OXYTEN[A.t
Cflj9«7u/Mm heterogamous, many-flowered, the marginal ones in a single series,
apetalous and feminine. Florets of the disk tubular, masculine. Involucrum
composed of a single series of imbricated, ovate, rather rigid scales, (about 5.)
Receptaculum small and flat; its palea narrow, spathulate and membranaceous,
tufted with long hairs. — Male Flowers. Corolla obconic, with a narrow tube;
border .5-toothed. Anthers distinct FE>rALE. Corolla none. Stig;maia terete,
filiform, smooth. Achenia bluntly obovate, obcompressed and ridged on the
inner side, covered with dense white hairs, situated beneath the scales of the
involucrum and without pappus.
O. acerosa.
A large, erect, spreading bush, with the inflorescence of an Tva ■ the leaves
alternate, acerosely linear and rigid, pinnately divided into trifid or more com-
pound divisions ; capituli sessile, arranged in a compound panicle, as in many
Artemisias. The whole plant very bitter, but with very little aroma. In habit
more allied to Artemisia than Ira. Appears to be nearly related to Euphrofsyne.
of DecandoUe, as well as to Pycrothunmus and Cyclacluena, which last, how-
ever, is not sufficiently distinct from ha,
Hab. Rocky Mountains, near Upper California. Flowering in October and
November.
GNAPHALIUM.
G. *ramosissiminn. Stem tall and stout, very much branched, the
branches fastigiate; leaves and stem green but pubescent, the former linear-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, strongly decurrent, viscidly pubescent ; heads mostly peduncu-
late in scattered corymbs ; scales of the yellowish-white involucrum oblong-
lanceolate, subacute, longer than the florets; achenia smooth.
Hab. Monterey. Flowering in September and October.
STEPHANOMERIA.
S. *elata. Stems stout, erect, grooved and attenuated upwards ;
leaves almost filiformly linear, the lowest somewhat pinnatifid, the upper la-
ciniately toothed at the embracing base; flowers in a small terminal panicle,
(blue,) florets about 10 ; achenia cylindric-oblong, 5-grooved, somewhat rugose.
Hab. Santa Barbara, Upper California.
PTILOMERIS.
P. *tenella. Pappus of 8 to 10, cuneiform, obtuse fringed scales, in the rays
minute ; involucrum campanulate, about 8 leaved ; scales ovate, somewhat obtuse ;
leaves mostly opposite, pinnatifid, the divisions few, narrow linear.
Hab. In thevicinityof Pueblo de Los Angeles, Upper California. Flowering
in April. Very distinct from the Hymenoxys Californica of Hooker.
P. *affi.nis. Similar to the preceding, excepting the pappus, which is fimbri-
+ From olt'T'fvJjf acuminate. In allusion to the rigid narrow foliage
1848.]
21
ate along the margin of the narrow scales, all terminating in awns, excepting the
rays, which have the same short awnless pappus as in the preceding.
Hab. With the former. That these are true species, as well as the one
which I called P. coronaria, I am persuaded by the fact of their retaining
tiie same relative character when cultivated.
HEMIZONIA.
H. *decumhens. Annual, hirsute, pubescent; heads nearly solitary at the
summit of the branches; leaves entire, linear, rather obtuse; rays 10 to 15, cu-
neate, 3-Iobed ; achenia rugose, with a short, curved beak; pappus of the disk
flowers none.
Hab. Near Monterey. A good deal resembling H. fascicu/ata.
§. Heads hemispherical, many-flowered, corymbose; rays 20— 25, receptacular
chaff", in a single series, not united ; pappus none ; leaves pinnatifid. — Madiomeris.
H. *macrocephala. Annual ? hirsute ; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, acute,
upper ones entire and sessile ; flowers subcorymbose, head hemispherical, many-
flowered ; rays 20 to 30, cuneate, 3 lobed; achenia incurved, rugulose, with an
oblique apex and stipitate at the base.
Hab. At St. Simeon, Upper California.
MONOLOPIA.
M. *la:iceolata. Young branches and leaves at first somewhat tomen-
tose, at length nearly smooth ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, distantly and irregularly
toothed, sessile, all alternate, above entire and amplexicaule, acute ; peduncles
tomentose ; leaves of the involucrum usually 8, ovate, divided nearly to the base;
rays a little longer than the disk; florets all fertile ; receptacle conic, smooth,
with projecting papillfe.
Hab. Pueblo de los Angeles, Upper California. Flowering in April,
ERIGERON.
E. ^stenophyllum. Nearly smooth, stem even and cylindric, corym-
bose at the summit ; leaves filiform, rather numerous and scattered, minutely
scabrous ; involucrum about 3 series, scales linear-lanceolate, acute ; rays nu-
merous, elongated, (30 or more.) 2 to 3-toothed ; pappus fulvous, scabrous, with
an outer short white series ; achenia nearly smooth and compressed.
Hab. In California, (Monterey ?)
CH.^NACTIS.
C. *denudata. Biennial; glandularly pubescent; peduncles exceedingly
long; involucrum viscidly pubescent, rather tomentose; scales linear-lanceo-
late; ray-flowers irregular, expanded, shorter than the disk.
Hab. Pueblo de los Angeles, Upper California.
DIETERIA.
S. Involucrum hemispherical, the scales linear and acute ; achenia obovoid and
compressed, in the young state with numerous striatures, at length covered with
a silky villus; pappus of several series of unequal scabrous bristles, the outer
series shorter and more slender, (those in the lay, as in the rest of the genus, much
shorter and less numerous.) Biennial or perennial, leaves pinnately lobed or
incised ; the lobes ciliated or pointed with bristles. Receptacle fimbrillate or
chaffy. Flowers of one colour.— SiDERANTHL'S. (Perhaps a genus.)
22 [Feb.
D. *p;racilift. Biennial, erect; stem pilose, branching above, the 1-flowered
slender branchlets forniing a fastigiate corymb; lower leaves pilose, pinnatifid ;
the segments oblong obtuse, upper leaves linear, simple and sessile, entire, or
minutely toothed, strongly ciliated with slender white bristles, which terminate
al! the lobes of the leaves; involucrum not viscid.
Hab. Santa Fu, ^Nevv Mexico.) Flowering in August.
MICROPUS.
M. ^heterophyllus. Annual, erect, simple, slender; densely lannginous
above, tomentose below; leaves below linear acute, above lanceolate, obtuse and
sessile; capituli lateral and terminal, more densely lannginous; discal florets
about ^, masculine 3 to 5.
IIab. Santa Barbara, Upper California. Very nearly allied to M. augusti-
fdJiiix, but the heads appear larger and more woolly, and the upper leaves are
difTerent.
POLYPAPPUS.
P. *.iericciis. Shrubby; younger branches and leaves sericeous ; branches
very leafy, ending in small corymbose clusters of flowers; leaves Jance-
linear, l-ncrvcd, eiitire, acute, at length nearly smooth ; achenia smooth.
Hab. In Upper California, towards the Rocky Mountains.
BULBOSTYLIS.
§ * PsATiiYROTus. t Anuual, and dichotomously branched ; involucrum of a
nearly single series of loosely imbricated, slightly striated scales ; pappus short
and scabrous, shorter than the florets; style not bulbous; achenia turbinate,
densely villous.
B. *annun. Very dwarf and dichotomously branched, clothed everywhere
with greenish furfuraceous scales, and somewhat viscid; leaves cuneate-obovate,
toothed at the apex; flowers nearly sessile, crowded into an irregular corymb.
Hab. Rocky Mountains, near Santa Fe.
QUERCUS.
Q. GaniheUi. Leaves obovate, shortly petiolate, narrowed below, sinuately
lobed, dilated and somewhat 3-lobed at the summit, beneath pubescent,
the lobes rather obtuse, the upper ones subdentate; fruit sessile, small, the cup
hemisplierical, scales ovate-acute; the glande ovate and acute, about half im-
mersed in the cup; the conic summit short.
Hai5. On the banks of the Rio del Norte, but not abundant. With the aspect
of our northern oaks, but very distinct; in the leaf approaching a little to L. oh-
tusiloba, but without any near affinity.
OROBANCIIE.
0. *multiJlora. Pubescent ; branching from the base ; flowers subimbri-
cated, scales lanceolate-acute; peduncles very short; flowers purplish, re-
curved; calyx deeply ."j-cleft, bibracteate at base; segments long and linear ;
anthers tufted with hairs.
Hab. Sandy ground along the borders of the Rio del Norte. Flowering in
September.
t In reference to the extreme fragility of the branches.
1848.] 23
ASCLEPIAS.
A. ^macrophtjUa. Stem erect and smooth ; leaves verticillate in 3's
or 4's, very long and smooth, linear-lanceolate, below and on the branches oppo-
site, on very short petioles; peduncles shorter than the leaves; nmbels and
flowers rather small and smooth; lobes of the corolla oblong-ovate; process of
the nectaries strongly curved, acute ; stype of the nectaries rather short.
Hab. Near Monterey, Upper California.
ST.AINLEYA.
S, *frui!cosa. Smooth ; leaves lanceolate, entire, or sparingly denticulate,
attenuated into a longish petiole; lamina of the petals longer than the claws;
stipe more than twice the length of the pedicel.
Hab. Rocky Mountains of California. A shrubby species, with flowers very
similar to those of S. pinnatijida. Leaves 2 to 2| inches long, less than half
an inch wide, the uppermost linear, all thick and apparently succulent.
BARTONIA.
B. *multiJlora. Biennial'' stem smooth, white and shining, corymbosely
branched ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, sinuate, pinnatifid, attenuated below
and sessile; flowers subtended by one or two linear bractes ; petals 10, oblong-
oval, obtuse ; capsule urceolate, with three to four valves; segments of the calyx
long and subulate ; seeds in a double series, winged.
Hab. Sandy hills along the borders of the Rio del Norte. Santa Fe,
(Mexico.) Flowering in August.
NICOTIANA.
N. *caudata. Annual; leaves lanceolate, sessile, acuminated with very
long caudated points ; flowers conglomerated in a terminal panicle upon
short peduncles; segments of the calyx and corolla much acuminated.
Hab. Near Monterey. Upper California.
ERIODYCTION.
E. ^angusiifolium. Stem and younger leaves glutinous ; leaves long,
linear, entire, revolute on ihe margin; beneath canescent and reticulated;
flowers small, in paniculate cymes ; sepals linear, somewhat hirsute.
Had. On the sierra of Upper (California; not seen in flower.
HUMULUS.
H. * Americanus. Leaves 3 to 5-lobed, the upper sometimes entire; inner
divisions lanceolate-acuminate, denticulate along the apex ; scales of the
cone ovate, acute, the lower ones acuminate.
Hab. 'J'hroughout the United States in alluvial situations. I have also most
luxuriant specimens from the borders of streams (Ojito de Navajo) in the Rocky
Mountains, near the line of New Mexico, collected by Mr. Gambel.
*CALYCODON.
Spikekts, 1-flowered, the flower sessile, bearded at the base. Glumes 2, un-
equal, shorter than the flower, membranaceous, the lower truncate, acutely
3-toothed, the lower smaller, 1-toothed. 'Palcx 2, the lower sublanceolate, cari-
iiate, terminating in a longish scabrous awn, at length indurated, with a silky
24 [Feb.
pilose margin ; the upper palea lanceolate, 1-nerved, indurated and involute.
Anthers 3. Sligmas 2, plumose. — A scabrous leaved grass, with a simple inar-
ticulated culm, terminated by a loose, narrow, somewhat spiked panicle. So
called in allusion to the remarkable toothing of the calyx.
C. montanum.
Hau. In the Kocky Mountains, near Santa Fe, Mexico. Flowering in
August.
MUHLENBERGIA.
(§ * Trichochloa) ^purpurea. Annual, dwarf; much branched from the
base and many-jointed; glumes very short and obtuse; palete and awns
purple, the latter capillary, many times longer than the palea, the inner one
acute and shortly awned.
Hab, Santa Barbara, Upper California, and the island of Catalina.
CALAMAGROSTIS.
§ * Feichagrostis. — Spikelets 1-flowered, the flower sessile, with long hairs
at the base. Glumes 2, subequal, membranaceous, acute, longer than the flower,
the lower vsith a short terminal awn. Palese 2, very acute, the lower carinate,
ending in an exserted capillary awn, the upper l-nerved acuminate. Carijopsis
free, cylindric-oblong, much shorter than the glume.
C. *Andina.
Kab. In Upper California, on the Colorado of the West.
FESTUCA.
§ * Chloropsis. — Spikelets unilateral, 2-flowered, or with the third abortive ;
flowers hermaphrodite, distichal. Glumes 2, carinate, unequal. Palew 2, the
lower lanceolate, hirsute and concave, ending in a long, slender awn, the upper
bicarinate. Stamens 1. Ovary sessile. Styles 2, very short, with plumose
stigmas Caryopsis lanceolate, smooth, concave above, nearly free. — A slender
Californian annual grass, with a simple, filiform culm, ending in a small, nearly
simple, spiked panicle; the spikelets sessile on a continuous, angular rachis, at
length cernuus. So closely allied to the Chi,oride.t;, that at first I imagined it
would prove a species of Euiriana; it is still, however, a Festuca in habit.
F. microst'ichys.
Hab. Pueblo de los Angeles, Upper California.
§. *TRACHrcARPHA. — Spikelets many-flowered, secund, seated on the sides of
a branching angular rachis. Glumes 2, the upper minute. Palese 2, the lower
with a long awn and strongly ciliated on the margin. Caryopsis adhering to the
upper palea.
F. me(j!;ulura. Slender leaves and elongated, simple culm, smooth; panicle
spiked, elongated, the branchlets angular and appressed; paleae and their long
awns very scabrous , uppermost floret of the spikelet abortive.
Hab. Santa Barbara, Upper California.
MELICA.
M. ^panicoides. Panicle elongated, many-flowered, the flowers small and
numerous; glumes 1-flowered, with a small, infertile rudiment; palece smooth,
scarcely longer than the acute glumes. '
Hab. Santa Barbara. Flowering in April.
1848.] 25
M. *poxoidcs. Panicle narrow, many-floweret?, the spikelets erect; spikelets
■with two flowers perfect, and a small rudiment extending beyond the acute
glumes; lower palea 5-iierved.
Hae. Santa Barbara, Upper California.
*STENOCHLOA.t
Splkelctfi about o-flowered ; flowers distichal, hermaphrodite. Glumes 2, awn-
less, lanceolate, acute, much exceeding the spikeiet in length, Puhx 2, awn-
Jess, the lower concave, ovate, nearly nerveless and pubescent, the upper bicari-
nate. Slamina 3. Ovarium stipitate. Stylts 2. Stigmas plumose. Caryupsis
free, oblong-lanceolate.
S. Californica
Hab. Island of Santa Catalina.
*PLEO.°OGO]Nr.
Spikelets 1 flowered. Glumes 2, nnequal, nearly as long as the flower ; the
lower with two awns, the upper entire, with one awn. Falea: 2, the lower
oblong, with the apex produced into a short awn, the upper without awn and
2nerved. Stamens 3. Styles 2. Stigmus pilose, slender.— Culm compressed,
somewhat branched ; leaves linear, short and rigid ; spikes terminal, simple, not
jointed.
P. setosun^.
Hab. Mountains of Santa Fe, Mexico.
MONARDA.
M. *peciinata. Biennial? slightly pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
denticulate, shortly petiolate ; capituli proliferous, rather small, subtended by
herbaceous bracts, some of them purplish, ovate-acute, strongly ciliated, as weil
as the elongated, setaceous teeth of the calyx; corolla widely ringent, the tube
scarcely exserted beyond the calyx.
Hab. Near Santa Fe, New Mexico.
HEDEOMA.
H. *ciliala. Perennial ; minutely pubescent, branching much from the
base; leaves linear-obtuse, shortly petiolate, entire ; flowers, two or three to-
gether in the axills ; calyx hirsute, with long, unequal ciliate teeth; corolla
about the length of the calyx.
Hab. In the Rocky Mountains, towards Santa Fe.
SISYMBRIUM.
S. *reflexum. Smooth; leaves somewhat lyrate pinnatifid, the ter-
minal lobe toothed, upper leaves nearly entire and denticulate ; flowers small ;
petals linear-spathulate, a little longer than the colored calyx ; pods subterete,
very long, nearly sessile, rigidly reflected and acuminated with the style.
Hab. Near St. Pedro, Upper California.
URTICA.
U. *holosericea. Perennial and tall; leaves opposite, large, on long peti-
oles, cordate-ovate, acute, above lanceolate, coarsely serrated, smooth, beneath
silky villous, as well as the stems and petioles, the latter also pilose ; flowers
tSo called in allusion to its macilent appearance.
4
26 [i^EB.
tetrandrous, in axillary, filifortn, compound racemes, the upper clusters stylife-
rous only.
Hab. Near Monterey, Upper California.
PEUOEDANUM.
^. Carpels with two of the lateral ribs undulately winged; vitttc indistinct, 1
or 2; commissure *Peccelimum.
P. *abrolanifi)Uu)n. Somewhat pubescent, branching from the base ; leaves
ternately decompound, ultimate segments narrowly linear ; involucels about 7
to Qleaved, the leaflets palmate, distinct, petiolulate, nearly as long as the um-
bellet; fruit obovate-elliptical, with a broad, winged margin, and some of the
inner ribs with undulated membranaceous margins.
Hab. Pueblo de los Angeles, Upper California. (A single specimen, not far
enough advanced to ascertain the ultimate character of the fruit.)
Tlie Committee on Mr. Cassin's " Descriptions of two new species
of Cyanoco?-ax, contained in the collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia," reported in favour of publication.
Descriptions of new species of the Genus Cyanocorax, Boie, of which specimens
are in the collectio7i of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadefphia.
By John Cassis.
CxANOCoaAX Harrissit nobis. Head crested, which, with the cheeks and
entire front of the face and neck, to the breast, are brownish black. Occipital
region and back of the neck, white, which colour gradually blends into that of
the back.
Upper surface of the body, wings and tail, glossy violet blue, darker on the
wings and tail.
Under parts of the body, from the breast to the under tail coverts, including
the latter, of the same colour as the back, but more tinged with cinereous.
Inner webs of primaries, and under surfaces of the wings and tail, black.
Bill and legs, black. Tail without white.
Total length of skin, from tip of bill to end of tail, about 14 inches, wings 8
inches, tail 7 inches.
Hab. Guayaquil, South America.
The specimen now described belongs to the Rivoli collection, and is labelled,
" Corvus cle Guayaquil."
This species belongs to the same group as C. cayanus, Lin?!., C. cyanopogon,
Weid., and others, but may readily be distinguished from any described species,
by the uniformity of the colours of the upper and under parts of the body, and
also by the entire absence of white on the tail.
I have named this handsome bird in honour of Edward Harris, Esq., of Moores-
town. New Jersey, the early friend and associate of Mr. Audubon, and author of
various valuable contributions to the natural history of North America.
Cyanocorax concolor, nobis. Entire plumage glossy ultramarine blue, except
the inner webs of the primaries, and the under surfaces of the wings and tail.
which are black. Bill and lesjs black. No crest whatever.
1848.]
27
Total length of skin, from lip of bill to end of tail about 12^ inches, wing
G-3-. inches, tail G;^ inches.
10-.
HvB. South America.
This species, of which one specimen in the Rivoli collection is now described,
is remarkable for the uniform colour of its plumage, in which respect it differs
from any other species known to me. It is, however, more nearly related to
C. viridkyanus {D' Orb.) C. ornaius (Lfss.) and C. urmillutus (G. ]\ Gray,)
than to any others, from which I infer that it is, in common with those beautiful
species, an inhabitant of the northern part of South America.
The Committee on Dr. Leidy's paper, entitled " On certain bodies
resembling the Pacinian corpuscles in the Boa constrictor," reported in
favour of publication.
On some bodies in the Boa Constrictor resemlling tlue Faciman ccrpiiscles.
By Joseph Leidy, M. D.
While engaged with my friend, Dr. Hallowell, a few weeks since, in dissecting
the specimen of Boa constrictor presented to the Academy by Dr. Watson, I
observed along the course of the nervi intercostales, at or towards their anterior
extremity, a number of small, hard, rounded, or ovoid bodies, which, to the
naked eye, had very much the appearance of the corpuscula Pacini of man and
other mammifera, and such an opinion I expressed at the time to Dr. Hallowell.
These bodies average from three to seven in number to each nerve, and
generally measure eight millemetres in diameter. They are white, shining, and
opalescent in appearance, and are closely attached to the side of the nerve, •
enclosed within its sheath and projecting beyond its outline, instead of being
attached to a pedicle derived from an adjacent nerve, as in the Pacinian corpuscle
of man.
Upon investigating the structure of these bodies through the aid of the micro-
scope, I find that they consist of a central, globular mass, measuring .33 mille-
metres in diameter, invested by a series of semitransparent capsules in the neigh-
borhood of fifty in number.
The central mass is semi-opaque, homogeneous, granular in structure, slightly
yellowish in colour, and has in most cases a darker and more consistent nucleus
having apparently the same composition. Acetic acid had almost no influence
upon it. With the greatest care, and the use of the highest powers of the micro-
scope, I could discern nothing more than a finely granular constitution in it. A
somewhat analogous appearance I have noticed in the nervous structure in the
interior of the Pacinian corpuscle of the new-born child.
The capsules enclosing the central mass form a stratum of the same or one-
third greater diameter; they are perfectly distinct from one another, are further
separated by the endosmosis of fluid, and have the same appearance as those of
the Pacinian corpuscle of man. Evidently fibrous, or composed of the white
fibrous element, they are rendered quite translucent by the application of acetic
acid. Situated upon their inner surface, at nearly regular distances from one
another, are situated projecting, elongated oval, or fusiform, a few sigmoid, gran-
ular nuclei, larger than those of the Pacinian corpuscle of man, and measuring
.025 mil. in length, by .0075 mil. in breadth.
The outermost capsules become blended with the white fibrous tissue, forming
the sheath of the nerve. No nerve fibril passes into the interior of these bodies,
although from their great resemblance to the Pacinian corpuscle I had expected to
28 [Feb.
find such an arrangement. Generally I found them situated on one side of a nerve
projecting from the bundle of nerve tubules and enveloped in the same sheath,
but in several instances I found them separating, or situated between several of
the nerve tubes, the tubes so separated, after passing the bodies, resuming their
position along with the others. Besides being invested by the nervous sheath,
they are more closely held in connection with the nerve by means of transverse
fibres of white fibrous tissue. After having thus discovered and examined these
curious bodies in the Boa, I expected to find the same in other serpents, and '
I accordingly obtained a Coluber constrictor and Leptophis sauritus, into which I
carried my comparative researches, but without finding the least trace of a
similar or analogous structure. From their absence in these two serpents, it
occurred to my mind that they might be the ova of entozoa — but the entire struc-
ture precludes any idea of this kind — and although they have several of the most
important elements of structure of the Pacinian corpuscle, yet they have no nerve,
of which as a conductor, ifwe consider the Pacinian corpuscle in any way the centre
of any kind of nervous or other power, must be considered as a sine qua non ; but
if a mere filament of distribution, it would be comparatively of little importance,
and the close apposition of the bodies with the nerves in the Boa, might possibly
answer the same purpose. But if they are of the nature of the Pacinian corpuscle,
why not exist in all serpents ? In this maze of perplexity, I present these observa-
tions to the Academy, and hope that future researches will throw some light upon
the subject.
Before finishing with these remarks, it may be important for me to state that I
saw none of these bodies in any other situation in the Boa, than along the nerves
mentioned, although I examined all other parts carefully, excepting the viscera
and their attachments.
Explanation of the Figtires.
Fig. 1. Represents a portion of an intercostal nerve of the Boa constrictor,
with the sheath removed, and exhibiting five of the bodies which resemble the
Pacinian corpuscle, acted upon by dilute acetic acid, and highly magnified. The
upper three bodies on the left side, it will be observed, have separated some of
the nerve tubules from the main body of the nerve; a. Central mass of granular
substance ; h. external investing capsules ; c. nuclei of the capsules.
Fig. 2. Represents a portion of a nerve, with the sheath removed from one
side, and one of the "bodies " with the sheath remaining upon the other side,
acted on by dilute acetic acid, and more highly magnified than Fig. I. a. nervi
tubuli ; b. fibrous sheath of the nerve ; c. several primitive nuclei of the fibrous
element of the sheath; d. one of the "bodies"; e. central granular mass; /. ex-
ternal investing capsules ; g. nuclei of the capsules.
Fig. 3. Represents a portion of several of the capsules very highly magnified
so as to exhibit the structure of the nuclei, a. capsules; b. nuclei.
Fig. 4. Represents the eye of Balanus rugosus, much magnified, a. optic
nerve ; c vitreous body.
William E. Whitman, Esq., John Jay Smith, Esq., William R.
Lejee, Esq., Henrj^ C. Lea, Esq., and Francis F. Wolgemuth, Esq., all
of Philadelphia, were elected Members, zxxA the following were elected
Corresponde7its :
Rev. William Scoresby, D. D., of England.
Jean Jaq. Kaup, of Darmstadt.
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DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM
IN January and February, 1848.
Jamiary Ath.
Cynocephalus Sphjmx. From Dr. G. Wat?on.
Scolopendra gigas/, from jMaracaibo. From Dr. C. D. Meigs.
Copper Ore, from the vicinity of Princeton,. N. J. From Dr. D. C. Skerrett.
Specimen of a Taenia, and an Ascaris, from the intestine of an ox. From Dr.
Dickeson.
Dr. Wilson presented crania of the following : — Yulpes fulvus, Procyon lotor,
Felis domesticus, Putorius vison, Scalops aquaticus, Sciuriis vulpinus, S. striatus,
Strix nasvia, Quiscalus versicolor, Picus auratus, Chelonura serpentina, Rana
pipiens.
January Wth.
Mounted specimen of Felis chibi-gouazou. From Dr. P. B. Goddard.
Two hundred and twenty-six specimens of shells, comprising sixty genera and
one hundred and twenty species, from Western Africa. From the Rev. Thos. S.
Savage.
Two species of Serpula and one of Spatangus, and specimens of Achatina perdix,
A. striata, and A. purpurea. From the same.
January 18fA.
Mounted skeleton of Trionyx ferox. From Dr. Meigs.
Mounted skeleton of Bubo virginianus. From Mr. Lambert.
Mounted skeletons of Falco lineatus, Sturnus ludovicianus, and Scolopax Wilsoni.
From Dr. Wilson.
Procyon lotor, and Hapale cedipus, (two specimens.) From Dr. Watson.
Mass of Fossil Corallines, from Havana; and six species of fossil Helix, one of
Paludina, one of Helicina and one of Pupa, from the Drift, West of Natchez,
Miss. From Dr. Dickeson.
Five Peruvian crania, and fragments of two others, presented to Dr. Morton
by Dr. Joseph Wilson, U. S. N. Deposited by Dr. Morton.
Medallion of Cuvier. Presented by the artist, Mons. A. Bovy, through Mr.
Vattemare.
Fehrziary 1st.
Eggs of fifty-six species, and the nests of twenty-four species, of American
Birds. Presented by Prof. S. F. Baird, of Carlisle, Pa.
The Ornithological collection of M. Boucier, of Lyons, consisting of 1039 speci-
mens. Deposited by Dr. Wilson.
Fehruary^Sth.
Dr. Dickeson deposited Chelonura Temminckii, (head, carapace and sternum,)
head of a Chelonian, crania of Kinostenaon pennsylvanicum, Emys picta, E. mo-
bilensis, E. floridana, E. serrata, and E. insculpta ?
Mounted specimen of Hapale ccdipus. From Dr. Watson.
Mounted specimen of Gerbillus canadensis. From Dr. Wilson.
February 15tk.
Trionyx ferox, (mounted,) and a remarkable dwarf variety of Gallus domesti-
cus. From Mr. Wm. S. Wood.
Mounted skeleton of Ardea herodias. From Dr. Wilson.
Cynocephalus sphynx. From Dr. Watson.
Specimen of Lophius piscatorius, from Manhattan Bay. Presented by Messrs.
Ashmead, Pearsall, Percival, Hallowell, Wilson and others.
Vomer , from , in spirits. From Mr. Samuel Ashmead.
30 [Fkb.
Ftbrnari/ 2:2./.
Specimen of Cynocephalus porcarius. From Dr. G. Watson.
Specimen (in flower) of an Acacia, from New Holland. From Mr. Kilvington.
A collection of American Lepidoptera. From Dr. Heerman.
DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY
IN January and February, 1848.
January -ith.
Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich Russischen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft zu St.
Petersburg, 1845, 1846. From the Imperial Mineralogical Society, through
Charles Cramer, Esq.
American Journal of "Agriculture and Science, Dec, 1847. From the Editor.
Dr. Wilson deposited the following works:
Second voyage dans I'interieur de I'Afrique par le Cap de Bonne Esperance
dans les annees, 1783, 1784 and 1785 : par F. Levaillant. 5 vols. Svo.
Outlines of the Geography of Plants, &c. By J. F. Meyen, M. D. Trans-
lated by Margaret Johnston. Svo.
Illustrations of British Mycology: by Mrs. T. J. Hussey. Parts 1 — 7. 4to.
The Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera, by Edward Doubleday. Part 13. 4to.
The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. No. 134.
Reports and Papers on Botany ; By Zuccarini, Griseback, Nagell, and Link. 8vo.
Johannis Henrici Linckii de Stellis Marinis liber singularis. Folio.
A Statigraphical list of British fossils. By James Tennant, F. G. S. 12mo.
The Bird-fancier's Recreation; an 18mo. vol. published in London in 1783.
Reports on the progress of Zoology and Botany. 1841,1842. Svo.
Catalogues of the Leverian, London and YarmoTith Museums; in one vol. Svo.
Catalogue of the Minerals in the United Service Museum ; catalogues of the
Museum of the Sussex Scientific and Literary Institution at Brighton ; of the
Finsbury Missionary Museum; of Sir Hans Sloane's Museum; of Rackstrow's,
Forster's and others' collections; and of the objects of Natural History and
Ethnography composing the G^iiana Exhibition.
A geographical and comparative list of the Birds of Europe and North America.
By Charles Lucien Bonaparte. Svo.
Lectures on Metallurgy, delivered at the London Institution, Feb., 1823, by
John Taylor, Esq. Svo.
The Mineral Topography of Great Britain. By A. W. Tooke, F. G. S.
Memorandum of objects of Geological interest in the vicinity of Dublin.
Examen critique du Cosmos de Humboldt ; par A. J. Rey de Morande.
Report of an Expedition into the interior of British Guiana in 1835 and 1836.'
By Robert Heermann Schomburgk, Esq.
Description of a new species of Plesiosaurias, in the Museum of the Bristol
Institution. By Samuel Stutchbury.
Verzeichness aller in Europa vorkommenden Geschlechter der Insekten nach
Latreille's system; goordnet von Craft Ernst Hoffmann.
An P2ssay on the study of the Animal Kingdom. By Robert E. Grant, M. D.
Monographia Psittacorum ; auctor Wagler. 4to.
Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. By Andrew Smith, M. D. No.
•25. 4to.
Recueil de cent-trente-trois Oiseaux. Folio.
January Wth.
Etwas ueber die Natur-wunder in Nord-America, zusammengetragen von
Charles Cramer. Svo. From Mr. Conrad.
Naturgeschichte der Infusionsthiere von Prof. S. Kutorga. Svo. and Atlas.
From the same.
1S4.8.] 31
Report and Resolves of the Legislature of Maine respecting international and
literary exchanges. From Aaron Young, Jr., Esq.
Fauna der Vorweit; von Dr. C. G. Giebel. Part 2. 8vo. From Mr. Lambert.
On the Cypress Timber of Mississippi and Louisiana. By M. W. Dickeson,
M. D.,and Andrew Brown. From Dr. Dickeson.
Proceedings of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Vol 1. Nos. 11 and 12.
From the Society.
Note sur le parallelisme des Depots Paleozoiqnes de I'Amerique Septentrionale
avec ceux de I'Europe, &c. From the Author, M. de Verneuil.
A selection of the Correspondence of Linneus and other Naturalists from the
original manuscripts. By Sir J. Edwards Smith. 2 vols. 8vo. Deposited by
Dr. Wilson.
Oken's Isis. No. 8, for 1847. From the same.
Palaeontology of New York. By James Hall. Vol. 1. 4to. From the
Author.
Jamiary 18?/i.
Report of the Joint Library Committee of the Legislature of New York on the
subject of International exchanges. From M. Alex. Vattemare.
Proceedings of the Geological and Polytechnic Society of the West Riding of
Y'orkshire. Vols. 1 and 2, (to 1846 inclusive.) From Mr. Henry Denny, of
Leeds, England. ^
Twenty-seventh Report of the Council of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary
Society. 1847. From the Society.
Researches into the comparative strijcture of the Liver. By Joseph Leidy,
M. D. From the Author.
Henry G. Bohn's Catalogue of Books. Vol. 1. 8vo. From the Publisher.
The Carices of the Northern United States : By John Carey. From Dr.
Zantzins;er.
Dr. Wilson deposited the following: —
Voyage autour du Monde sur les Corvettes I'Uranie et la Physicienne en 1817,
1820. Texte, tomes 10, 4to; planches, tomes 4, folio.
Voyage autour du Monde de la Corvette La Fa\'orite pendant les annees 1830,
1831 and 1832. Texte, tomes 5, 8vo. ; Hydrographie, tome 1, folio. Histoiredu
voyage, tome 1, folio.
Avium species nova?, quas in itinere per Brasiliane an. 1817 — 1820, collegit et
descripsit Dr. T. B. de Spix. 2 vols., folio.
Manuel du Libraire et de I'amateur de livres: par T. C. Brunet. 5 vols. 8vo.
Fehruary 1st.
Bibliotheca historico-naturalis : von Wilhelm Engelmann. Erster band. 8vo,
Deposited by Dr. Wilson.
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. X., new series.
Part 1. 4to. From the Society.
The American Journal of Science and Arts. Second series. No. 13. January,
1848. From the Editors.
The Literary Record and Journal of the.-Linnean Association of Pennsylvania
College. Vol. 4, No. 3. From the Association.
American Journal of Agriculture and Science. Vol. 7, No. 1. From the
Editor.
A statement of the claims of Charles T; Jackson, M. D., to the discovery of
the applicability of Sulphuric Ether to the prevention of pain in surgical opera-
tions. By Martin Gay, M. D. From Dr. Jackson.
Tribute to American Geologists. (Translated from " Lemons de Geologic pra-
tique par M. Elie de Beaumont," by Charles T. Jackson, M. D.) From the
same.
Observations on the Temple of Serapis at Pozzuoli, near Naples, &c. By
Charles Babbage, Esq. 8vo. 1847. From the Author.
Revue Zoologique. No. 10, for 1847. Deposited by Dr. Wilson.
The Anatomy of the Human Body. By William Cheselden. 8vo. From Dr.
Dawson, of Philadelphia.
32 [Feb.
A compendium of the Anatomy of the Human Body. By Andrew Fyfe. 3 vols.
8vo.
A very old work [small 4to., without title) on " Dystillations," in four books
or parts. From Dr. Morton.
Vehrnarij Sl/i,
Literary Record and Journal of the Linnean Association of Pennsylvania
College. Vol. 4, No. 4. From the Association.
Lamarck's Genera of Shells. Translated from the French. By Augustus A.
Gould, M. D. 12mo. From Prof. Haldeman.
Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. Vol. 3, Part 4. 4to.
Proceedings of the same, Nos. 155 to 177 inclusive. Reports of the
Council and Auditors of the same for 1847; and List of the Fellows, Honorary,
Foreign, and Corresponding Members of the same for 1847. From the Society.
Bulietinof the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Vol. l,No. 13. Dec, 1847.
From the Society.
Objections to the theories severally of Franklin, Dufay and Ampere, &c. By
Robert Hare. From the Author.
On a law of cohesive attraction as exemplified in a Crystal of Snow. By James
D. Dana. From the Author.
On ceftain laws of cohesive attraction. By James D. Dana. From the same.
Origin of the constituent and adventitious minerals of Trap and the allied rocks.
By James D. Dana. From the same.
Notice of Dr. Blum's treatise on pseudomorphous minerals, and observations on
pseudomorphism. By James D. Dana. From the same.
Fehr2iary 15th.
Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Vol.22. Part 2. 4to. London,
1847 ; Proceedings of the same, Nos. 30 to 33 inclusive ; and List of the same for
1847. From the Society.
The Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia. Nos. 1, 2 and 3.
July, Aug. and Sept., 1817. Singapore. From the Editor.
The American Journal of Agriculture and Science. Vol. 7, No. 2. From the
Editor.
February 22d.
The Musci and Hepatica; of the Northern United States. By Wm. S. Sullivant.
From Dr. Asa Gray.
The Carices of the Northern United States. By John Carey. From the same.
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, pp. 161 to 296.
From the Academy.
Dr. Wilson deposited the following works : —
Elements of Conchology, according to the Linnean system : By the Rev. E. J.
Burrow, 8vo.
Elements of Concholosy. By Emanuel Mendes da Costa. 8vo.
Description d'une collection de Mineraux, formee par M; Henri Heuland.
3 vols. 8vo. and Atlas.
Outlines of the Geology of the vicinity of Cheltenham. By R. J. Murchison.
New edition. 8vo.
A history of the Molluscous Animals of Scotland, with an account of the Cir-
rhipedal Animals of the N. E. District. By Wm. Macgillivray. Second edition.
12mo.
The Ancient World, or picturesque sketches of Creation. By D. T. Anstead.
12mo.
Journal of an Overland Expedition in Australia from Moreton Bay to Port Es-
sington, in 1844 and 1845. By Dr. Ludwig Leichardt. 8vo.
Description of the Rapacious Birds of Great Britain. By Wm. Macgillivray.
12mo.
Ornithologia nova. 2 vols. 12mo. Birmingham, 1743.
Wanderings in South America, the North West of the United States, and the
184.8.] 33
Antilles, in 1S12, 1816, 1820 and 1834, &c. By Charles Waterton, Esq. Fourth
edition. 12mo.
A Synopsis of the Birds of Australia and the adjacent islands. By John Gould.
Parts 1 to 4. 8vo.
Narrative of a Journey to the shores of the Polar Sen, in 1819, 1820, 1821 and
1822. By John Franklin, Capt. R. N. 4to.
Narrative of a Second Expedition to the shores of the Polar Sea in 1825, 1826
and 1827. By John Franklin, Capt. R. N., &c. 4to.
Historia naturalis Testaceorum Brittanice. By Emanuel Mendes da Costa. 4to.
Indian Zoology. By Thomas Pennant. Second edition. 4to.
A Natural History of British Birds, &c. By Mr. Hayes. Folio.
The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Nos. 135, 136.
The Quarterly Journal of the Geographical Society of London. Vol. 3.
Part 1.
Illustrations of British Mycology. By Mrs. J. T. Hussey. Part 9. 4to.
The Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By Edward Doubleday. Part 14. 4to.
The Genera of Birds. By George Robert Gray. Part 42. 4to.
A list of Rocks and Strata, arranged in the order they generally occur in,
with reference to Sowerby's works.
Dr. Wilson also presented a very fine collection of Medals in Copper bronzed,
executed in Paris, and arranged on a board covered with crimson velvet, and per-
forated for the purpose of receiving them ; the whole enclosed in a highly finished
frame of black walnut, glazed on both sides. The collection embraces the fol-
lowing : —
Georges Cuvier, Linnaeus, Hans Sloane, Priestley, Xavier Bichat, Bergman,
F. J. V. Broussais, Lavoisier, E. Riippell, Vesalius, Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Bar-
tholinus, F. J. Gall, Gaspard Monge, Jean and J. P. J. D'Arcet, Pictet, O. de
Serres, Lacaille, Berzelius, Colombus, Saussure, Fernel, Aldrovandus, Buffon,
James Cook, Lavater, Bernard de Jussieu, J. J. Rousseau, Galvani, Newton,
Dupuytren, Kant, Bonnet, Hatier, Ambroise Pare, Franklin, J. Coster, Harvey,
Sydenham, Roger Bacon, Boerhaave, P. A. Beclard, Leibnitz.
t
5
i
1848.] 35
March Ith, 1848,
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.
Dr. Morton read a communication from the Rev. Dr. Bacliman, of
Charleston, S. C, entitled, " Notes on the generation of the Virginian
Oj)ossum (Didelpliis Virginiana) ;'' which was referred to the following
Committee : Dr. Morton, Dr. Leidy, and Dr. Hallowell.
Mr. Peirce stated to the Society, that within the last week, he had
had an opportunity of seeing several interesting specimens of a hybrid
between the Guinea fowl and Peacock. They were the property of a
farmer residing near Phcenixville, in this State, were about four months
old, and possessed, in a marked degree, the distinctive characters of
both parents. He expressed a hope of being enabled to obtain one or
more of them for the Society's collections.
March 21st, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
A letter was read from Sir Michael Faraday, dated Royal Institution,
London, 24th February, 1848, acknowledging the receipt of his notice
of election as a Correspondent.
Dr. Hallowell read a paper, entitled " Descriptions of two new
species of Onychocephalus from the Western Coast of Africa ;" and
also communicated some " Notes of the post mortem appearances of a
Cynocephalus papion, which died at the Menagerie in Philadelphia."
Both of which papers were referred to a Committee, consisting of
Dr. Leidy, Dr. Morton, and Dr. Wilson.
Dr. Leidy presented a communication from Prof. Haldeman, descri-
bing numerous species of Jlphodius, and designed as a supplement to
his Entomological papers, read at previous meetings of the Society,
and reported for publication in the next number of the Journal. Re-
ferred to the Committee on the former papers.
April Uh, 1848.
Mr. Phillips in the Chair.
A letter was read from the Rev, Dr. Savage, addressed to Dr.
Hallowell, dated Natchez, Mississippi, March 10th, 1848, desiring
numbers of the Proceedings in which he was deficient, and in relation
to a communication which he had transmitted for publication in the
Proceedings, on the habits of some of the Reptilia of Western Africa.
A letter was read from the Secretary of the " Societe imperiale des
Naturalisles de Moscou," dated Moscow, May, 1847, accompanying the
donation of the Numbers of the Bulletin of the Society, announced this
evening.
The Rev. Dr. Bachman communicated through Dr. Morton, some
PROCEED. ACAD. NAT. SCI. OF PHILADELnilA. — VOL. IV. NO. 11. 6
36 [Apkjl,
additional observations on the generation of the Opossum, which were
read and referred to the Committee on the previous paper, viz : Drs.
Morton, Leidy, and Hallowell.
Dr. Morton also read a letter from Dr. Middleton Michel, of
Charleston, S. C, addressed to the Rev. Dr. Bachman, containing some
highly interesting " Facts concerning the habits and generation of the
Opossum." Referred to the above Committee.
Mr. Henry C. Lea communicated, for publication in the Journal, a
paper entitled " Catalogues of the Tertiary Testacea of the United
States ; by Henry C. Lea." Referred to a Committee, consisting of
Dr. Morton, Mr. Phillips, and Mr. Conrad.
Dr. Leidy read a paper, describing a new fossil genus of Ruminan-
toid Pachyderms, {Merycoidodon Culhcrtsonii;) which was referred tcJ
Drs. Wilson, Morton, and Pickering.
On motion Resolved, That a copy of the Proceedings, as far as pub-
lished, be presented to the Rev. Dr. T. S. Savage.
On motion, also Resolved, That a copy of the first number of the
New Series of the Journal, be presented to M. Fischer de Waldheim.
Jlpril nth, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
Letters M'ere read —
From Prideaux John Selby, Esq., dated Twizell House, Northum-
berland, England, March 14th, 1848, returning acknowledgments for
his election as a correspondent : —
From Richard Brown, Esq., dated Sydney Mines, Cape Breton,
N. S., March 1st, 1848, offering for the acceptance of the Academy, a
number of interesting coal fossils from that region : —
From Mr. Joseph Smith, of Amherst, N.S., dated March 29th, 1848,
in relation to the " Joggins main seam of Coal " in that vicinity : —
From the Secretary of the American Philosophical Society, dated
April 9th, 1848, acknowledging the receipt of the last number of the
Proceedings.
A letter was read from the Rev. Dr. T. S. Savage, addressed to Dr.
Hallowell, dated. Natchez, Miss., Jan. 10, 1848, containing the follow-
ing interesting information, in relation to the habits of some specimens
of Natural History from Africa, recently presented by the writer to
the Society.
«' It was my intention to have made an earlier communication on the habits of
several of the specimens of Natural History, which I sent to the cabinet of the
Academy of Natural Sciences, from Liberia, but having been much occupied in
matters of higher moment, I have not found the time to do it, and, even now, I
must defer my observations on the ants, &c.
At the present time, I propose to give a few facts respecting but one specimen
of the Saurians, ^of which I send several, some of which I think will prove to
be new) and two Ophidians.
I. Crocodilida, At this distance of time, I cannot say whether I found this
1848.]
37
to be an alligator or gavial, but, my impression is, that it was the latter. The
question, however, you will be able to decide. It was captured at Cavalla, a
mission station of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and a coast town belonging
to the tribe of Africans called Grebos, the aboriginal inhabitants of the region of
Cape Palmas. Its local native name is the same as that given to the dog, which,
adopting as we do, the principles of Pickering for the reduction to writing of the
Indian languages, is written Kbinh, not easily expressed in English.
Its habits are the same, in general, as those of the crocodile proper, and alliga-
tor. It inhabits the smaller fresh water streams and standing water in the low
grounds, feeding on fish and aquatic reptiles. It digs a hole in the bed or banks
of streams for a temporary abode, whence it springs upon its unwary prey. It
deposits its eggs on the surface of the ground, and covers them over with leaves
and light trash, in which particular, it differs from the crocodile proper, and
alligator. It is timid and harmless, frequently taken by the natives and esteemed
highly for food. This individual would not have escaped the caldron, had it not
been for a fortunate junction of circumstances with their superstitions.
2. Ophidians. Amphisboena.
I send a sketch taken soon after its capture, which accurately shows its colours
in a recent state. It was captured by one of my Missionary associates on the
beach.
It is stated in works on Natural History, that its food is principally ants. I
am inclined to think this correct, as it is the opinion of intelligent natives in
Africa, from the fact, that this animal inhabits the domicils of the " white ant"
(Termes bellicosus of Smeathman, T. fatale of Linn.) and hence has received
the name of Nj/onh-re-tedi, literally the white ant snake.
It is not often visible, and its dubious character renders it an object of great
dread to the natives, it being considered dangerous to look upon it. It is con-
sidered an extraordinary Fetish, i. e., something that has the power in itself, of
exerting a direct influence upon other bodies, for good or evil. Of this reptile
an evil influence is always predicted.
Viper. (Cerastes nasicornis, Hal Proceed. A. N. S, Vol. Ill, p. 319.)
The natives dread this serpent more than any other known.
It is very venomous — slow and sluggish in its movements — retreats from
man, except when trodden on, or opposed in its progress.
It inhabits both high and low grounds, feeding on rats, the smaller reptiles,
and fresh water fish that inhabit the marshes.
Its vicinity is known by a peculiar sound-, somewhat like a suppressed groan ;
this is succeeded by a hissing or blowing noise. The former is a warning that
every one, acquainted with its habits, remembers and knows well the necessity
of heeding; the latter indicates a readiness to bite. When it is about to make
an attack, it flattens its head and body, retracting itself upon its tail, and then,
with its mouth enormously distended, its fangs protruded, and eyes flashing fire,
it darts at its prey. It is said not to spring, but, with the latter part of its
body and tail fixed to the ground, to strike at its victim.
The poison is very intense; generally it proves immediately fatal, but some-
times hours will intervene. It is probably modified in its action, in such cases,
by the difference of susceptibility in persons, superficial character of the wound,
and perhaps other incidental circumtances.
38 [Apuii.,
The native treatment for the bite of this, and all other serpents, is, to /luck
out the poison .- make a free incision over the wound, and apply the juice of an
unknown plant, sometimes a strong decoction of the same. Recovery is some-
limes said to occur, but very rarely, however. A direct, deep flesh wound is
supposed always to prove fatal.
The symptoms are, severe pain in the parts— rigors more or less palpable —
sensation of heat — vomiting — profuse perspiration and purging. If not much
reduction of vital energy attend, there is a possibility of recovery ; but if, on
the contrary, an early sickness comes on, there can be no hope — death soon
follows.
A case occurred at one of our mission station.?, supposed to be from the bite
of this viper, though it is not certain. A young man had been out in search of
Palm-nuts (fruit of the Elais guiniensis.) As he was returning, he heard the
warning sound, but knowing the habits of the reptile, and supposing it to be on
one side, he proceeded without precaution, and was bitten in the calf of his leg.
He represented himself as being immediately disabled. He halloed' till some
one came to his relief, and was carried on the mission premises, which were at
hand. It is supposed that a half hour, perhaps an hour, had passed. The leg,
when fust seen, was greatly swollen, nearly to the size of his thigh: the skin
was tense and hot, with great pain in the surrounding parts. A free incision was
made, and the blood pressed out. Stimulants and narcotics were freely
given, and recovery succeeded.
The intensity of the poison has been manifested several times in the case of
dogs. One case of this kind came under my immediate notice. Some of the
mission scholars had permission to spend an afternoon in hunting. They pro-
cured for this purpose a valuable dog from a neighbouring colonist. They had
not left the road for the thicket long, before they heard a piercing cry of dis-
tress from the dog. They ran immediately to the spot, where they saw this
viper, and the dog lying on his back, as if in convulsions. They shot the ser-
pent, and carried them both to the road, by which time the dog was dead.
From a minute examination into the circumstances of the case, I was convinced
that not more than fifteen minutes could have transpired from the bite, to the
death of the dog.
The original of the sketch I send, you have in the cabinet. It was captured
on the high grounds of my own premises. In company with one of my asso-i
ciates, I was drawn to the spot by the barking of our dogs. We found them
surrounding the viper, and not twice its length from it. It was retracted upon
itself, as already described, its body and tail flattened, and the latter acting as
a fulcrum ; from this as a fixed point, it was darting forward alternately at the
dogs. At every stroke, its jaws were widely extended, its fangs protruded to a
fearful length, and its eyes rolled and flashed terribly to the beholder. My
companion, being a good marksman, succeeded in biinging down the serpent
without injury to the dogs. It measured as follows: — Length 3.U-12 feet;
greatest circumference of the abdomen 9.1-12 inches ; width of the head at base
3 inches ; length of head 2..5-8 inches; length of the horny processes over the
nose 7-16 of an inch. Its abdomen M-as considerably distended, on opening
which, three rati, and other food undigested, were discovered.
It may not be irrelevant here to remark, that several cases of bites and stinga
of venomous reptiles and insects, have come under my notice at (-ape Talmas,
1848.]
39
which I have treated on the principles ahove stated. I have heard of deaths
fronn these causes, hut none have fallen within my observation. One case, that
of a colonist, nearly proved fatal, hut I supposed it was from the time the poison
had to act in the system before he came under treatment. He was a sawyer,
and was in the act of preparing a log for the saw, when he was bitten by a
snake which he observed retreating. Being intent upon his work at the time, he
did not get a good view of it, but said it presented a green aspect, probably another
species. He had but one companion, who carried him on his back for two or
three hours, when he reached my premises. The wound was in the foot ; this
was greatly swollen, as vias also the leg as high as the knee. He seemed to
be greatly prostrated and in great pain ; vomited several times a light-coloured
watery fluid. I immediately administered, in large doses, strong rum and
sulphate of morphine, and made a free incision over the wound. So reduced
was the vitality of the parts that scarcely any blood flowed at first, but a
passive hemorrhage came on subsequently, to stop which the blood vessels
had to be taken np and tied. The whole limb up to the groin, became
enormously swollen ; a bad sore followed from the incision, and the cuticle of
the leg, to a great extent, came off. He recovered at the end of three weeks.
The statement is made in works on Natural History, and by travellers, that
the centipedes and scorpions of tropical climates are deadly poisonous. But in
respect to those of West Africa, it is incorrect. Many stings from both have
come within my notice, and have proved no more than the stings of bees and
wasps."
Dr. Morton offered the following remarks on the ancient Peruvian
crania from Pisco, deposited by him this evening.
He pointed out the fact that all the crania in his collection from this locality,
upwards of seventy in number, have been modified by pressure into artificial
forms, in one of which the head is extended or elongated in the upward direction,
though in very different degrees, while in another class, the pressure has been so
applied, as to flatten the forehead, and to widen and elongate the whole structure,
in the manner yet practised by the Indian tribes of Oregon. Dr. Morton read
translations from the works of several of the earliest travellers and historians of
Peru, — Cieza, Torquanda and Garciloso de la Vega, containing descriptions of
these very forms of the head, and the artificial processes that were then in use to
produce them.
Dr. M. concluded by remarking, that if no other evidence had descended to us
than the statements of these authors, the facts would never have been believed •
but we have now abundant proof of their correctness, in the multitudes of desiccated
bodies that yet remain in the Peruvian cemeteries, and which, in that dry climate,
have resisted the ravages of time and temperature for hundreds, and perhaps
for thousands of years.
.^pril I8t/i, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair,
A letter was read from William C. Redfifld, Esq., dated New York,
April 17th, 1848, expressing his thanks and those of Professor Agassiz,
^^ [April,
for the specimens of fossil fishes loaned to them by permission of the
Society, for comparison and description, and returning the same to the
Cabinet.
^pril 25th, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
The Committee to whom was referred Dr. Bachman's communica-
tions in relation to the generation of the Opossum, and also the letter
oC Dr. Middleton Michel, of Charleston, S. C, on the same subject,
addressed to the Rev. Dr. Bachman, reported in favour of publication.
Notes on the Generation of the Virgmian Opossum (^Didelphis Virgiiiiana.^
By John Bachman, D. D.
Under an impression that the following extracts from notes made at intervals
during the last few years, may throw some additional light on the natural history
of one of the most interesting of American quadrupeds, I communicate them for
the information of the Society.
March 1st, 184G. — Received to day five female opossums, captured last night.
One of these had ten young in the pouch; another nine; the third had eleven ;
the fourth fourteen, 'i'hey were all very diminutive, and appeared to be nearly
the same age — about two or three days. The fifth was a small animal of the
preceding autumn, and I was doubtful whether she had been impregnated.
March 3d. — On the evening of this day, I examined my small female opossum
The mammary organs were considerably distended, and I began to suspect that
I had erred in my previous conjectures, and concluded to dissect her on the fol-
lowing day.
March 4th. — At 7 o'clock this morning, when prepared to commence my dis-
section of the opossum, I discovered three young in the pouch, and supposing
that so small a female would produce no additional number, I concluded that 1
would spare her life. She was confined in a box in a room wheie I was writing.
When I occasionally looked at her I found her lying on her side, her body drawn
up in tho shape of a ball ; the vulva appeared to reach the pouch, which was
occasionally distended with her paws. At 6 o'clock in the afternoon, as she
had appeared very restless for several hours, I was induced to examine her
again, when I discovered that she had added four more to her previous number,
making her young family now to consist of seven. With no inconsiderable
labour, and the exercise of much patience, I removed three of the young from the
teat, one of which perished under the proce.=s. The three weighed twelve grains,
averaging four grains each. I replaced the two living ones in the pouch; at 9
o'clock examined her and found the young again attached to the teats.
The young were naked, blind, ears protuberances covered by an integument ;
mouth closed, with the exception of a very small orifice sufficiently large to receive
the small attenuated teat. Tail \ inch in length.
March li. — Weighed the largest of the young, and found that it had increased
to 30 grains. Length of body 1* inch, tail ^ inch. The nostrils were now
open. The young were very tenacious of life, as on removing two they remained
1848.] 4.1
alive through a cool night in a room containing no fire, anJ still evidenced a
slight motion at 12 o'clock on the following day. 'l"he teats of the mother,
after the young had been gently drawn off, measured an inch in length, having
been much distended, and appeared to have been drawn into the stomach of the
young.
March IGth. — The dark colour of the eye can be seen through the transparent
skin, but it is still perfectly closed. A few hairs have mude their appearance
on the moustache. I'he orifice of the ears beginning to be developed. Nails
visible and sharp. The porich of the young females is quite apparent, and the
sexes may be determined as soon as born. They voided urine and excrement — used
their prehensile tails, which were seen entwined around the necks of others even
at a week old.
February and March, 1847. Made a number of observations on a large number
of females. As they, however, all had young in their pouches before I procured
them, I will only notice one experiment made in order to ascertain the manner
in which the young became attached to the teats.
March 11th.— Conjecturing that the young were aided by the mother in finding
the teat, and believing that she would not readily adopt the young of another, or
afford them any assistance, I removed six of the ten which composed her brood —
returned two of her own to the pouch, together with three others, fully double
the size, that had been obtained from another female. She was soon observed
doubled up, with her nose in the pouch, and continued so for an hour, when she
was examined, and one of her own small young was found attached to the teat.
Seven hours afterwards she was again examined, and both the small ones were
attached, but the three larger ones still remained crawling about the pouch.
March 12ih. — The mother seemed now to have adopted the strangers, and the
whole family of different sizes were deriving sustenance from her.
February 11th, 1848.— Having received from the country a large female that
appeared to be impregnated, I this day dissected her. As soon as the uterus was
removed from the body of the animal, which had just been killed and was yet
warm, I observed the whole mass in irregular motion. There were nine young
that would evidently have been produced in one or two days. Three were con-
tained in one department and six in the other. They lay embedded in a thick
dark-brown mucous substance, which filled and greatly distended the sacs. They
possessed more life and motion than I had previously been led to suppose. One of
them moved several inches on the table, and survived two hours. I attempted
to weigh this uterine fcetus, and as far a.s I could ascertain with an imperfect
pair of scales, it weighed 3 grains.
Although naturalists at the present day could scarcely enter'ain a doubt that
the process of generation in this species did not differ materially from those of
the Kangaroo and other Marsupialia, yet I am not aware that the young of the
Virginian Opossum had been previously detected in the uterus.
The short period of gestation, the reluctance of many of them in copulating in
a state of confinement, unless perfectly domesticated, rendered the discovery one
of considerable difficulty. I have moreover found, that during the period of ges-
tation, the females, like those of some other species, particularly the Bear, can
seldom be found.
In February, 1847, by offering premiums to servants, I procured from various
localities, in three nights, 35 opossums, and there was not a single female in
42 . [April,
the whole number. As soon, however, as the young were contained in the
pouch, I received more females than males.
February 14th, 1848. — Dissected a small female that had been captured six
days before. She proved impregnated, but in a much earlier stage of develop-
ment than the one I examined three days ago. On opening the uterus, I found
five on one side and seven on the other. These were nearly the size of a garden
pea, and resembled pellucid vesicles. Under a microscope the germinal mem-
brane represented a cellular structure as in olher animals. The corpora-lutea
corresponded with the number of ova.
The manner in which tiie act of copulation is effected is no longer a subject of
conjecture, although I have not personally observed it. An intelligent coloured
man in whose veracity I place great confidence, was requested five years ago to
watch this process. He assured me that he had observed the female receiving
the embraces of the male while lying on her side. Within the last few weeks.
Dr. Middleton Michel of this city, an intelligent and close observer, who has
devoted much time to the investigation of this subject, has observed this process
with two female opossums which he has preserved in a domesticated state. He
informs me that they received the male whilst lying on their right side.
From various observations I have made for the last three years, I had set
down the period of gestation in the opossum at 17 days. I received a female,
said by the servant to have been captured in the act of copulation. She pro-
duced her young on the seventeenth day. I had, however, placed her with a male
that I kept in confinement at the time ; but she exhibited such a savage temper
towards him, that for the sake of peace, I was compelled to separate them after
three days. Dr. Michel, however, informs me that a female in his possession,
produced young on the fourteenth day. Although I was at first confident that the
true period was 17 days, I think it probable that from the superior advantages
Dr. Michel has possessed with his animals in a state of domestication, he may
have approximated nearer to the true time than myself.
In the second volume on American Quadrupeds, now in the course of publica-
tion, the history of this animal will be treated more in detail.
Further Observations on the Generation of the Opoxsiim.
By the Rev. Dr. Bachman.
February I5th, 1848. — On the morning of this day I received five female
opossums from the country, three of whom I was informed by Col. Hail, (who
zealously and successfully interested himself in procuring specimens for my
examination), had produced young in the box in which they were confined, a day
or two previous to their having been sent. Their several pouches contained
eight, nine, and eleven young. There were two, as he informed me, in the stale
in which I was anxious to obtain them ; as they had not yet produced their
young. On examination, however, 1 discovered that one of the two had evi-
dently brought forih amid the joltings consequent on her conveyance from the
country. Five young were in the pouch. I observed, on examination, that a
sixth was lying at the bottom of the box, and was still living. Supposing it
possible that all the young had not been excluded, I concluded to sacrifice the
mother; and was repaid for an apparent cruelty, exercised very reluctantly, by
lS-i8.J 43
discovering that the female was still in the act of parturition; a rennaining
young one was found in the vagina, within half an inch of the external surface.
It was moving, head downwards, among a reddish-brown mucous mass, such as
had been previously observed in the uterus of a female already referred to.
There was not even the rudiment of a placenta. If it had previously existed, it
must have been ruptured in the passage of the fcEtus, and escaped my most care-
ful search. I was however under an impression that I discovered the slight
rudiment of an umbilical cord. The nostrils were open ; the lung-^ were filled
with air ; and, on a subsequent experiment, they were observed to float on the
surface of water. On dissecting the uterus it was found flaccid and nearly
empty, a slight brown mucus on the sides only being visible.
On the afternoon of the same day I had the remaining female destroyed. On
dissecting down to the uterus, I found it greatly distended — full of young, and,
as t then supposeil, near the period of production. There was a constant but
irregular motion in the various parts; and I felt confident that I would now be
furnished with the long sought for opportunity of making a thorough investigation
of the various particulars that required farther elucidation. I concluded, how-
ever, previously, to have a drawing made of the uterus as it presented itself in
this state; this consumed the remainder of the evening. As the weather was
warm I made a slight incision in the parts, and placed the whole in alcohol. On
the following morning, when, with a scientific friend, we entered on the exami-
nation, I was greatly disappointed and mortified, to find that the whole had been
so much dissolved by the alcohol that we could make no satisfactory examina-
tion. The young were lying in broken fragments in the midst of the unctuous
and now considerably diminished mass. I now can scarcely suppQse that the
motion I had observed for an hour while the drawing was in progress could have
been any other than a muscular contraction and dilation of the different parts of
the uterus itself, and not of the young, which were evidently not sufficiently
advanced to have occasioned it.
I would here observe that where the outward integuments of animals are so
very tender as those of young opossums a few days previous to their birth, it is
advisable to dilute the alcohol to more than half its original strength, as I find
the young one that was fully formed, taken from the mother a few moments
before birth by the Caesarean operation referred to, has been preserved in good
order in alcohol thus diluted.
In conclusion I will yet add a brief summary of the present state of our know-
ledge of the natural history of an animal, whose anatomical structure and peculiar
habits have led to the adoption of many vulgai errors, and produced several con-
tradictory theories among physiologists. We will thus be enabled to see what
important points still remain for farther investigation, and will at the same time
be gratified to observe that, although our progress in the investigation of a sin-
gularly perplexed subject has been very slow, yet there has been a gradual
advance in our knowledge, leading us to the conviction, that in a very few years
the history of the opossum will be as correctly and familiarly known to the
community at large as that of the hare or squirrel.
1. The interesting group of the Marsupialia has recently been arranged by
Owen into five tribes and families, and sixteen genera : these include about
seventy known species, to which additions are continually making ; the Virginian
opossum being, however, the only species known in the United States. The
7
I
4i4> [April,
osteological characters of the latter species have been so accurately described
and delineated that little remains to be added in this department.
3. The organs of generation being found perfect and adapted to their peculiar
uses — the double uterus to the bifurcated organ of the male — should have in
themselves been sufficient to have thrown doubts on the assertions of our early
authors — Marcgrave, Pison, Valentyn, Beverly, the Marquis of Chastellux,
Pennant, and others — that "the pouch was the matrix of the young opossum,
and that the mammsc aie, with regard to the young, what stalks are to their
fruits."
3. The mode of copulation, although differing from that of the majority of
quadrupeds, is far from being the only exception to a general law ; our porcupine
(Hystrix dorsata) may be cited as another instance. In this respect the actions
of animals correspond with their peculiar organization, and the structure of the
genital organs, as well as the whole anatomy of the opossum, are in accordance
with this habit.
4. The question propounded in 1819, to naturalists, by Geoffroy, "Are the
pouched animals born attached to the teats of the mother?" is satisfactorily
answered.
5. The period of gestation being between fifteen and seventeen days, is in this
respect shorter than that of any other known species (tluit of the Kangaroo being
thirty-eight days), suggests the idea of the probability of some modification of
uterine structure, approaching in some respects that of the birds and ovo-
viviparous reptiles.
G. Although the period of gestation is so short, the young are far more per-
fectly developed at birth than has been usually supposed. The views of Blu-
rnenbach, who likens them to abortions, as well as those of Dr. Barton,
(I quote from Griffith as I have not recently seen the original) appear
in this particular surprisingly inaccurate. "The Didelphes," he says, "put
forth, not fcetuses, but gelatinous bodies ; they weigh at their first appear-
ance generally about a grain, some a little more, and seven of them together
weighed ten grains." My observations have convinced me that they are far from
being merely "gelatinous bodies," but that they are pretty well developed,
indeed nearly as much so as the young of the white-footed mouse and several
other species of Rodentia. They are covered by one integument — nourished by
the mammse — breathe through nostrils— are remarkably tenacious of life, and
are capable of a progressive movement at the moment of their birth. Hence I
am not fully satisfied with the accuracy of the terms used by De Blainville nnd
Dr. Barton — when they speak of two sorts of gestation — one uterine and the other
mammary. It is admitted that for so large an animal as the adult opossum, the
young are not only very small, but feeble, and are for several weeks sustained in
a kind of secondary domicil, termed the pouch, where they receive warmth, and
that they continue during this period firmly attached to the teats, which they do
not relinquish till they are pretty well grown. It will be recollected, however,
that there is in several of our animals an approach to this latter peculiarity.
The white-footed mouse (Mus Icucopus); the Florida rat (Neotoma Floridana),
and several species of Bats are known, the two former to travel, and the latter
to fly about for one or two weeks, with their young attached to their teats, and
that these young are not only blind and naked, but nearlj-^ as helpless as those of
the opossum. It will be farther recollected that there are several species in
1848.] 45
the extensive group of Mammals to which the opossum belongs, that are desti-
tute of the pouch, the young in these cases adhering to the teats like those of the
Florida rat, &c., exhibiting an approach to species of a different conformation.
7. The manner in which the young are placed into the pouch and attached to
the teati, I have referred to in my observations on the female that brought forth
her young in the room where I was sitting, on the 4th March, 1846 (although I
was not at the time aware that she was in the act of parturition). She was
reclining in the corner of the cage, a little on one side, with her shoulders some-
what elevated; her body was much doubled, the vulva nearly reaching the
pouch, the latter being occasionally opened by her paws. She was busily em-
ployed with her nose and mouth licking, as I thought, her pouch, but which I after-
wards ascertained was her young. I came to the conclusion that she shoved
them into the pouch, and with her nose or tongue moved them to the vicinity of
the teats, where, by an instinct of nature, the teat was drawn into the small
orifice of the mouth by suction. I observed subsequently that the well-formed
young I extracted from the vagina, which T rolled in warm cotton, was instinc-
tively engaged in sucking at the fibres of the cotton, and had succeeded in draw-
ing into its mouth a considerable length of thread. I may here remark that on
the 21st of February of the present year a female opossum was sent to me late
in the evening. She had been much wounded on being captured, and died in con-
sequence a few days afterwards. On the morning after I received her I perceived
in her pouch seven young ; they had not been attached and were dead ; abortion
had taken place, and they had evidently been placed in the pouch by the mother's
imcontroUable attachment to her offspring even after they were dead.
8. The opossum is one of the most prolific of our quadrupeds. I consider the
early parts of the three months of March, May and July as the periods when
they successively bring forth ; it is even probable that they breed still more fre-
quently, as I have observed the young during all the spring and summer months.
I find in my notes the following memorandum: «' May, 1830. In searching for
insects I was removing with my foot some sticks composing the nest of the Flo-
rida rat. I was startled on finding my boot unceremoniously and rudely seized
by an animal which I soon ascertained was a female opossum. She had in her
pouch five very small young, whilst seven others, about the size of full grown
rats, were detected peeping from under the rubbish, and were captured."
0. An interesting inquiry remains to be answered. Is the opossum a placental
or a non-placental animal? If I am to understand by this term, whether the
opossum has or has not a placenta, I can readily answer in the negative. In
these intricate matters the naturalist should, if possible, see with his own eyes,
and speak at all times as feeling himself firm on his own feet. I have had all the
opportunities I could have desired of perfectly satisfying my own mind on this
subject, but can only state that in all the examinations I have made I could never
find the slightest appearance of a placenta, and I do not bslieve that one exists.
I am, however, far from being equilly satisfied on another point, to which I
confess my observations were not directed until it was almost too late to make the
necessary investigations. Although I do not believe that a placenta exists, or
that there is any attachment of the fcctus to the parietes of the uterus, it does not
from hence follow as a necessary consequence that there is no allantois. If an
animal has a placenta there is a sure evidence of the pre-existence of an allantois ;
but there is in many animals, and especially among the smaller species of Mar-
46 ■ ' [April,
snpialia, a modified structure in these parts; and the allantols, umbilical cord,
as well as the omphalo-mcsenteric arteries and veins may exist in the absence of
a placenta. In the very unsatisfactory examinations I have been enabled to make
on this subject, I came to the conclusion that there was some reason to believe
that an allantois existed, and that there were some traces of the omphalo-
mesenteric vessels running through the mucolis substance in which the young lay
imbedded. It is proper, however, to observe, that my friends Prof. Hume and
Drs. Harlbeck and Michel, who subsequently examined the well preserved spe-
cimen of the 15th, and the imperfect remains of the contents of the other uteri,
came to the very opposite conclusion. I nevertheless hazard the conjecture that
these appendages may yet be found in the uterus at an advanced stage of preg-
nancy. This suspicion, however, remains either lo be confirmed or refuted by a
more favourable opportunity for examination. Owen, in describing, in 1834, the
foetus and membranes of the Kangaroo at apparently the middle period of uterine
gestation, found its condition such as obtains in the viper and other ovo-
viviparous reptiles, there being no trace of the existence of an allantois In
1837, however (see Magazine of Nat. Hist., p. 481), having received another
specimen in a more advanced stage, he found numerous ramifications of the um-
bilical vessels constituting a true allantois. The umbilical cord extended three
lines from the abdominal surface of the foetus. Having seen and examined that
specimen, I may have unconsciously formed a theory which has misled me in
conjecturing that I had observed a similar organization in the opossum.
Letter from MiJdleton Michel,, M. D., of Charleston, S. C.
To tlie Rev. .Tuhn Baclinian, U. D.
Dear Du. — You will oblige me by adding the few facts which I am able to
state, concerning the habits and generation of our Opossums, to your valuable
communication, addressed to the Philadelphia Academy of Natural f^ciences.
1st. I have first noticed their mode of copulation, which, though singular in
itself, finds its explanation in the position and structure of the penis. The female,
after repeated solicitations on the part of the male, which are conducted as among
other animals, finally reclines upon her left side, beijig drawn into this position
by the male ; his front legs are employed in securing her, while the hinder ones
are made to pass on each side of the loins of the female, over and between htr
hind legs. The penis, measuring two inches and more, is thus brought into more
immediate relation with the sexual organs of the female. Copulation lasted five
minutes. The sperm passes along the lateral canals, its only possible course, as
the bifurcated organ of intromission is received to some distance into them.
2d. I have further determined, that the period of gestation is not twenty and
twenty two davs as has been believed I placed a female with the male on the
27th of January, and on the 2Sth, at 7| o'clock, A. M., I witnessed them en-
gaged in the act. She was left three days with the male, then isolated, and on
the 12th of February, fifteen days after the first coitus, had her young, six in
number, in the pouch. Admitting that the period may vary from fifteen to
seventeen days, the having settled this point I regard of pai amount importance
in answer to another question to be presently examined.
3d. The rut begins in January and continues till June, as I have seen ynuiin
just received into the pouch during these months.
1848.] 47
4th. Tlie number of yoiing is from six to Ihirteen. I have had a female wiih
thirteen in the pouch; never less Xh&nfivr^
5th. 'ilie size of the young at birth is four lines in length, two in breadth ,
weight four grains.
6th. The structure of the male and female organs has been well described
by Cowper, I'l/ron, De Bltinville, Home, and others. But I would remark that
there is no communication between the uterine extremity of the lateral tubes (or
the sinus, as I would term ii.) and the vagina, as figured by Home and others.
7th This leads me to mention that parturition takes place as foHoivs: the
young pass down tlirough the lateral tubes, there being no other exit for ihem,
and immediately after parturitidu these canals are very much enlargerl.
The mode of transmission to the pouch is a part of the process hitherto un-
known, which I have recently witnessed as well as the nature of the circum-
stances would permit. The female stood on her hind legs, and ihe body being
much bent, the young ap|)eared at the vulva ; they were licked into the pouch.
They were born without any trace of an umbilical cord, The pouch was not
interfered with for some time, when her mouth was introduced into it while her
front paws held it open ; after this manoeuvre was completed, the little ones were
all found attached to the teats, I wou'd further remark that this attachment is
an instinctive acton their part, as it is impossible to conceive of any interference
of the mother effecting it- The mouths of the embryons present but an infinitely
small opening, compared w-ith the size of the teat, and with the hand it is an almost
impossible attempt to attach them.
8th. The ova in the vesicles are larger in proportion than in other mammalia;
the vitellus is enveloped by a thin vitelline membrane. The germinal vesicle
is, however, in the same position as in other mammals; the transformation in the
tubes, where I have met with one, after fecundation, appears the same as in the
rabbit. In the uterus, the germinal membrane has the same structure and ap-
pearance as in the rabbit. I'his stage I witnessed, through Dr. Uachman's kind-
ness, as he gave me the uterus to e.xainine.
9th. Whether these animals be placental or non-placental, is a question which
I cannot positively decide until I have finished the series of observations pro-
posed, but the inference that they are not placental, is rendered legitimate, first,
by the peculiarities in the structure of the brain and other organs, which show
their close proximity to the bird ; second, by no allantois attached and conveying
blood vessels to the chorion ; third, by the short period of gestation; for the ova
were discovered in the uterus on the ninth day, and the period of gestation being
fifteen or sixteen days would render such" a structure needless.
The Committee on Dr. Leicly's description of a new fossil genus of
Ruminantoid Pachydermata, reported in favour of publication.
On a Ni:w Fossil Genus and Species of Riiniinuntoid racliydermata : Merycoido'
don Cii/hcrfsonii.
By Joseph Leidy, M. D.
Meryroidndon.* This genus is founded u[)oii two fragments handed to me by
Dr. Morton, who obtained them for the cabinet of the Academy, from Mr. Cul-
juJjpvxolC^W' rumino ; £1805- forma; ogwi', dens.
48 • [April,
bertson, the same gentleman who lately enriched our collection by the deposit
of the cranium of Poebrotherium, described in the number of the Proceedings
for Nov. and Dec, 1847.
One of the fragments is a small portion of the upper jaw of the right side, con-
taining the posterior two molar teeth, and attached to a jrartion of the same kind
of matrix, which partially enveloped the cranium of Pocbrotherium. The two
teeth are perfect, with the exception that the antero-external demicone of the
penultimate molar is broken away. The penultimate molar has four fangs, the
interna! ones of which are divergent from the external. The last molar was just
upon the point of protruding so that the crown only is formed.
The other fragment is a portion two inches long of the right side of the infe-
rior maxilla, and contains the posterior three molars. The internal half of the
crown of the antepenultimate molar is destroyed, as is also a small projecting
point on the internal surface of the penultimate molar. The last molar is in the
same condition as the corresponding superior tooth. The external part of the
upper enameled surface of the crown of the antepenultimate molar is worn away
from the outside inwardly, as is also the edge of the same part of the crown of
the penultimate molar.
The enamel is thin and about as rugose as that of Cervus virginianus.
The molars, like those of Merycopotamus,' have the antero-posterior cleft di.
viding the primary lobes, forming two bends triangular convex,' inwards in the
superior teeth, outwards in the inferior teeth; producing a crown having the
ruminant pattern.
The inner demicones of the superior molars are triangular convex. Their
inner surface inclines outwards from the base, at an angle of 65 degrees, and is
a very little concave in this direction. 'I"he outer surface is concave, inclined at
an angle of about 50 degrees, and runs into the outer demicones at the depth of
from three to three and a half lines from the apex of the latter. "The exposed
part of their base is surrounded by a projecting ridge, about one-fifth of a line
deep on the anterior and posterior sides of the tooth, and perceptible internally
merely as a slight rising of the base, excepting opposite the interlobular depres-
sion, where a small irregular and rather inconspicuous tubercle exists, apparently
formed by the union of the ridge of the two internal demicones at this point, but
no ridge passes from this tubercle outwards into the interlobular fissure as in
Merycopotamus.
The inner demicones fold around the external convexities of the exterior demi-
cones. The antero-external edge of the enamel fold of the postero-internal demi-
cone projects a line or more between the postero-external edge of the antero in-
ternal demicone, and the postero-external demicone, causing the latter edge to
bend abruptly forwards towards the antero-external demicone.
The points of the exterior demicones project above those of the interior, less
in the last than in the penultimate molar. The internal surface is triangular con-
vex, with a little vertical inclination. The external surface is concave from side
to side, nearly vertical, and is slightly elevated in a vertical line in the middle.
The postero-external angle of the postero-external demicone of the penultimate
molar, forms a strong, rounded, vertical prominence, which in the last molar is
* Vol. 2, pi. 140, Fig. 8,
18i8.] 49
considerably more developed, so as to present the appearance of an almost dis-
tinct 'Tonical column.
Opposite the interlobular depression of the last molar, the exterior demicones
combine to form a strong and much projecting, triangular, vertical ridge, the
base of the triangle corresponding to the base of the crown. A similar ridge,
though not quite so prominent, exists at the antero-external angle of the antero-
external demicone. These ridges probably also existed in the penultimate molar,
which is not capable of being determined from the imperfi ction of the s[iecimen.
These teeth differ from the molar tooth of the Merycopotamus, figured in
Owen's Odontography,* by being much smaller, the ridge along the base of the
iimer demicones being neither so strong nor rugged, in the projection of the ena-
mel fold on the crown separating the antero-internal, from the postero-external
demicone, by the presence of the two strongly prominent external ridges, and the
absence or very slight development of the convex ridge at the bottom of the ex-
ternal concavities.
The inferior molars, in general appearance resemble tho^e of Dichobune, Cuv.
The exterior demicones are a little longer and about as broad as the interior
superior ones, and their external prismatic surface is not so much inclined. At
their base, on the front and back of the teeth, there exists a ridge corresponding
in its characters to that of the superior internal demicones. Between the two
demicones at their base, exists a triangular tubercle, apparently produced by the
union of the basial ridges of the demicones at this point. 'J he supero-internal
face is concave, but does not descend so much as the correspomling surface of the
supero-internal demicones.
The points of the inner demicones, when compared with the exterior ones, rise
higher than the corresponding or exterior demicones of the superior teeth.
Their external surface is compressedly triangularornearly convex, and nearly
vertical. Internally they are more oblique, concave from side to side, but ele-
vated into a broad convex ridge in the middle. The posterior angle has the ap-
pearance of being slightly twisted inwards, so as to produce a small prominence.
Below the posterior prominent angle of the antero-internal demicone, and pro-
jecting from the base of the posterior demicone, is a small tubercle that looks as
if squeezed in the angle of separation between the demicones.
In the specimen, the posterior molar has but two lobes, which if it be the nor-
mal condition, would be a remarkable peculiarity among the ruminantoid Pachy-
dermata. A third lobe might have existed which has been broken off, although
the tooth has no appearance of such a loss.
The breadth of the lower jaw, below" the penultimate molar, is about equal
to that of Cervus virginianus, and internally, just above th? base and parallel to
it, it is deeply depressed. The species I have named " Culbertsonii," in honor
of the family, to vphom science is indebted for the preservation of these interest-
ing remains.
Measureme7its.-]^
Superior molars : — ,
Penultimate :
Greatest heighth of crown, at exterior demicones, ... .5
* Owen's Odontography, Vol. 1, p. 566.
t The measurements are taken in English inches and parts of ditto.
50
[Apiul,
Greatest transverse diameter, at base of posterior demicones,
<< antero posterior diameter,
" heigiith of internal anterior demicone,
«' «« " posterior "
}3readth of internal demicones, at base,
Length of external fangs, . . , . .
«« internal " .....
Posterior :
Greatest heighth of crown, externally,
" transverse diameter, ....
(• antero-posterior diameter,
Length of internal demicones, ....
Liferior molars :
Antepenultimate :
Greatest heighth of crown, internally, .
" transverse diameter, ....
" antero posterior diameter.
Penultimate :
Greatest heighth of crown
«' transverse diameter, . . . , .
" antero-posterior diameter, . , ,
Posterior :
Greatest heighth of crown, .....
" transverse diameter, ....
'• , antero-posterior diameter,
Breadth of lower jaw below penultimate molar,
.7
.675
.375
.3
.475
.4
.35
.5
.7
.8
.3
.375
.5
.6
-4
.5
.6
.433
.5
.65
LOS
Explanal'wn of the Figures.
All the figures are of the size of nature.
Fig. 1. Represents an external view of the fragment of the upper jaw of the
right side, containing the posterior two molar teeth of Merycoidodon Culbert-
sonii.
Fig. 2. Superior view of the same fra4ment, as fig. 1.
Fig. 3. Hxternal view of the fragment of the lower jaw on the right side, con-
taining the posterior three molar teeth.
Fig. 4. Internal view of the same fragment as fig. 3.
Fig. 5. Superior view of the same fragment as fig. 3.
The Committee on two papers by Dr. Hallowcll, entitled " De-
scriptions of two new species of Onychocephalus," and " Notes of the
post mortem appearances of a Cynocephalus papion," reported in favour
of publication.*
An amendment to Article IX, Chapter 8, of the By-Laws, altering
one of the days of admission of the public from Saturday to Friday,
was adopted.
*These papers will appear in the next number of the Proceedings.
1848.1 ^51
ELECTION.
Charles D. Meigs, M. D., of Philadelphia, was elected a Member,
and : —
Professor Eschricht, of Copenhagen,
Christian Gotiried Ehrenburg, of Berlin,
Prof. J. Frederick Schouw, of Copenhagen,
Col. J. C. Fremont, U. S. A.,
William L. Jones, M. D., of Riceboro, Georgia,
were elected Correspondents of the Academy.
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM
In March and April, 18-18.
March 1th.
Two hundred specimens of American and Foreign Lepidoptera. From Dr.
Wilson.
Two crania of Vulpes fulvis, one of Strix ncevia, one of Falco , and one
of Pipelo erythropthalmus. From Dr. Wilson.
Cineras vittata, from the Baltic. From Dr. Griffith.
March Uth.
Several specimens of Copper Ore, from the Bristol Mines, Connecticut. From
Mr. T. Fisher.
Specimen in skin of Petaurista taguanoides, from Port Jackson. From Mr.
James Taylor.
Musci and Hepaticae, from the Andes of Quito, collected by Mr. Wm. Jameson,
and presented by him through Seth Swainson, Esq., U. S. Consul at Guayaquil.
The following extensive and valuable collections of Fossils were presented by
Dr. T. B. Wilson.
1. Mr. Conrad's collection oi Americaii Fossils, containing about one thousand
species and three thousand specimens, and including the originals of Dr. Morton
from the cretaceous formation.
2. A general collection of British Fossils, from the Tertiary to the Lias in-
clusive, and also Fishes from the Old Red Sandstone, containing about two
thousand five hundred species, and eight thousand specimens. This collection
embraces a part of the selected specimens from the Cabinet of the late Miss
Benett, of England, all of which have not yet been received.
3. A collection of Italian Fossils, from the Tertiary of Piedmont, containing
about six hundred species and two thousand specimens.
4. A collection of German Fossils from the Tertiary, Solenhofen Slate, Musch-
elkalk, Zechstein, Kupferscheifer, Lias and Silurian, comprising about five hun-
dred species and six hundred and fifty specimens.
March 2\st.
Mounted Skeleton of Ursus Americanus, (young). From Mr. L. J. Germain.
Mounted Skeleton of Procyon lotor. From Mr. L. J. Germain and Dr.
Watson.
Skeleton of Cynocephalus papion, (young). From Dr. Watson.
Skeletons of Hapale cedipus, and of Monitor ornatus. From Dr. Hallowell.
Fifteen Peruvian crania from Pisco, near Lima, and three Peruvian vases, col-
lected by Mr. William A. Foster, and deposited by Dr. Morton.
Specimen of Scaraboeus tityus, from Cape May, From Dr. Townsend.
8
52 [April.
April ^th.
The second portion of the Rivoli collection of Birds, containing two thousand
five hundred and eighty-four specinnens. Deposited by Dr. T. B. Wilson.
Mounted Skeleton of Vulpes fulvis. From Mr. Ashmead.
Two fragments of the jaWs of a new fossil genus of Mammalia, {Merycoidodon
Cidbertsonii, Leidy,) found near the " Black Hills," Western Missouri. De-
posited by Mr. Joseph Culbertson.
Fifteen additional Peruvian crania from Pisco, and one Peruvian vase. Deposi-
ted by Dr. Morton.
Original specimen of Picus Lecontei. Deposited by Dr. William L. Jones, of
Riceboro, Georgia.
April 18th.
Two hundred and seventy-eight specimens from the Crag, Chalk, Lias, and
Upper Silurian formations of England, and ten additional specimens from the
Benett collection. Deposited by Dr. Wilson.
DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY
In Makch and April, 1848.
Fnigmens d'histoire naturelle systematique et physiologique sur les Musair-
aignes : par G. L. Duvernoy. 4to. From Dr. Morton.
Organon der Weltgeschichte von Dr. J. H. Pulte. 8vo. From the Author.
Literary Record and Journal of the Linnean Association of Pennsylvania Col-
lege, Vol. 4. No. 5. From the Association.
The Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia. Nos. 4 and G.
From the Editor.
Caloric, origin, matter and law of the Universe. By Trastour. From the
Author.
Metamorphosis et historia Naturalis [nsectorum. Auctore Joanne Goedartio.
2 vols. 12mo. From Dr. Leidy.
Memoir on the reproduction of the Opossum. By Charles D. Meigs, M. D.
From the Author.
System der Urweltleichen Konchylien : Von Heinrich G. Brown. Folio.
From Dr. Griffith.
Dial of the Seasons, or a portraiture of Nature. By Thomas Fisher. 8vo.
From the Author.
The following were deposited by Dr. Wilson :
Nouveaux elernens de Botanique et de Physiologic vegetale : par Achille
Richard. 4th edition. 8vo.
The Entomology of Australia. By George Robert Gray. 4to. Part 1. Genus
Phasma.
The natural history of many Zoophytes, collected by the late John Ellis, Esq.,
and arranged and described by the late Daniel Solander, M. D. 4to.
Die im Bernstein befind lichen organischen reste der Vorwelt von Dr. George
Carl Berendt. Part 1. Folio.
Fauna Caspio-Caucasia, nonnuUis observationibus novis illustravit Edwardus
Eichwald. 4to.
Lectures on Physiology, Zoology, and the natural history of Man. By William
Laurence. 8vo.
Essai historique sur les Races Anciennes et Modernes de I'Afrique Septentrio-
nale; par Pascal 1 Duprat. 8vo.
An Introduction to the study of Natural History, in a series of Lectures,
delivered in New York by Professor Agassiz. 8vo.
Travels in North America, in the years 1841-2. By Charles Lyell, Esq.
F. R. S. 2 vols. 8vo.
Rapports du Physique et du Moral de I'Homme • par P. J. G. Cabanis. 2 vols.
8vo.
lcS4-8.J 53
Synopsis of the species of Insects belonging to the family ol Phasmiilce. By
George Robert Gray. 8vo.
Philosophic Zoologique, &c.: par J. B. P. A. Lamarck. 2 vols. nvo.
The Natural History of Man. By James Cowles Prichard, M. D., F. R. S.
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Researches into the physical history of Mankind. By J. C. Prichard, M. 1).
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Voyage a la Nouvelle Guinee : par M. Sonnerat. 4to.
Dissertation sur les varietes naturelles qui caracteriscent la physionomie des
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Werner's nomenclature of colours, with additions, &c. By Patrick Syme. Svo.
A history of British Quadrupeds, including the Cetacea. By Thomas Bell,
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54- [April,
Comptes Rendus. Tomes 24 and 25. 1817.
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An introduction to the Comparative Anatomy of Animals, by C. G. Carus,
M. D.: translated from the German by R. T. Gore. 2 vols. 8vo. Atlas 4to.
Geology of the Voyage of the H. M. S. Beagle. By Charles Darwin. Svo.
On the alternations of generation : by Steenstrup.
March 2lst.
Identities of Light and Heat, of Caloric and Electricity. By C. Campbell
Cooper. Svo. From the Author.
American Journal of Science and Arts. No. 11. 2d series. From the Editor.
Littell's Living Age. No. 201. March 18th, 1848. From R. H. Dana, Jr.
April -Ith.
A description of the character and habits of Troglodytes gorilla, by Thomas S.
Savage, M. D., and of the Osteology of the same, by Jeffries Wyman M. D. 4to.
From Dr. Wyman.
Literary record and Journal of the Linnean Association of Pennsylvania Col-
lege. Vol. 4. No. 6. From the Association.
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. 4. Nos. 38 and 39.
From the Society.
Descriptions of plants collected in the Rocky Mountains and California by Mr.
Wm. Gambel. By Thomas Nuttal!. From Mr. Gambel.
Spicilegium Entomographia^ Rossicce. Auctore G. Fischer de Waldheim. Svo.
From the Author.
Oryctographie du Gouvernement de Moscou par G. Fischer de Waldheim.
Folio. From the same.
Notice sur quelques Sauriens fossilns du Gouvernement de Moscou; par G.
Fischer de Waldheim. Ito. Froni the pame.
Entomographie de la Russie, par G. F. de Waldheim. Vol. 4. (Orthopteres
de la Russie.) 4to. From the same.
Bulletin de la Societe Imperials des Naturalistes de Moscou Nos. 1, 2, 3'
1846. No. 4, 1845. From the Society.
De I'Encephale, ou Cervcau en general et en particulier : par Chaussier. Svo.
Deposited by Dr. Griffith.
Memoir de Geo-zoologie sur les Oursins fossiles des environs de Dax : par M.
Giateloup. From the same.
Tabula affinitatum animalium, &c.; Auctore Johanne Heerman. 4to. From the
same.
A collection of Dresses, ancient and modern, after the designs of Holbein,
Vandyke, &c. 2 vols. Folio. From the same.
Dr. Wilson deposited the following works : —
Recherches sur les Ossemens fossiles : par Georges Cuvier. 1th edition. 1^)
vols. Svo. Atlas, 2 vols. 4to.
niustrations of Ornithology. By Sir Wm. Jardine, and Prideaux John Selby.
New series. 1 vol. 4to.
1848.] 55
Exotic Conchology. By Wm. Swainson, F. R. S. 2J edition. 4to.
The Conchologist's Nomenclator. By Agnes Catlovv, and Lovell Reeve. 8vo.
Catalogue raisonne de Coquilles, &c. 12mo.
A history of British Mollusca and their shells. By Prof. Edward Forbes, and
Sylvanus Hanley. Part 1. 4to.
Lamarck's genera of Shells; translated from the French by J. G. Children.
8vo.
The Conchological Illustrations. By G. B. Sowerby, Jun. 8vo.
An illustrated and descriptive catalogue of recent shells. By Sylvanus Hanley,
F. L. S.; the plates forming a third edition of the Index Testaceologicus by
Wm. Wood. Text, parts 1 and 2 ; Plates, parts 1 and 2.
The Linnean System of Conchology. By John Mawe. 8vo.
A Conchological Manual. By George B. Sowerby, Jun. Third edition. 8vo.
A Manual of the land and fresh-water shells of the British Islands. By Wm.
Turton, M. D. New edition by Jno. Edward Gray. IQmo.
A Conchological Dictionary of the British Islands. By Wm. Turton, M. D.
12mo.
British Fauna. By Wm. Turton, M. D. 12mo.
The Conchologist's Text Book. By Capt. Thomas Brown. Fifth edition.
12mo.
Conchylia Insularum Britannicarum. By Wm. Turton, M. D. -Ito.
Nouveau manuel complet du Naturaliste preparateur, par M. Boitard. 12mo.
Conchologia iconica : Monographs of twenty-nine Genera of Shells. By Lovell
Reeve. 4to.
Species Conchyliorum. Vol. 1. Part 1. 4to.
A catalogue of the Shells in the collection of the late Earl of Tankerville, with
an Appendix by G. B. Sowerby. 4to.
Illustrations Conchyliologiques, ou descriptions et figures de toutes les coquilles
commes vivantes et fossiles ; par M. Chenu. 76 Liv. Folio.
Legons elementaires d histoire naturelle par M. J. C. Chenu. 8vo.
Testacea fluviatilia quas in itcnere per Brasiliam an. 1817-20 collegit et
pinguenda curavit Dr. J. B. de Spix. 4to.
Choix de Coquillages et de Crustaces par Frangois Michel Regenfuss. Folio.
Thesaurus Conchyliorum : or Monographs of Genera of Shells : edited by G. B.
Sowerby, Jun. 2 vols. 4to.
The Zoology of the Voyage of the Sulphur. Vol. 2. Ito. Mollusca, by R. B
Hinds, Esq.
Genera of recent and fossil shells. By George B. Sowerby, Jun. 2 vols. 8vo.-
April llth,
De Lalande's Catalogue of Stars. 8vo. From the British Association.
LaCaille's Catalogue of Stars. 8vo. From the same.
Geological Report of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, in 1839. By David Dale
Owen, M. D. From the Hon. G. M. Dallas.
English Botany. By James Edward Smith. 14 vols. 8vo. Deposited by
Dr. Griffith.
The Botanical Magazine. By William Curtis. 13th, 14th, and 15th vols.
Svo. From the same.
Journal of an Expedition to explore the course and termination of the Niger.
By Richard and John Lander. 2 vols. 12mo. From the same.
Recherches sur le systeme nerveux et sur celui du cerveau : par F. J. Gall et
G. Spurzheim. 4to. From the same.
Descriptive Catalogue of the Anatomical Museum of the Boston Society for
medical improvement. By J. B. S. Jackson, M. D. From the Author.
Corrections and additions to his ])nper on tlie Lonjicornia of the United States.
Bv S. S. ITaldeman. From the Author.
56 [April.
April \^th.
Memoirs of the life of Dr. Thomas Beddows. Cy John Edmonds Stock, M. D.
4to. Deposited by Dr. GriHith.
Dr. Wilson deposited the following: —
Illustrations of British Mycology. By Mrs. T. G. Hussey. Part xi. 4to
Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. By Andrew Smith, M. D. No.
26. 4to.
The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Second series. Vol.1. No. 2.
Phycologia Brittanica. By William Henry Harvey, M. D. Part 26.
A history of British MoUusca and their Shells. By Prof. Forbes and Sylvanus
Hanley. Part 2.
The Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By Edward Doubleday. Part 16. 4to.
The Genera of Birds. By George Robert Gray. Part 43. 4to.
Voyage en Abyssinie : par MM. Ferrett et Galinier. Texte, livs. 1-4. Plan-
ches. 1 — 4. Folio.
Memoir on the naturalization of the Alpaca. By William Walton. 8vo.
Notice of Zamia gigas. By James Yates, Esq. 8vo.
A familiar history of Birds. By the Rev. Edward Stanley, F. L. S. 2 vols.
12mo.
Manual of British Botany. By Charles Cardale Babington, F. L, S. Second
edition. 8vo.
Essays on Natural History, chiefly Ornithology. By Charles Waterton, Esq.
Second edition, first and second series. 2 vols. ]2mo.
The Natural History of Birds. By Robert Mudie. 12mo.
Woodarch's introduction to the study of Conchology. By J. Mawe. Fourth
edition. 8vo.
A manual of the British Algae. By William Henry Harvey, M. D. 8vo.
Narrative of a Survey of the intertropical and western coasts of Australia in
1818-'22. By Capt. Phillip P. King. 2 vols. 8vo.
Contribution towards a history of Swansea. By Lewis W. Dilwyn. 8vo.
Observations on Natural History. By the Rev. Leonard Jenyns,F. L. S. Svo.
Voyage dans I'Afrique Australe dans les an. 1838 — 1844. Par M. Adolphe
Delegorgue. 2 vols. Svo.
Bibliotheque Conchyliologique Chenu. Ire serie, tomes 1 — 4; 2me serie, tome
1. Svo.
Souvenirs d'un voyage dans I'Indede 1S34 a 1839. Par M. Adolphe Delessert.
Svo.
A voyage around the World, particularly to the N. W. coast of America, in
1785— '88. By Capt. Nathaniel Portlock. 4to.
Receuil de Coquilles decrites par Lamarck, publie par M. Benjamin Delessert.
Folio.
1848.] 57
Maxj 2d, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
A letter was read from the Hon. George Bancroft, dated U. S.
Legation, London, 14th April, 1848, stating that he had received
from the Hon. East India Co. a proposal to present to the Academy a
series of casts of India Fossils in the Company's possession, and request-
ing instructions on the subject.
Dr. Dickeson communicated a paper for publication in the Journal,
entitled ''Microscopic examination of the development of the foetus of
the Succinia amphibia,^^ which was referred to Drs. Griffith, Hallowell,
and C. D. Meigs as a Committee.
Dr. Morton read the following communication from E.. W. Gibbes,
M. D., of Charleston, S. C.
" In June, 1845, I submitted to the Academy, an account of a non-descript fos-
sil from tiie Eocene of South Carolina. I expressed the opinion that it was
generically different from any previously published specimens, and called it
DoRDDoy serratus. Casts of the teeth were forwarded to Prof. Owen, by my
friend Dr. S. G. Morton. In the "Proceedings'' of the Academy of Feb. 1846,
a notice appeared that a letter had been receiTed from Prof. Owen, of London,
dated November 11th, 1845, in reference to the fossil genus Dorudon. He con-
sidered it to be the same as his genus Zeiiglodon (Basilosauhus, Harlan,) to which
also he referred the very extensive series of bones collected by Dr. Koch, in
Alabama, then on exhibition in London.
Prof. Owen's letter was kindly forwarded to me by Dr. Morton, who wrote
me that he considered Prof. Owen's authority as decisive, and that I must yield
my genus, requesting me at the same time to prepare for the Academy's Journal,
then about to be resumed, a paper on the jiresent knowledge of Zecglodon. In
deference to such high authority, I yielded the genus, though in my reply I ex-
pressed the opinion that I still thought the character different. In my paper
published in the first number of the Journal, I described Dorudon as a second
species of Zeu^ludoii, giving Prof. Owen's letter, and stating the characters upon
which I had made its generic distinction, expressing the opinion that what I had
considered a very important character, " should not be set aside."
On a visit to Charleston, in December last by Prof Agassiz, I took the op-
portunity of submitting the specimens (some of which he had not seen) again to
his critical inspection, and the result was that he adopts all tlie characters upon
which I had based the genus, and upon his authority I respectfully reclaim the
genus DoRUDON.
The following letter he kindly sent me in relation to the specimens, as well
as to his discovery among my fossils of a new genus, which he names
Sauuocetus."*
*See the letter referred to, at page 4, Vol. 4, No. 1 of these Proceedings.
PROCEED. ACAD. NAT. SCI. OF PHILADELPHIA. — VOL. IV. NO. III. 9
f>S (May,
May 9th, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
Dr. Pickering called the attention of the Society to the fact that in
all the estimates relating to the length of the year, no reference had
been made to the time taken for light to reach us from the sun, about
eight minutes and a half. He supposed that if that estimate was
taken into the calculations, a slight difference would be found in the
results.
Dr. Bridges remarked that the same estimate was taken at the com-
mencement of the calculation as at the end — that the relative position
of the sun to the earth was the same at both times; and he asked if
the consequence was not, that the length of time between each posi-
tion so estimated would be precisely the same as if the allowance
spoken of by Dr. Pickering wa^ made ?
The effect of making such allowance would only be to add eight
minutes and a half to each end, which would, of course, leave the
difference between such ends the same as before.
Dr. Meigs offered some remarks on the mode of copulation in the
Opossum, which he felt satisfied was performed mo)-e canino, as ob-
served by Dr. Ellerslie Wallace of this city; and that the statements
contained in a recent communication to the Academy on this subject,
by Drs, Bachman and Michel, that the connection took place in a
lateral position, were erroneous.
May 16th, 1848.
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.
Dr. Gambel presented and read a communication from Major McCall,
entitled " Some Notes on Mexican Birds heretofore not fully described ;"
which was referred to a Committee consisting of Dr. Gambel, Mr.
Harris, and Dr. Wilson.
May 23, 1848.
Mr. Vaux in the Chair.
Dr. Bridges presented a paper by T. A. Conrad, being "Additions"
to his " Observations on the Eocene formation and descriptions of one
hundred and five new fossils of that period, from the vicinity of
Vicksburg, Mississippi, with an appendix," read on the 12th October,
1847, intended to be embodied with that communication, and for pub-
lication in the Journal.
Referred to the former Committee, Dr. Griffith being substituted for
Dr. Leid}^, absent.
1S4S.] 59
Maij 30ih, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
(The following papers were reported for publication in the last No.
but unavoidably deferred.)
Description of two new species of Onychncephalus, from the Western Coast of
Africa.
By Edward Halloweli., M. D,
Onychocephalus. Dumeril and Bibron.
Generic Characters. — Head provided with plates; depressed, terminating in front
in a thin or cutting edge. Rostral plate folded under the snout, and expanding
as a disk upon the head, of variable form. An anterior frontal, a frontal properly-
called, a pair of supra-oculars.a pair of parietals, an inter-parietal, a pair of nasals,
a pair of frontonasals, a pair of preoculars, a pair of oculars. Nostrils hemidis-
coidal opening inferiorly between the nasal and the frontonasal. Eyes lateral,
distinct."
Onychoeephalus Liberiensis. (See Plate, fig. 1 and 2.)
Specific Characters. — Length of tail equal to*transverse diameter of head taken
at its middle; tail incurvated, conical, terminating in a spin"?; the upper portion
of the rostral plate very convex, quadrilateral, its cutting edge slightly arched, not
extending across the snout; colour above blackish, variegated with yellow; under
surface yellow, with black spots upon the sides.
De.scripfiun. — Head rather small, wedge shaped above, rounded anteriorly; the
rostral plate is large, convex superiorly, presenting four sides at its upper sur-
face ; of these the jiosterior is rounded where it lies in contact with the anterior
frontal ; the lateral margins are slightly curved and are in contact with the
frontonasal; the anterior margin forms a projecting convex edge where it is
continuous with the under surface of the rostral which is four-sided; the lateral
margins of this under portion of the rostral are concave, so as to receive the nasal
plates which lie along their exterior border; the inferior margin is the most nar-
row, its mid lie portion, (about one-third of It) projecting backward, and forming
part of the margin of the upper lip; the nasal plate is long and narrow, broadest
near the middle, being somewhat triangular in shape, the apex presenting forward;
the nostrils are elongated narro v slits, looking outward and backward, and are
placed in the fronto nasal suture, formed by the juxta position of the nasal and
fronto nasal plates ; the fronto-nasal are narrow and o! long, much broader below;
anteriorly they lie in contact with the rostral, presenting a slightly undulating
line at their junction; the posterior margin is deeply incurvated except toward its
superior extremity ; it lies in contact with the preocular which is received
into the hollow formed hy its posterior margin; the preocular has the form of an
oval disk with a s ip rior and inferior extremity, which are pointed; the ocular
plate, which is immediately behind it, is very large; its posterior margin is con-
60 [May
Tex, the anterior concave; the eye is placed in the angle formed by the junction
of the preocular, and the supraocular; the latter is a narrow, oblong plate, with
a rounded posterior margin ; the anterior frontal is a large plate immediately in
contact with the rostral, measuring two lines in its transverse direction in the
specimen examined ; its posterior margin is rounded; the frontal is a very small
plate compared with the anterior frontal, also with a rounded posterior margin ;
it is in contact in front with the anterior frontal, and with the preocular; im-
mediately behind it is the inter-parietal which is less extended in the transverse
direction than the frontal, and its posterior border is much less convex than that of
the former plate, and of the scale behind it; the inter-parietal are placed imme-
diately behind the supraocular and the posterior frontal, and are in contact at their
internal margin with the fiontal,and externally with the ocular ; the supra labials,
four narrow, elongated plates, margin each side of the upper lip; that nearest
the angle of the mouth is the longest; the eyes are small, but distinct, placed
upon theside of the head near the superior extremity of the preocular; scales upon
the chin, neck, and throat small, increasing in size upon the body and tail, where
they are of nearly uniform size ; these scales are rounded posteriorly, more ex-
tended transversely than in length. There are 28 longitudinal and 309 transverse
rows upon the body, and 11 rows upon the tail.
Coloration. — Above brownish, approaching to black, clouded with yellow;
under surface yellow for the most part, presenting a few spots of black, chiefly
upon the sides.
Dimfnsio'is. — Entire length 2 feet 4 lines : length of head 5 lines; greatest
breadth 4 lines ; length of tail 5 lijjes ; greatest circumference of body 2 inches,
9 lines.
Habitat. — Liberia, Western Coast of Africa. A specimen in the Museum of
the Academy.
Habits. — Dr. Savage informs me that this animal inhabits the domicils of the
I' white ant" ^Termes bellicosus of Smeathman,) which probably constitutes its
food, and hence has received ihe name of Ni/onk're-teai, literally the iv Idle ant
snake. (See Proceed, for April, 1848, p. 37.) Its tenacity of life is very re-
markable.
Onychocephalus nigro-lineatus. (See Plate, fig. 3.)
Specijic Characters. — Tail short, of same length as head measured transversely;
rostral plate four-sided, longer than broad, rounded posteriorly, the sides slightly
convex; nostrils in the fronto nasal suture; body cylindrical, slemler, presenting
numerous lines of black upon a ground of silvery grey.
Deticription. — Head small, depressed, convex in front, rostral plate more ex-
tended in the longitudinal direction than transversely, its sides slightly convex,
rounded posteriorly ; the under part of the rostral is urceolate in form, having a
small projection at its posterior extremity; it is somewhat excavated laterally,
passing backward between the nasal plates ; it presents a well defined edge, at
the line of demarcation between its superior portion, extending across it ; the
nasal are narrow, oblong plates, placed between the frontonasal, and the rostral
at its inferior part, in contact above with the fronto-nasal ; the fronto-nasal are
situated above between the rostral and the preocular; they are much more nar-
row superiorly than at their inferior portion, where they are in contact with
Fi^.2.
Fi:^.-f
Fia. 3.
1848.]
61
the nasal ; the nostril, the greater part of which is in the fronto-nasal, occu-
pies the fronto-nasal suture; the anterior frontal is a well defined plate lying
innnnediately posterior to the rostral, and in contact also in front with the
fronto nasal plates, this portion being excavated to receive the corresponding por-
tion of the latter; it is convex upon its posterior border, where it is in con-
tact with the posterior frontal and the supraocular, the latter being exterior to
it, and also to the fronto-nasal ; the preocular is triangular in form, its widest
part being downward, lying in front of the ocular and in contact with the supra-
ocular; the eye, which is snnall, but distinct, is placed in the angle fornned by
those two plates; the ocularis large, convex upon its posterior border ; it is
in contact above where it fo'msan acute angle, with the inter-parietal superiorly
with the supra-ocular, anteriorly with the preocular, and inferiorly with the
superior labials; the frontal is much smaller than the anterior frontal ; it has
immediately behind it the inter-parietal, and upon the external aspect of its pos-
terior border the parietal ; the inti^r-parietal is a small plate resembling the frontal
in form, but smaller; the parietals are more extended in the transverse direction
than longitudinally ; in front they touch the ocular and supraocular, latero-exter-
nally the frontal, and posteriorly the inter-parietal; four small quadrangular plates
margin the upper lip on each side; the eyes are latero-superior placed as above
mentioned ; the body is slender, of nearly uniform size, somewhat thicker near the
middle, covered with scales which are broader than they are long, presenting a
rounded margin posteriorly, somewhat smaller near the head than upon other
parts of the body ; of these scales there are 29 longitudinal, and 344 transverse
rows; there are 16 rows upon the tail ; the tail terminates in a pointed spine.
Coloration. — (From a specimen in spirits.) The entire under surface of the
animal is yellow, without spots ; the back presents iO narrow black lines, ex-
tending from the head to the extremity of the tail ; of these the two exterior are
less distinct than the rest; the three central ones become broader toward the tail;
the intervening portion i.s white or silvery grey.
Dinteasio/is. — Length of head 2 lines; greatest breadth transversely 2i lines;
length of tail 2 lines; length of body 8 inches 2 lines, (I'r.) greatest circum-
ference 7 lines.
llubllat. — Liberia, West Coast of Africa. Specimen in the Museum of the
Academy.
General Observations. — The reptiles above described, belong to the first section
of the Ophidians, described by Uumeril and Bibron; viz., the Scolecophidians,*
or vermiform non venomous serpents. There can be no doubt, we think,
that they are new. But three species of the genus Onychocephalus are described
hy them in their Erpetoiogie generale, or Histoire Naturelle complete des reptiles,
which con tains descriptions of all the species of reptiles known. They are the Ony-
chocephalus Delaiandii, multilineatus, and unilineafus The first is figured in the
work of Dr. .'\ndrew Smith, upon the Zoology of Southern Africa, and does not
bear the least resemblance to either of them, differing from both in size and in the
relative proportions of the head and tail, and in its coloration, being of an uniform
brown colour, both upon its upper and under surface In multilineatus the tail is
double in length the breadth of the head, and the body presents a series of white
lines upon a ground of silvery grey. In unilineatus a single black line passes
along the median line of the back, which is of an olive-brown colour.
* P'rom SxwTujjj fxdj, vermis, lumbricus, et o^i^, serpens.
62 [May,
Notes of the post mortem appearances of a Cynncpphalus Papion, which died at
the Menagerie in Philadelphia.
By Edward Halloweli, M. D.
The animal is young, measuring about fourteen inches in length.
Head — Brain not examined.
Thorax. — The upper lobes of the right lung are firmly adherent to the pleura;
the whole of this portion of the lung is infiltrated with tubercular matter, firm to
the touch, and having a white caseifornn appearance ; the entire mass measures
three inches in length, by two in breadth, French measure; the lowest lobe of this
lung is of a brick dust red colour; presenting numerous tubercles immediately
beneath the pleura, varying in size from that of a grain of sand t) two lines and
a half ; the two lobes of the opposite lung are slightly adherent, and studded with
tubercles, the largest of which measures five lines in its greatest extent; the gene-
ral colour of this lung is reddish-brown. The tubercular infiltration above men-
tioned, occupies the whole of the uf)per lobes o*" the right lung which have a uni-
formly dull white colour throughout, and are resisting ^o the touch; the lowest
lobe is partially hepatized, containing a number of tubercles, most of which are
observed immediately beneath the pleura; the base ol the right lung is partially
adherent to the diaphragm. ') here are two distinct lobes to the left lung, the
upper presenting a slight fissure upon its anterior border; the tissue of both is im-
perfectly crepitant, containing numerous tubercles deposited near the surface of
the lung beneath the pleura; the largest of these measures four Imes in d atrieter;
the lining membrane of the cesophagus is pale, having a slight rosy tint and
appears healthy ; the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi is pale ; the
bronchial glands are tuberculous, but not remarkably enlarged. Hta/i — The
two surfaces of the pericardium are adherent throughout, their separation
requiring some effort ; the external surface of the heart is covered in nearly
its whole extent with a thin layer of false membrane of a slightly yellow colour,
giving it an appearance of roughness ; the general colour of the pericardium is
pale with a tinge of redness ; upon the surface of the heart, imbedded in its
tissue, innmediately beneath the peric irdiuin are several snnall tubercles, having
the sanne aspect as those of similar dinnensions found in other organs ; the ven-
tricles are ennpty containing no coagula.
Abdomen. — The liver is divided into four lobes, one of which presents two
small subdivisions; it is of a brownish red colour; about a dozen scattered
tubercles, the largest having the size of millet seed are observed in its subperi-
toneal tissue; it measures four inches transversely, by two inches four lines in
its longitudin .1 d ameter. and fourteen lines in depth ; its tissue when cut into
presents nothing remarkable; the ga/l-b/adder is moderately distended with bile
of a brown colour and almost fluid consistence. S/jlctn — The spleen measures
two inches ten lines in length and fifteen lines in its greatest breadth ; it pre-
sents upon its convex surface numerous elevations, caused by the deposition
of tuberculous matter within its tissue, giving it a highly bosselated appear-
ance, resembling in some degree the cancerous dep sits observed in the human
liver; the largest of these measures seven lines in diameter, and is elevated
about three lines above the surface of the spleen; the tuberculous deposite
resembles in colour that of the lung, and appears to be composed of numerous
1848.] 63
agglomerated granules ; ten of these large masses may be counted upon its sur-
face; the general colour of the spleen is brownish-red. The s/owafA measures
three and a half inches transversely, by two inches four lines in its small diameter,
when moderately distended; the fibres of its muscular coat are seen very distinctly
through the peritoneum; it is quite pale externally, and no tubercular deposites
are observed upon it; it contains a large quantity of pultaceous matter resem-
bling thin gruel mingled with portions of a bright yePovv colour ; the mucous
membrane is pale, presenting, however, a slate coloured tinge, which is most
marked at its pyloric portion, where it is much softened ; the mucous fol-
licles are not apparent. 'I'he large intestine contains a considerable quantity
of foecal matter, of a bright orange co/our throughout; the lining membrane is pale;
the small intestine measures seven feet, eight and a half inches in length; the
large intestine measures ten feet, three and a half inches in extent, exclusive of
the cspcnm, which is two and a half inches in length; there is no appendicula
vermiformis ; the mucous membrane of the large intestine is much corrugated,
but pale and apparently healthy. The mucous follicles are quite distinct when
the intestine is held up to the light; there are no valvulsE conniventes in the
small intestine, nor are any glands of Peyer to be seen; the solitary glands
of the small intestine also, are not apparent; the mucous lining of the small in-
testine in quite pa'e throughout, and no tubercles or ulcerations are observed in
any part of it, or of tne large intestine; it contains a quantity of brownish looking
matter. Tho general api^earance of the large intestine, viewed externally, is pals,
with a slight rosy tint, in portions mingled with yellow, the lat'er colour being
that of its contents; n> tubercles are observed in the subp ritoneal tissue of
either the small or large intestine ; several of the mesenteric glands are enlarged,
the largest being six lines in length, by five in breadth. The kidneys, when cut
into, present nothing remarkable; no tuber Ics are observed upon their surface;
Xhe pancreas is a slender organ, measuring four inches (Fr.) transversely, by half
an inch in breadth, of a brownish colour, throughout presenting no tubercles ;
bladder pale.
The Committee on the following communication by Major McCall,
reported in favor of publication in the Proceedings.
Some Notes on Mexican Birds, heretofore not fully described.
By George A. McCall, U. S. .\.
Orpueus curvirostris,* Swainson.
Length 10 inches, 5 lines. The bill is curved and rounded on the ridge, the
upper mandible slightly projecting; measured on the ridge it is 1 in. 2 1 ; the
commissure I in. 5 1. its colour dusky. Irides bright carmine, of conspicuous
lustre; indeed, the eye is a striking feature of this bird. Tarsus rather robust,
and 1 in. 5 1. in length ; middle toe and nail 1 in. 3 1.
General colour above, light hair-brown, fading to ash-colour about the head,
■while towards the tail it deepens to chesnut. The feathers of the back are
loose-webbed; and all the feathers at base are slate-colour. Chin, throat, breast,
belly and vent, whitish; the breast obscurely mottled with light brown. Pri-
* Called by Mexican peasants " Ouitacoche."
64< [June,
maries dusky, edged with white on the outer vanes ; greater and lesser wing
coverts hair-brown, also slightly tipped with whitish. Lower tail-coverts hair-
brown, broadly edged and tipped with whitish. Tail of twelve feathers, chesnut ;
the two nniddle ones loose-webbed, the three exterior tipped with white.
There is little difference between the sexes; the female is perhaps a trifle less
in size, and its general markings are more obscure.
0. curviroslris is rather common about Matamoras, (Mexico.) The song of
the male is a clear warble, not unlike the native notes of the mocking bird, but
he has neither the imitative powers nor the volume of voice of the latter. On
the Rio Grande this bird nested in the hedge rows near the farm houses, and was
constantly seen perched upon their roofs, singing with much volubility and all
the familiarity of the house-wren.
CoLUMBA leucnptera, Linn.
C. Trudeauii, or Texan Turtle /)oi'e,'Audubon.
This very graceful bird — one specimen of which only Audubon mentions as
having been received or seen by him — was exceedingly abundant at Matamoras,
in JMay and June, (1816,) large flocks daily feeding in our camp, and with re-
markable confidence approaching quite near the tents. But although common in
Mexico, I have some doubts as to ihe propriety of its being denominated a Texan
Dive; for 1 never saw it in Eastern Texas, neither did I while on an extensive
hunting excursion, which embraced the country along the Nueces River for
seventy miles above Corpus Christi, see a single individual of this species,
although game of every description was most abundant. Nor did I see one on
the whole route from the Neuces to the Rio Grande, until we crossed the latter
river into Mexico. Mr. Audubon's specimen was, therefore, possibly but a
straggler from the neighboring Republic.
About the last of June they disappeared from the vicinity of Matamoras, and
passed probably to the interior. Tn January following I shot a few stragglers,
on small streams, near the Sierra Madre.
For the table, this bird is far superior to C. Carolinensis, the breast being
larger and fuller, and the meat of quite a delicate flavor. And in its style of
flight it resembles C JE/zas more than C. Carolinensis.
The female differs but little from the male, except that the metallic reflections
on the neck, &c. &c. are less vivid.
The Committee to whom was referred Mr. Conrad's " Additional
descriptions of Tertiary fossils of the United States," reported in favor
of publication in the Journal.
ELECTION.
Edward Roberts, Esq., of Philadelphia, was elected a Member, and
Frederick Tiedemann, M. D., of Heidelburg, a Correspondent of the
Academy.
1848.] 65
June 6th, 1848-
Vice President Mouton in the Chair.
Letters were read from Prof. J. Sturm, of Nuremburg, dated March
2o, 1848, and from Dr. Wm. L. Jones, of Georgia, dated 29th May,
1848, severally acknowledging the receipt of their notices of election
as Correspondents.
A letter was read from A. H. Bowman, Esq., dated Fort Johnson,
South Carolina, in relation to exchanges with the Academy of coast
shells from that vicinity.
A communication was read from Dr. R. W. Gibbes, of Columbia,
S. C, entitled " Monograph of the Fossil Squalidse of the United
States," and intended for publication in the Journal. Referred to a
Committee, consisting of Drs. Gambel and Morton, and Mr. Conrad.
June 20tk, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
Mr. Cassin read a paper, describing new species of the genera Vidua,
Euplectus, Pyrenestes and Pitylus. Referred to Dr. Gambel, Dr.
Townsend and Mr. Harris.
Mr. Cassin also read a communication on the probable identity of
Pica Nuttalii with the P. Hudsonica. Referred to the same Com-
mittee.
On leave granted, a report from the Committee on Dr. R. W. Gibbes'
paper, on the Fossil Squalidte of the United States, was read and
adopted, recommending the same for publication in the next No. of
the Journal.
A circular was read from the "Society for the development of the
Mineral resources of the United States," announcing its recent forma-
tion in Philadelphia, and stating its objects, and requesting the co-
operation of the Academy in the same.
June 27th, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
The Committee on the following paper by Mr. Cassin, reported in
favour of publication.
Descriptions ofnevj species of Birds of ilie genera Vidua, Briss.,- Euplectus, Sw.,-
Pyrenestes, Sw.; and Pitylus, Cuv.; specimens of which are in the collection
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
By John Cassin.
Vidua albonotata, nobis.
Shoulders yellow.
Primaries white at their bases, and for about one-third of their length.
Greater wing coverts also tipped with white, which, with that portion of the
primaries of the same colour, forms a conspicuous white spot on the wing.
10
66 [June,
Lesser wing coverts tipped with brown.
All other parts of the plumage glossy black.
Bill light blue, at the edges of the mandibles pearly white/
Total length (of skin) from tip of bill to end of tail about C| in., wing 3, tall
3 3-lOth inches.
Hab. Port Natal, Eastern Africa.
This bird belongs to that group of species which appears to form the genus
Coliuspasser, Riippel. From either of those species (V. Jlavopiera, Viell.;
V. macrocerca, Licht.; V. axillaris, A. Smith and others,) it may readily be dis-
tinguished by the white spot on the wing, and the pearly character of the
bill
Three specimens of this interesting species are included in the many valuable
acquisitions of the Academy made through the judicious exertions of Mr. Edward
Wilson, who secured them in Paris.
Vidua concolor, nobis.
Plumage entirely black.
Bill strong, conical.
General form and appearance of Vidua pay anensis, Gm., (^V. rubritorques,
Swainson,) but the bill is larger, and the tail and wing feathers are broader,
with no vestige whatever of the red collar which characterizes that species.
Total length (of skin) from tip of bill to end of tail about 12 inches, wing
2 8-10; tail 8^ inches.
Hab. Africa.
Of this species one specimen only is in the Rivoli collection, without label.
It is closely allied to the Vidua riibritorques, Swainson, but has the bill larger
than either of ten specimens of the latter which I have examined. The entire
absence of the red collar is, however, the most striking comparative cha-
racter.
EuPLECTEs nigroventris, nobis.
Entire upper parts of the plumage bright scarlet, except the wings and tail,
which are hair-brown, with paler margins.
Cheeks and entire under parts (from the base of the bill) deep black, except
the thighs and under tail coverts, which are pale reddish-white.
Hab, Zanzibar.
Total length, from tip of bill to end of tail, about 4| inches, wing 2 3-lOths,
tail 1^ inches.
This species, one specimen of which from the Rivoli collection is now
described, is more nearly related to Eupledes Jlammiceps, Swainson, than to
any other species known to me. From that species, as well as from all others
of this genus, in which the bright scarlet jJumage predominates, it may easily
be distinguished by the uniform deep black of the entire under surface of the
body. The inferior tail coverts and thighs are pale reddish white in the speci-
men now described, but I suspect that in the more adult bird, they become
scarlet, and also that the wings and tail become darker.
1848.] 67
Pyrenestes coccineur^ nobis.
Head, neck, rump, upper tail coverts and flanks, glossy crimson.
Upper surface of the tail of the same colour, but not so glossy.
All other parts of the plumage, brown, some feathers of the back and a few
of the wing coverts margined with red.
Hab. Western Africa.
Total length from tip of bill to end of tail about 4 4-lOths inches, wing
2 3-lOths, tail 1 9-lOths inches.
Very similar in colour to Pyrenestes ostrinus, (Viell.) but is much smaller and
less robustly organized. The bill especially is comparatively weak.
In the species now described the crimson does not extend to the breast as in
P, ostrinus.
The measurements of the two species are as follows :
P. ostrinus, (Viell.) P. coccineus, Cassin.
Total length (of skin) from tip
of bill to end of tail about 5 6-lOths inches. . 4 4- 1 0th inches.
Length of wing from flexure
to tip of longest primary 2 8-lOths " . 2 3-lOths "
Length of tail . . . 2 4-lOlhs >< . 1 9-lOths <>
Length of bill from gape . 7-lOths <' . 5-10th8 «<
Breadth of under mandible . 7-lOths " . 5-lOths <«
The dimensions of the specimen of P. ostrinus here given, agree almost
exactly with those given by Mr. Swainson in Birds of Western Africa,
(Vol. L p. 158) and also with Viellot's plate Ois. Chant, pi. 48.
For a line specimen of the rare Pyrenestes ostrinuf, (Viell.) the only specimen
in the collection of the Academy, we are again indebted to Mr. Edw. Wilson,
who obtained it in Paris. The Academy possesses three specimens of the
smaller species now described, two of which were presented by Robt. McDowell,
M.D., Surgeon at Sierra Leone, and the other was presented, with other inte-
resting birds, by Rev. Wesley Johnson, a pious and learned gentleman attached
to an American Mission at Monrovia, Western Africa.
PiTYhvsJlavo cinereus, nobis.
Loxia canadensis, Linn, variety A. Lath. Gen. Hist. V. p. 282.
Space about the base of the bill extending to the eyes, and including the chin,
black.
Front and top of the head, sides of the neck, breast, and under surface of the
wings at the shoulders, bright yellow, running into green on the neck and back.
Upper part of the back, wings and tail yellowish green.
Scapular region, lower part of the back, rump, upper tail coverts, abdomen
and under tail coverts light cinereous gray.
Middle of the belly and under tail coverts nearly white.
Hab. South America.
Total length, of skin, from tip of bill to end of tail about 7 inches, wing 4,
tail 3 inches.
68 [June,
I have seen one specimen only of this species, which beionged to the Rivoli
collection.
It is nearly related to Loxia canadensis, Linn., which it strongly resembles in
general appearance, but may at once be distinguished by the cinereous lower
portion of the whole body above and below, which colour is separated from the
yellow of the breast by a well defined line, while in L. canadensis the entire
inferior surface is bright yellow.
The bill of the species now described is larger than that of either of eight spe-
cimens of L. canadensis which I have examined.
ELECTION.
William S. Wilson, Esq., of Philadelphia, was elected a Member,
and
William F. Van Amringe, Esq., of New York, and Sir Harford
JBrydges, of London, were elected Correspondents.
1848.]
69
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM
In May and June, 1848.
May 2d.
Fifteen specimens of Silurian Fossils, from the Hudson river group, Troy,
N. Y. Presented by Dr. Skelton, of Troy, through Dr. Morton.
Twenty-five Gypsiferous Fossils, lower part of Carboniferous series of Nova
Scotia. From J, W. Dawson, Esq., of Pictou, N. S.
May 9th.
Monotis Poulsoni, Conrad; from Lycoming county, Pennsylvania. Presented
by Mr. J. H. Taylor.
Skin of Myrmecophaga jubata, from S. America. Presented by Dr. Vargas, of
Venezuela, through Dr. C. D. Meigs.
Cebus capucinus. From Dr. Watson.
Seven Crania, from Pisco, near Lima. Collected by Mr. Wm. A. Foster, and
deposited by Dr. Morton.
Rallus Virginianus. From Dr. E. J. Lewis.
May 25th.
Fifty-four specimens of Fossils, from the Red Crag and Coralline Crag of Eng-
land. Presented by Dr. Wilson.
A collection of iive hundred British Coleoptera, named and arranged. Pre-
sented by Mr. Wm. Hobson, of Kingsessing, through Dr. Watson.
A collection of American Coleoptera, in spirits. From Dr. Watson.
June, \^th.
Mounted specimen of Mustela erminea, from the vicinity of Philada. From
Dr. S. W. Woodhouse.
Mounted specimen of Phasianus pictus (fem.) Presented by Mrs. John B.
Smith, of Philadelphia.
A fine specimen of Allophane, from . From Mr. Ashmead.
Two specimens of Quartz, from Guanaxato, Mexico. Presented by Dr. Grif-
fith.
June 2Qth. *
Amblyopsis , and Astacus , from the Mammoth cave, Kentucky ;
several specimens of Atrypa concentrica,"from Eighteen Mile Creek, Lake Erie,
N. Y. ; one of Hippa emerita, from Beasley's point, N. J.; Encrinitic marble,
from Lockport, N. Y. ; head of an Encrinite, from Kentucky, and a beautiful
specimen of crystallized carbonate of lime, from the Mammoth cave. Presented
by Mr. Samuel Ashmead.
Coal Fossil (Calamites) from Carbondale, Pennsylvania. From Mr. John
Cook.
Dr. Morton deposited four crania, viz. : an Azteck, ancient Peruvian, Kaffir,
and a Hottentot.
A large collection of mummied objects, from the Egyptian Catacombs. De-
posited by George R. Gliddon, Esq.
70 [June,
DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY
In May and June, 1848.
May 2d.
Flore generale des Environs de Paris, selon la methode naturelle. Par F. F.
Chevallier. 2d edition. Vols. 1 and 2. 8vo. From Mr. Percival.
Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia. Supplement to No. 5
and No. 6. From the Editor.
Pamphlets on various subjects connected w^ith physical science and geology,
addresses, memoirs, &c., published by Prof. Walter R. Johnson, in 5 vols. 8vo.
From the Author.
Report of the Stockholders of the Dauphin and Susquehanna Coal Company.
1848. From the Directors.
Dr. Wilson deposited the following :
Phycologia Britannica. By William Henry Harvey, M. D. Part 27. 8vo.
A history of British Mollusca and their shells. By Prof. Edward Forbes, and
Sylvanus Hanley. Part 3. 8vo.
The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, (London.) No. 13. Bvo.
Illustrations of British Mycology. By Mrs. T. J. Hussey. Part 12. 4to.
The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Vol. 1. 2d series. No. 3.
Esquisses Ornithologiques ; description et figures d'Oiseaux nouveaux, ou peu
connus. Par le Vte. Du Bus. Livs. 1, 2, and 3. 4to.
Caroli A. Schreiber's Collectanea ad Faunam Brasiliae. No. 1. 4to.
The Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By Edward Doubleday. Part 17. 4to.
Zoologia typica. By Louis Fraser. Part 12. 4to.
The Birds of Australia. By John Gould. Part 30. Folio.
Palaeontographica. Beitrage zur naturgeschichte der Vorwelt herausgegeben
von Dr. W. Dunker, und Herm. Von Meyer. Vol. 1. Nos. 1, 2, 3. 4to.
Abbildungen und beschreibungen neuer oder wenig gekanntner Conchylien
herausgegeben von Dr. R. A. Philippi. Vols. 1 and 2, and Nos. 1 and 2, Vol 3.
4to.
A voyage to the islands Madeira, Barbadoes, Jamaica, &c. By Sir Hans Sloane.
2 vols. Folio.
May 9th.
Contributions to the Geology of Kentucky. By Lunsford P. Yandell, M. D.,
and Benjamin F. Shumard, M. D. 8vo. pamphlet. From Dr. Yandell.
Literary Record and Journal of the Linnean Association of Pennsylvania Col-
lege. Vol. 4, No. 7. From the Association.
Memoir of a Tour to Northern Mexico, connected with Col. Doniphan's expe-
dition in 1846 and '47. By A. Wislezenus, M. D. 8vo. From the Author.
The following were deposited by Dr. Wilson.
Natuurkundige beschryving einer Uitmuntende vermameling van Zeldsaame
Gedierten, bestaaude in Oost-en West Indische, &c.; door A. Vosmaer. 4to.
Fauna Japonica; auctore Ph. Fr. de Siebold. Pisces. Decas 15. Folio.
Die Skelete der Raubvogel abgebildet und beschreiben von Dr. E. D'Alton, d.
A., und Dr. E. D'Alton, d. J. Folio.
Die Skelete der Straussartigen vogel abgebildet und beschreiben von Dr. E.
D'Alton, d. J. Folio.
Recherches d'Anatomie comparee sur le Chimpanze. Par W. Vrolik. Folio.
Mauritii Herold Exercitationes^de Animalium vertebris carentium in ovo for-
matione. Pars 1. Folio.
M. Heroldii disquisitiones de animalium vertebris carentium in ovo formatione.
De generatione Insectorum in Ovo. 1 vol. Folio.
Symbolae physicae, seu icones et descriptiones Animalium quas in itinere per
Africam borealem et Asiam Occidentalem F. G. Hemphrich et C, G. Ehrenberg
studio novae aut illustratae redierunt. Folio. Insecta Nos. 1 — 3, and text;
Mammalia Nos. 1 and 2, and text ; Aves No. 1 ; Evertebrata No 1, and text.
1848.] 71
Die Skelete die Vierhander, abgebildet und verglichen von Dr. Chr. Pander,
und Dr. E. D'Alton. Folio.
Darstellung neuer oder wenig bekanntner Saugethiere nach den originalen des
Zoologischen Museums der Universitat zu Berlin. Von Dr. H. Lichtenstein.
Folio.
Zoologischer Atlas von Dr. Friedr. Eschscholtz. Folio.
Revue Zoologique, par la Societe Cuvierienne. Nos. 9, 10, 11, and 12, for
1846; No. 12, 1847 ; No. 1, 1848.
The Viviparous quadrupeds of North America. By J. J. Audubon, and Rev.
John Bachman, D. D. Nos. 25, 26, and 27.
Oken's Isis. Nos. 11 and 12, 1847 ; Nos. 1 and 2, 1848.
Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, gerundet von A. F. A. Wiegraann; herausgegeben
von Dr. W. F. Erichson. No. 3, 1847. No. 1, 1848.
Tableau elementaire d'Ornithologie, par Sebastin Gerardin. 2 vols. 8vo.
May 23d.
The American Journal of Science and Arts. 2d series. No. 15. May 1848.
From the Editors.
Melanges de Botanique et des voyages : par Aubert du Petit-Thouars. Ime.
receueil. 8vo. From Mr. James Read.
A discourse on self-limited diseases. By Jacob Bigelow^, M. D. From Dr.
Griffith.
Jttne Qth.
Dr. Wilson deposited the follovi^ing works :
A Monograph of the Macropodidae, or family of Kangaroos. By John Gould.
Parts 1 and 2. Folio.
The Birds of Australia. By J. Gould. Parts 31, 32, 33, 34. Folio.
The Fossil Flora of Great Britain. By John Lindleyand William Hutton.
3 vols. 8vo.
Conchologia iconica. Monographs of nine genera. By Lovell Reeve. 4to.
Iconographie Zoophytologique. Par Hardouin Michelin. 2 vols. 4to.
Phycologia Britannica. By William Henry Harvey, M. D. Part 28. 8vo.
A history of British Mollusca and their Shells. By Prof. Edward Forbes and
Sylvanus Hanley. Part 4. 8vo.
Hlustrations of the Birds of Jamaica. By Philip Henry Gosse. Parti. 8vo.
The Zoology of the voyage of the Erebus and Terror. Part 7. Fishes by
Sir John Richardson. 4to.
Hlustrations of British Mycology. By Mrs. T. J. Hussey. Part 13. 4to.
The Zoology of the Voyage of H. M. S. Samarang, in 1843— '46. No. 1. 4to.
Fishes by Sir Jno. Richardson.
The Annals and Magazine of Nat. History. 2d series. Vol. 1. No. 4.
Palajontographica! Society. A Monograph of the Crag Mollusca, or descrip-
tions of Shells from the middle and upper Tertiaries of the East of England. By
Searles C. Wood. Part 1. 4to.
The Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. l^y Edward Doubleday. Part 18, 4to.
Monographie der Papageien, von Chr. L. Brehm. Parts 1, 2, 3. 4to.
Nomenclature of Coleopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum.
Part 2. 12mo.
Index Testarum Conchylioriim quae adservantur in Museo Nicolai Gaultieri.
Folio. Deposited by Dr. Griffith.
Musci AUeghenienses, sive Spicilegia Muscorum atque Hepaticarum quos in
itinere a Marylandia usque ad Georgiam A. D, 1842, decerpserunt Asa Gray et
W. S. Sullivant. Concinnavit et exposuit W. S. Sullivant. 2 Vols. 4to.
Enumeratio, 1 Vol. 8vo. From Mr. Sullivant.
Contributions to the Bryology and Hepaticology of North America. By Wm.
S. Sullivant. Parti. 4to. From the Author.
The Musci and Hepaticae of the Northern United States. By Wm. Sullivant.
12mo. From the Author.
72 [June.
Fauna der Forvelt, von Dr. C. G. Giebel. Part 3. 8vOi From Mr. J.
Lambert.
An investigation of the Theories of the Natural History of Man, byPrichard,
and others. By William F. Van Amringe. 8vo.- From the Author.
The Pyramids of Gizeh ; the surveys by J. E^ Perring, Esq.; notes and refer-
ences to the plans, &c., by E. J. Andrevi^s, Esq. : (Vyse's Pyramids.) Elephant
folio. From Dr. S. G. Morton.
June 2Qth.
Literary Record and Journal of Linnean Association of Pennsylvania College.
Vol. 4. No. 8. From the Association.
A defence of Dr. Charles T. Jackson's claims to the discovery of Etherization.
By Joseph L. and Henry C* Lord. From Dr. Jackson.
Beschreibung einer neuen art von Anophthalmus. Von Dr. J. Sturm. From
the Author.
Anopht.ialmus. Neue gattung aus der famille der Caraben. Von Jacob Sturm.
From the same*
Dr. Wilson deposited the following works :
Suites a Buffon, formant avec les ceuvres de cet auteur, un cours complet d'histoire
naturelle. 49 Vols. 8vo.
Histoire naturelle des Oiseaux de Paradis et des Rolliers, suivie de celle des
Toucans et des Barbus. Par Francois Le Vaillant. 2 Vols. Folio.
Histoire naturelle des Promerops et des Guepiers. Par F. Le Vaillant, faisant
suite a celle des Oiseaux de Paradis par le meme. 1 Vol. Folio.
Voyage en Abyssinie, execute pendant les Annees 1839 — '43 par une Commis-
sion scientifique, &c. ; publie sous les auspices de M. le Baron de Mackau. Text,
5 vols. 8vo. Plates 15 Livs. Folio.
Exploration scientifique de I'Algerie pendant les annees 1840 — '42^ 38 Livs.
4to.
Illustrations de Zoologie, &c. Par P. Lesson. 4to.
Memoire sur les Belemnites. Par M. H. Ducrotay de Blainville. 4to.
La Conchyliologie. Par M. Desaiilier D'Argenville. 3d Edition. 3 Vols. 4to.
Manuel de I'histoire naturelle des Mollusques et de leurs Coquilles. Par M.
Sander Rang. r2mo.
Elements des Sciences naturelles. Par A.M. Constant Dumeril. 3d Edition.
2 vols. 12mo.
Prodrome d'une histoire des Vegetaux fossiles. Par M. Adolphe Brongniart.
8vo.
Des Dents des Mammiferes, considerees comme caracteres Zoologiques. Par
M. F. Cuvier. 8vo.
Histoire des Polypiers Coralligenes flexibles, vulgairement nommes Zoophytes.
Par. J. V. F. Lamouroux. Svo.
1S48.] 73
July nth, 1848.
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.
Letters were read from : —
Dr. Theodore Cantor, of the Bengal Medical Service, dated Fort
William, January 8th, 1848, presenting copies of his publications on
subjects of Natural History in India.
From Prof. A. D. Bache, Superintendant of United States Coast
Survey, dated Washington, June 15th, 1848, accompanying a donation
from the Treasury Department of Maps of Edgartown, Black Rock,
and Bridgeport Harbors.
From Dr. Joseph Leidy, Chairman of the Curators of this Institu-
tion, dated London, May 30th, 1848, announcing numerous donations
to the Society, from various European Societies, distinguished na-
turalists and other sources, and among them a valuable series of casts
of fossils from the Sivalik Hills, to be presented by the Hon. East India
Company.
From Dr. Thomas Horsfield, Curator of the East India Company's
Museum, dated East India House, June 22d, 1848, announcing that he
had shipped for the Academy, the collection of casts of India fossils,
(referred to in Dr. Leidy's letter,) together w^ith a cast of the cranium
of Sivatherium giganteum, from the original in the British Museum,
presented by himself; also several numbers of his splendid work on the
plants of Java, &c.
And a letter from the Secretary of the Court of Directors of the
Hon. East India Company, dated June 8th, 1848, announcing the pre-
sentation to the Society, of the collection of casts of fossils above
referred to, and enclosing a list of the same.
A letter was also read from the Secretary of the Geological Society
of London, dated June 1st, 1848, acknowledging the receipt of a copy
of No. 1, Vol. 1, New Series, of the Journal of the Academy, and of
several numbers of its Proceedings.
July 25M, 1848.
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.
Communications were read from the Recording and Corresponding
Secretaries, resigning their respective offices, the latter in consequence
of his removal from Philadelphia. The resignations were accepted,
and the following resolutions unanimously adopted :
Resolved, That the thanks of this Society be, and they are hereby
tendered, to Prof. Walter R, Johnson, for his iaithful discharge of the
duties of Corresponding Secretary, during the several years that he has
been the incumbent of that office.
PROCEEn. ACAD. NAT. SCI. OF I'lIII.ADELPHIA. — VOL. IV, NO. IV. 11
7-i [August,
Resolved, That the sincere thanks of this Society be tendered to
Mr. John Lambert, for his able and assiduous attention to the duties of
the Recording Secretaryship during his incumbency of that office.
A letter was read from the Secretary of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal, addressed to Dr. Charles HufFnagle, dated January 1-ith, 1848,
accompanying the donation by that Society to the Academy, of 14
volumes of the Asiatic Researches, and 9 volumes of their Journal.
Dr. Morton read to the Society, the following extracts from a
printed copy of the will of the late Mrs. Elizabeth Stott, of Phila-
delphia :
" To the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, I bequeath
my Plantce Asiaticee Rariores, in three large folio volumes bound in
Russia leather, by Dr. Wallich, Superintendant of the Botanical Gar-
den at Calcutta."
" By Dr. Samuel George Morton, I give and bequeath to the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, two thousand dollars, in
trust, to invest and keep the same in good security, or in good estate,
and to apply the annual income to meet the expenses of the printing
and publishing such papers communicated to the Academy, as they
shall direct."
The Academy then proceeded to an election for Corresponding and
Recording Secretaries, with the following result : —
Correspondins; Secretary — John Cassin.
Recording Secretary — William Gambel, M. D.
ELECTION OF CORRESPONDENTS.
Bennett Dowler, M. D., of New Orleans.
A. A. Henderson, M. D., U. S. N.
Robert M. S. Jackson, M. D., Indiana county, Pennsylvania.
August \st, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
A letter was read from the Secretary of the Royal Society of
Copenhagen, dated April 20th, 1847, acknowledging the receipt of
recent numbers of the Proceedings.
Also a letter from the Secretary of the American Philosophical
Society, to the same effect.
An extract from a letter from Richard Brown, Esq., addressed to
Prof. Johnson, dated Sydney Mines, Nova Scotia, July 15th, 1848, in
relation to a new fossil plant, (Artesia or Sternbergia) recently ob-
tained in his vicinity.
Dr. Gambel exhibited, and read the description of a new Mexican
Quail, which was referred to a committee consisting of Mr. Cassin,
Dr. Townsend, and Dr. Bridges.
Dr. Gambel exhibited and 'made some observations upon several
Birds, recently collected in Florida by Dr. Heerman, among them
Rosthramus hamatus, Vireo longirostris, and Ardea Pealii, notices of
which will be prepared for publication in Ihe Proceedings.
1848.] 75
^iugust 8th, 184-8.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
The Curators exhibited the extensive and valuable collection of casts
of Sivalik fossils, presented by the Hon. Court of Directors of the
East India Company to this Society. (See list at page 79.)
The Publication Committee announced the publication of the second
Number of the New Series of the Journal of the Academy.
Dr. Morton offered the following remarks on four skulls of Shosho-
nee Indians, deposited by him this evening.
" They are the first cranial remains of that singular tribe, that have
ever been brought to this city. They were obtained by our associate,
Col. J. C. Fremont,* a gentleman whose extensive explorations have
enriched every branch of natural science. The Shoshonees, or Diggers,
are proverbially known for their low position in the mental and moral
scale of our aboriginal tribes. They wander about in small commu-
nities ; have no villages ; build no cabins ; plant no corn, nor cultivate
any vegetable. The}'- protect themselves from the weather, under the
edges of rocks, and go scantily clothed in the skins of wild animals.
" Two out of four of these skulls are so small, so receding in the fore-
head, and so depressed over the whole coronal region, that they could
not, by intrinsic evidence alone, have been identified with any branch
of the aboriginal American race. They want the vertical occiput and
general rounded form of the Indian head, and have a narrowness of
the face unusual with these people. I submit the following brief
memoranda :
" 1. Skull of a woman of thirty-five or forty years of age. The
anterior region is contracted in all its diameters ; the forehead very
low and receding, so as to give a facial angle of but seventy degrees.
The posterior region is remarkably full in proportion, and the internal
capacity gives seventy-three cubic inches as the bulk of the brain.
" 2. Another skull of a woman of twenty-five or thirty years, of a
conformation like the preceding. The facial angle is larger, but the in-
ternal capacity is but seventy-one cubic inches.
" 3. Skull of a woman of fifty. The developments much like those
of the two preceding heads. The forehead is very low ; the face
broad, heavy, and protruding ; but the vertex is high, and the occiput
combines the vertical form and great lateral diameter with that of the
common Indian head. Internal capacity eighty-four cubic inches.
" These three crania were found nearly together, a few miles from the
expansion of Humboldt's river in the Shoshonee country, and Captain
Fremont was entirely satisfied that they belonged to people of that
nation.
" Heads of such small capacity and ill-balanced proportions, could
•They were obligingly placed in my hands by Mr. Edward M. Kern, the in-
genious draftsman of Col. Fremont's expedition.
76 [August,
only have belonged to savages ; and it is interesting to observe such
remarkable accordance between the cranial developments, and mental
and moral faculties. Perhaps we could nowhere find humanity in a
more debased form than among these very Shoshonees, for they possess
the vices, without the redeeming qualities of the surrounding Indian
tribes; and even their cruelty is not combined with courage. A well
formed head is no evidence of superior intellect ; but on the other
hand, a head that is defective in all its proportions, must be almost in-
evitably associated with low and brutal propensities, and corresponding
degradation of mind; and such is pre-eminently the case with the
wretched Shoshonees.
" 4. The fourth skull of this series is the very type of Indian confor-
mation ; broad and full in the inter-parietal region ; the occiput vertical
and the vertex itself remarkably prominent. The face is broad ; the
nose salient ; the skull thick ; and the whole structure massive to an
extreme degree : yet this head, which is that of a man of sixty years,
has an internal capacity of ninety-one cubic inches, or ten above the
average of his race. The tribe to which he belonged could not be as-
certained. The skull was picked up on the western slope of the Cali-
fornian mountains, and among the haunts of the Shashonees ; but its
developments would lead me to refer it to some other and more intel-
lectual tribe."
The following resolutions were oifered by Dr. Morton, and unani-
mously adopted : —
Resolved, That the cordial thanks of this Society be tendered to the
Hon. Court of Directors of the East India Company, for their very
liberal and most interesting donation of a series of casts of the Sivalik
fossils, which have been safely received, and are now in progress of
arrangement in the collections of the Academy.
Resolved, That the grateful thanks of this Society be presented to
their associate, Dr. Thomas Horsfield, for his present of the cast of the
cranium of Sivatheriumgiganteum, (which has been received in perfect
condition, and will form a most valuable addition to the Academy's
series of Sivalik fossils,) and also for the accompanying copies of the
Plantae Javanicoe rariores, and Annulosa Javanica.
August 22d, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
Letters were read from the Rev. Wm. Scoresby, D. D., dated
Whitby, Yorkshire, England, July 19th, 1848, and from Col. J. C.
Fremont, dated Washington, D. C, August 19th, 1848, severally
acknowledging the receipt of their notices of election as Correspon-
dents.
Dr. Gambel read a paper describing new Californian Quadrupeds,
which was referred to the following Committee : Mr. Cassin, Dr.
Wilson, and Dr. Bridges.
184S.]
77
August 29th, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
The Committee on the following papers by Dr. Gambel, reported in
favour of publication : —
Description of a nevi Mexican Quail.
By William Gabidel, M. D.
Ortyx ^thoeacicus.
With a full somewhat pointed crest, the feathers of which are black, obscurely
mixed with dull-brown and rufous. Nape mottled with black and bright rufous, and
traversed by two interrupted white lines, which commence of a cinereous colour
about the front and pass over the eyes. 'J'hroat and cheeks pale cinereous, each
feather with a narrow black margin. Sides of neck, breast and sides pale rufous;
deepest on sides of neck, where the feathers have a fevr scattering black spots.
Lower part of belly and vent white. Under tail coverts rusty-white, mottled
with black. Tail very short and rounded, its colour dark-brown, with freckled
irregular bars of rusty-white. Lower part of back and upper tail coverts irre-
gularly variegated with different shades of grey, fulvous and black. Upper part
of back dark rufous, the centres of the feathers greyish, and traversed by fine
irregular, dusky lineations. Wings and scapulars beautifully variegated with
black, rufous and grey ; wing coverts and scapulars having the upper vanes deep
black, margined and lined with rufous, the lower vanes greyish freckled, and
blotched with black, while the shafts are dull whitish.
Tertiaries on their upper vanes with broad fulvous margins. Feet and legs
pale, bill black. Irides chocolate-brown.
Length 8 inches, wing 5 inches, tail 2 inches, tarsus 1 3-lOths, ridge of bill
6-lOths, from angle of mouth 7j|-10ths.
This appears to be an undescribed species of that group of quails which so
much resemble our common 0. virginianus. The present, however, is readily
distinguished from that species by its much longer bill and very short tail, as
well as its general markings, particularly beneath; the breast and sides being
of a plain fawn colour, or pale rufous. The only specimen from which I describe
was brought from Jalapa, Mexico, by Mr. Pease. It does not appear to be quite
adult, and the markings about the head and throat may be somewhat different in
the old bird, still, however, its characters are sufficiently marked. Judging
from description, it must very nearly resemble the O. pectoruUs, of Gould ; but
besides the difference of markings, he makes no mention of that species having
a crest. The length of the bird, as well as of the wing, is in this also, just one
inch greater, which would hardly be the case in a young bird.
Descriptions of two new Californian Quadrupeds.
By Wm. Gambel, M. D.
Dipodoinys *c!gilis.
Colour above yellowish-brown, mixed with dusky; beneath pure white, ex-
tending half way up the sides. Head elongated, tapering from the ears to a sharp
point- Ears nearly round, sparsely hairy. Eyes large, dark brown. A large
78 [August,
pouch on each side of the head, opening externally on the cheeks. Both hind
and fore feet with four toes and the rudiment of a fifth. The hind legs very
long and strong. Tail very long, slender, covered with hair, and ending in a
pencillated tuft.
Length 10| inches, including the tail, which is 6| inches.
^ , _ (2 incisors,
m xi I 10 upper ' „
T^ . , c ,. ieeth, 1 ) 8 molars.
Dental System, „„ < ', . .
•^ 20 j ,„ , 0 2 incisors.
f 10 lower ^ ,
) 8 molars.
In the upper jaw the incisors are divided by a longitudinal furrow.
This beautiful Jerboa-like animal is an abundant inhabitant of the vineyards
and cultivated fields of the Pueblo de los Angeles, Upper California.
Like the other pouched animals, it forms extensive burrows, traversing the
fields in different directions, and are only dislodged during the process of irriga-
tion. They leap with surprising agility, sometimes the distance often feet or
more at a spring, and are difficult to capture.
ATus * Calif ornicas.
Dark grey; lighter about the head and shoulders; above tinged with light
brown; on the sides almost fulvous. Beneath almost white. Fore feet with
four toes and the rudiment of a fifth. Hind feet with five toes. Tail nearly
five inches in length, pretty thickly covered with short rigid hairs. Head acutely
conical ; ears large, rounded, thin, sparsely hairy ; one inch in length, and 5-8ths
in breadth. Length of the body 4^ inches. Old male, — bristles, of the nose 2|
inches.
I captured but a single specimen of this species in a field near Monterey,
Upper California, which, with those of the former, I had the misfortune to lose.
The Committee to whom was referred the duty of preparing a cor-
rected list of Members and Correspondents, presented a report, which
was adopted, and two hundred and fifty copies of the list ordered in
^to. form. The following committee was appointed to superintend the
publication of the same : Drs. Zantzinger, Griffith, and Bridges.
ELECTION.
Alexander Biddle, Esq., of Philadelphia, was elected a Member, and
the following were elected Correspondents : —
Hugh E. Strickland, Esq., of London.
Edward Blyth, Esq., of Calcutta.
Francis S. Holmes, Esq., of Charleston, S. C.
Theodore Cantor, M. D.. of the Bengal Medical Service.
1848.] 79
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM
In July and August, 1848.
J7dy nth, 1848.
Two Cabinets of Shells, containing about 1200 specimens, forming
part of the Hyde Cullectioti. Presented by Andrew R. Chambers, Esq., of
Philadelphia.
A collection of Mollusca, Cirrhipeda, and Crustacea, amounting to 54 speci-
mens. Presented by Dr. Thomas 13. Wilson.
Very fine specimen of Lepidendron, from the vicinity of Pottsville, Pa. From
William Dewey, Esq.
Two fine specimens of fossil plants, from Schuylkill Co., Pa. From G. N.
Jones, Esq.
Augtist \st.
Two fine specimens of Terebratula Harlani, (Morton,) from Timber Creek,
New Jersey. Presented by Mr. Edward Harris.
The following specimens of New Minerals were presented by Francis Markoe,
Jr., Esq., of Washington, through Dr. Morton, viz. : Arkansite, 2 specimens,
from Magnet Cave, Hot Springs Co., Arkansas ; Scarbroite, from Scarboro, Eng-
land ; Pyrrhite, from the Azores ; Ozarkite, from Magnet Cave ; and Schorlanite,
from do.
Dr. Watson presented two rolled specimens of Producta and Encrinites, from
Ohio.
Atigiist 8th.
The following large and valuable collection of casts of Fossils from the Sivalik
Hills, was presented by the Court of Directors of the Hon. East India Company.
Dinotherium Indicum, part of Lower Jaw, from Perim Island.
Do. do. Vertebra, do. do.
Elephas insignis. Cranium, from Sivalik Hills.
Do. hysudricus. Grinder, do. do.
Do. namadicus, do. from Nerbudder.
Elephas, first Vertebra, from the Sivalik Hills.
Do. Cliftii, Grinder, from Ava.
Mastodon perimensis, Cranium, from Perim Island.
Do. do. Grinder of the Lower Jaw, from Perim Island.
Do. sivalensis, part of Cranium, from the Sivalik Hills.
Do. do. 3 spec. Grinders, upper and lower, from the Sivalik Hills.
Do. latidens. Grinder and part of Palate, do do.
Hippopotamus (Tetraprotodon) palaeindicus, anterior part of the Lower Jaw,
from Nerbudder.
Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon) sivalensis, Cranium, from the Sivalik Hills.
Do. do. do. Lower Jaw,
Do. (Tetraprotodon) paljeindieus, Cranium,
Rhinoceros palaeindicus. Do.
Sus giganteus. Do.
Equus namadicus, Do. from Nerbudder.
Do. sivalensis, Do. from Sivalik Hills.
Do. do. Lower Jaw, part, from Sivalik Hills.
Sivatherium giganteum, fern.. Cranium,
Do. do. Horn part,
Do. do. Cranium, fragment,
Mastodon angustidens. Grinder.
Do. latidens, do.
Do. longirostris, do.
Merycopotamus dissimilis. Cranium, from the Sivalik Hills.
Do. 2 spec. do. Lower Jaw, do. do.
Do. do. Humerus, do. do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do
do.
do
do.
do
80 [August,
Calicotherium sivalense, Cranium and Lower Jaw, from the Sivalik Hills.
Do. do. part of Upper Jaw, do. do.
Do. do. part of Lower Jaw, do. do.
Hippohyus sivalensis, Cranium, do. do.
Equus Do. Cranium, part, with range of teeth, from Sivalik Hills.
Do. Vertebra,
Hippotherium antilopinum, Lower Jaw, part,
Sivatherium giganteum, Tarsal Bones,
Camelopardalis affinis, Cervical Vertebra,
Capra, part of the Cranium,
Sivatherium giganteum. Vertebra,
Do. do. Lower Jaw, fragment,
Do. do. Femur, do.
Do. do. Anterior extremities restored,
Camelus sivalensis, Cranium,
Camelopardalis, Humerus,
Bos, Cranium, with part of Horns, from Nerbudder.
Do. Cranium.
Ursus (Hyasnarctos) sivalensis, Ispec, Cranium,
Do. do. 2 spec. do. Femur,
Emys Hamiltonoides,
Emys,
Colossochelys Atlas, Humerus,
Do. do. Episternum,
Do. do. Triphosternum,
Leptorhynchus giganteus, Muzzle,
Do. gangeticus A, part of Cranium,
Do. do. B, do. do.
Crocodilus biporcatus, do. do.
Capra, do. do.
Felis palncotigris, 2 spec. Cranium,
Do. cristata, do.
Canis, do.
Do. do.
Hyaina, A, do.
Do. B, do.
Ursus (Hyajnarctos) sivalensis. Lower Jaw,
Enhydridon ferox. A, Cranium,
Do. do. B, do.
Do. do. C, do.
Machairodus sivalensis, A, Cranium, fragment,
Do. do. B, do.
Quadrumana, Simia, Lower Jaw, part,
Aves, Fam. Struthionidae, fragment of Left Tibia,
Pisces, Fam. Silenids, fragment,
Lutra palaeindica, Cranium,
Colossochelys Atlas, (young,) Cranium,
Crocodilus biporcatus, (young,) part of Cranium,
Seven smaller pieces, undetermined.
Also, a cast of a Meteorite, from India.
A small box containing 37 specimens of smaller size, most of them without
names.
In addition to the above, a fine cast of the cranium of Sivatherium giganteum,
taken from the original in the British Museum, was received from Dr. Thomas
Horsfield.
Dr. Morton deposited four crania of the Shoshonee tribe of Indians, collected
by Mr. Edward M. Kern.
Mr. Lambert presented a specimen of Amblyopsis spelaeus, and of Astacus
pellucidiis, from the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
18 48. J 81
Aug. 15t/i.
Fifty-nine specimens, comprising twenty species of Lepidoptera, from Florida,
Key West, and Charleston, collected and presented by Dr. Heermann. Also,
from the same donor, eggs of Sterna Cayenna, S. fuliginosa, S. stolida, Pelecanus
fuscus, Phalocrocorax floridanus, Ardea nycticorax, A. ludoviciana.
DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY
In July and August, 1848.
July 11 tk.
Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire naturelle de Geneve. Tome
XI. Part 2. 4to. Paris : 1848. From the Society.
Notices sur les Plantes rares cultivees dans le jardin b'otanique de Geneve.
Par Aug. P. et Alphonse De Candolle. 4to. From the same.
Catalogue of Mammalia inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula and Islands. By
Theodore Cantor, M. D. From the Author.
Spicilegium Serpentium Indicorum, by Dr. Theodore Cantor. From the same.
General Features of Chusan, &c. By Dr. Cantor. From the same.
Catalogue of Reptiles inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula and Islands. By Dr.
Cantor.
A portion of the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, for 1842,
describing Coleoptera from Chusan and Canton, by the Rev. F. W. Hope. From
Dr. Cantor.
Strawberry Report. Read before the Cincinnati Horticultural Society, Aug.,
1847. From Mr. Percival.
Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia. Vol. 2. Nos. 1 and 2.
From the Editor.
American Journal of Science and Arts. Second series. Vol. 6. No. 16.
From the Editors.
Literary Record and Journal of the Linnean Association of Pennsylvania Col-
lege. Vol. 4. No. 9. From the Association.
Thoughts on the Principles of Taxation, &c. By C. Babbage, Esq. From the
Author.
United States Coast Survey: Maps of Edgartown, Black Rock, and Bridge-
port Harbors. From the United States Treasury Department, through Prof. A. D.
Bache.
Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition to the mouth of the Great Fish River
and along the shores of the Arctic Ocean in 1833— '35. By Capt. Back, R. N.
8vo. Deposited by Dr. Wilson.
Comptes rendus, from Jan. 3d to April 14, 1848. From the same.
J till/ 181//.
Plantas Asiaticae Rariores, &c. By Nathaniel Wallich, M. and Ph. D. 3
vols, folio. From the late Mrs. Elizabeth Stott, of Philadelphia, through her
executors.
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Vols. 8, 9, (incomplete,) 10, (do.,)
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16; and Asiatic Researches, vols. 6 to 20. 4to. From
the Asiatic Society, through Dr. Chas. Huffnagle.
Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents for 1847. From the Hon. Geo.
M. Dallas.
List of the genera of recent MoUusca, their synonyma and types. By J. E.
Gray. From the Author.
The following were deposited by Dr. Griffith :
Historia Animalium a Wolfgango Franzio. 6th edition. 12mo.
Florum et Coronariarum odoratarumque nonnullarum herbarum historia.
Auctore Remberto Dodonceo. 12mo.
Historia Medica, &c., Auctore Gulielmo Vanden Bossche. 4to.
Descriptio Terrae Sanctae et regionum fmitimarun, auctore Borchardo ; item
Itiuerarium Hierosolymitarum Bartholomcei de Saligniaco, (in one vol. 4to.)
82 [August^
Flora Virgiliana, seu Catalogus Plantarum in Virgilii operibus occurrentium. 8vo.
Flora Classical herausgegeben von Dr. Julius Billerbeck. 8vo.
The following were deposited by Dr. Wilson: —
A voyage to Abyssinia in 1809 and 1810, by order of the British Government.
By Henry Salt, Esq., F. R. S. 4to.
A Voyage round the World ; but more particularly to the N. W. Coast of
America in 1785 — '88, in the King George and Queen Charlotte, Capts. Portlock
and Dixon. By Capt. George Dixon. 4to.
Fauna Orcadensis, or the natural history of Orkney and Shetland. By the Rev-
George Low. 4to.
Narrative of travels and discoveries in Northern and Central Africa, in 1822,
'23, and '24. By Major Denham, Capt. Clapperton, and the late Dr. Oudney,
&c. 4to.
Journal of a second expedition into the interior of Africa from the Bight of
Benin to Soccatoo. By the late Commander Clapperton. 4to.
An attempt towards the natural history of the Fossils of England, in a cata-
logue of the English fossils in the collection of J. Woodward, M. D. 2 vols. 8vo.
Eduardi Luidii apud Oxonienses Cimiliarchae Ashmoleani Lithophylacii
Britannici Ichnographia. 8vo.
Caroli a Linne Systema Naturae. r2th edition. 2 vols. 8vo.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Vol. 1. 2d series. No. 5.
p^ycologia Britannica. By William Henry Harvey, M. D. Part 29.
Conchologia iconica — Genus Bui imus. By Lovell Reeve. 4to.
Illustrations of the Birds of Jamaica. By Philip Henry Gosse. Part 2. 8vo..
Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer oder wenig gekanntner Conchylien^
von Dr. R. A. Philippi. Vol. 3. No. 3. 4to.
niustrations of British Mycology. By Mrs. T. J. Hussey. Part 14. 4to.
The Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By Edward Doubleday. Part 19. 4to.
A history of British Mollusca and their shells. By Prof. Forbes and Sylvanus
Hanley. Part 5. 8vo.
August \st.
Literary Record and Journal of the Linnean Association of Pennsylvania Col-
lege. Vol. 4. No. 10. From the Association.
Annual Report of the Regents of the University of the State of New York,
March 2, 1848. From the Regents.
Statistics of Coal: prepared by Richard Cowling Taylor. 8vo. Presented by
Dr. Wilson.
Aitg2cst Sth.
Plantae rariores Javanicse, quas in Insula Java, annees 1802 — 1818 legit et inves-
tigavit Thos. Horsfield, M. D. Parts 1, 2 and 3. 4to. From the Author.
Annulosa Javanica. By Wm. S. Macleay, Esq. No. 1. 4to. From Dr.
Horsfield.
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. New Series. Vol.
1. No. 2. 4to. From the Publication Committee.
August 15th.
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 1. pp.
297-346. 8vo. From the Academy.
Descriptions of N. A. Coleoptera, chiefly in the cabinet of J. L. Le^Conte,
M. D. By S. S. Haldeman. 4to. From the Author.
Descriptions of Plants collected by Wm. Gambel, M. D., in the Rocky Moun-
tains and Upper California. By Thomas Nuttall. 4to. From the Author.
August 22d.
The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America. By J. J. Audubon and Rev.
J. Backman. No. 28. Elephant folio. Deposited by Dr. Wilson.
Comptes Rendus. Nos. 16-22, for 1848. From the same.
Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, von A. P. A. Wiegmann. No. 4, 1847. From
the same.
Boston Journal of Natural History. Vol.5. No. 4. From the Boston Society
of Natural History.
1848.] 83
September 5tk, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
A letter was read from Dr. J- J. Kaup, dated Darmstadt, Auf^ust 4,
1848, acknowledging the receipt of his notice of election as a Corres-
pondent, and recommending the purchase by this Society, of certain
collections of fossil remains and European Lepidoptera offered for sale
in Germany, and enclosing catalogues of the same.
A communication was read from the Secretary of the Linnean
Society, of London, dated June 22d, 1848, acknowledging the receipt
of Part 1, Vol. 1, New Series of the Journal of the Academy, and of
recent Nos. of the Proceedings.
An extract from a letter from Francis S. Holmes, Esq., dated,
Charleston, South Carolina, August 24th, 1848, was read, proposing an
exchange of a series of fossils from the Eocene of that State, for a
copy of j.the first series of the Journal of the Academy; which was
agreed to, and the Publication Committee directed to make the ex-
change.
September 18tk, 1848.
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.
Letters were read from Dr. A. A. Henderson, U. S. N., dated Septem-
ber 16, 1848, and from Wm. F. Van Amringe, Esq. dated Montgomery,
Orange Co., N. Y., September 12th, 1848, severally acknowledging
the receipt of their notices of election as Correspondents.
A communication from the Secretai-y of the American Philosophical
Society, dated Philadelphia, September 15, 1848, acknowledging the
receipt of late Nos. of the Proceedings.
Prof. Haldeman exhibited specimens of a fruit, which he supposed to
be hybrid between the Chinquapin and the common Chestnut. A hy-
brid between the Chinquapin and the Spanish Chestnut, was also shown
to exist.
The following resolution was adopted :
Resolved, That the Secretary be instructed to address a letter to the
officers of the American Association for the advancement of Science,
inviting the members of that body to visit the Hall of the Academy
during their stay in Philadelphia.
October 3d, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
Dr. Hallowell read a paper intended for publication, entitled "Notes
of the post-mortem appearances observed in a Cynocephnlus porcarius,''
which was referred to a Committee consisting of Drs. Leidy, Zant-
zinger and Morton.
PROCEED. ACAD, NAT. SCI. OF PHILADELPHIA. — VOL. IV. NO. V. 12
84 [October
A communication was presented from Dr. E,. W. Gibbes, of Colum-
bia, South Carolina, entitled "Monograph of the Fossil SqualidtE of the
United States, continued," which was referred to the Committee on
the former portion of the memoir.
Mr. Cassin read a paper describing a new Tanager from the Rio
Negro, {Tancii^ra nigro-aurita,) which was referred to a Committee
consisting of Drs. Wilson, Gambel and Bridges.
On leave granted, the Committee to whom was referred Mr. Henry
C. Lea's catalogue of Tertiary Fossils of the U. S., reported in favour
of publication in the Proceedings.
October 10th, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
A communication was read from Prof. Walter R. Johnson, Secretary
of the American Association for the advancement of Science, dated
Philadelphia, September 25th, 1848, returning the acknowledgements
of that body for " the liberal and handsome manner in which the
numerous and splendid collections of the Academy were offered for
the inspection of the members."
A letter was read from Francis S. Holmes, Esq., of Charleston, S. C,
dated October 2d, 1848, acknowledging the receipt of his notice of
election as a Correspondent.
Also a letter from Mr. George B. Allinson, dated October 3d, 1848,
acompanying his donation of minerals, this evening announced.
October 17M, 1848.
Mr. Vaux in the Chair.
Letters were read : —
From the Secretary of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York,
dated October lOth, 1848, acknowledging the receipt of Nos, 1 and 2,
New Series of Journal of the Academy : —
From Dr. Bennet Dowler, dated New Orleans, October 3d, 1848,
and from Dr. R. M. S. Jackson, dated Blairsville, Pennsylvania, Oc-
tober 7th, 1848, severally acknowledging the receipt of their notices
of election as Correspondents: —
From John A. Grecx, dated New York, October 15, 1848, announc-
ing that he had forwarded for this Society recent Nos. of the Annals of
the Royal Agricultural Society of Lyons.
October 2Uh, 1848.
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.
A letter was read from Mr. B. M. Norman, of New Orleans, dated
October 6th, 1848, announcing the late decease of Dr. William M.
1848.] 85
Carpenter of that city, a correspondent of this Institution, and stating
that at the request of the latter, he had transmitted for the cabinet of
the Academy, the specimens of Tapir fossils, described and figured by
Dr. Carpenter in SilJiman's Journal, New Series, No. 2.
A letter vvas read from Prof. Walter R. Johnson, addressed to
Dr. Morton, dated Washington, October 18, 1848, recommending to
the Academy to memorialize Congress on the advantage and impor-
tance of an examination into the Natural History of the Southern
portion of Chili, and of adding one or more naturalists to
the astronomical expedition now fitting out by the U. S. Govern-
ment for that region, under the command of Lieut. J. M. Gillies,
U. S. N. Referred to a Committee consisting of Dr. Morton, Dr.
Bridges and Mr. Vaux.
Mr. Cassin read a communication from Mr. Wm. S. Pease, intended
for publication, describing the geological features of the district of
country lying between Puebla and the Gulf of Mexico, with some re-
marks on its Natural History. Referred to Mr. Cassin, Dr. Townsend,
and Mr. Vaux.
Mr. Cassin also presented a Catalogue of Birds, collected by Mr.
Wm. S, Pease, during the march of the Army of the United States from
Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico. Referred to Drs. Townsend, Gambel
and Woodhouse.
October 31st, 1848.
Vice President Mokton in the Chair.
The Committee on Mr. Cassin's description of a new Tanager, re-
ported in favour of publication.
Description of a new Tanagra, in the Collection of the Academy of Naiural
Sciences of Philadelphia.
Br John Cassin.
Tanagra nigro-aurita, nobis.
Superior and point of the inferior manjible, black, — other portion of the infe-
rior mandible, yellow.
Head above, chin and throat, ending in a point on the breast, crimson.
A broad stripe fro.n the base of the bill, including the eye and ear, glossy
black. This stripe completely separates the crimson of the upper part of the
head from that of the throat.
Entire upper surface of the body, except the head, black, which is also the co.
lour of the wings and tail. Under parts of the body from the breast, white.
Legs, in the dried skin, nearly black.
Total length of skin, from tip of bill to end of tail, about 65 inches ; wing
3 1-lOth ; tails 8-lOth inches.
Hab. Rio Negro, South America.
This species very much resembles both Tanagra gularis, Linn, and capitata,
86 [October,
D'Orbigny, from either of which it may be distinguished by its black nares and
ear;:, and also by the absence of purple on the breast. In the species now de-
scribed, of which I have seen six specimens, the throat and breast are of the
same colour, exactly as the upper part of the head, without the slighest appear-
ance of the purple into which the crimson changes in both the species men-
tioned. The legs, also, in the present species, are nearly or quite black, in
which respect they differ from those of T. capilntu, which are yellow.
A specimen of this remarkable species was obtained in Europe by Mr. Edward
Wilson, to whose valuable additions to the collection of the Academy I have fre-
quently alluded. I have also seen other specimens, two of which I procured from
a collection, brought from the Rio Negro by Mr. John Willf, an intelligent mer-
chant, formerly resident at Para.
The Committee on the following communication by Dr. Hallowell,
reported in favor of publication :
Notes of ihe post-mortem appearanca observed in a Cynocephalus porcarius, tvhich
died in the Menagerie at Philadelphia.
By Edward Hali.oweli,, M. D.
The right lung is greatly enlarged and tuberculous; the tuberculous matter
exists in the form of infiltration, and is disseminated in masses leaving inter-
vening spaces of hepatized lung of a brick-red colour, firm and resisting to the
touch ; the greater portion of the lower lobe of this lung, as well as a very con-
siderable part of the upper, is occupied with this matter ; the opposite
lung is comparatively healthy, a few tuberculous dei)osits being observed at its
root and apex, and also in the lower lobe, which is somewhat congested. Several
of the bronchial glands are enlarged, one of them measuring fourteen lines in
length. Pericardium pale, containing no serosity ; coronary veins much enlarged.
Abdomen. Mucous membrane of oesophagus pale, apparently healthy ; the liver is
of a dark-chocolate colour, and has four lobes; the second of these counting from
the right is the largest; the liver measures five and a half inches transversely,
three inches antero-posteriorly, and one and a quarter in depth ; no tuber-
cles are observed in it; the gall-bladder, which lies in a sulcus upon the under
surface of the largest lobe is moderately distended with bile, tinging its parietes
a light-green colour ; the spleen measures three and three quarter inches in length
by one and a half in breadth in its broadest part ; it is elongated at its right ex-
tremity, tapering.almost toa point ; the opposite extremity is rounded, the entire
organ presenting a somewhat triangular form ; no tubercles are observed in any
part of it ; its tissue is of a deep-purple colour, almost black from congestion ;
the stomach measures six inches transversely, by three and a half from the
entrance of the oesophagus to its greater curvature ; its muscular fibres are very
apparent; the oesophagus enters it about the middle of the lesser curvature ; the
mucous membrane of the stomach is of a brownish-red colour near the pylorus,
elsewhere of a pale onion tint ; no crypts are observable ; the pancreas measures
three inches transversely, one and a quarter in its greatest breadth near its head;
the large intestine, including the coecum, measures two feet nine and a half
1848.] 87
inches (Fr.) in length ; the ccECum measures two inches five lines in length ; the
mucous memhrane of the large intestine is of a greenish olive tint throughout;
the isolated crypts are very distinct ; the small intestine measures six feet two
inches ; the mucous membrane is apparently healthy, of a pale onion tint, slightly
reddened in portions ; the isolated glands are very numerous near the upper ex-
tremity of the duodenum; there are no valvuloe conniventes ; eight plaques of
Peyer are counted in the ileum ; the largest is about one and a half inches in
length; the mesenteric glands are healthy; the kidneys ave of nhrick-red colour;
tissue healthy; bladder not examined.
The committee to whom was referred the following catalogue of
Mexican Birds, reported in favor of publication.
Catalogue of Birds collecled hy Mr. Wm. S. Pease, during (he march of the Army
of the United Slates from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico.
By John Cassin.
Upon publicity being given to the fact that the Department of War of the
United States of America intended sending an expedition, to consist of both Naval
and Military forces, against the city of Vera Cruz, Mr. Wm. S. Pease, Meniber
of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, and Correspondent of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, proposed to embrace an opportunity
which would thus probably offer, of his accompanying the military force into
Mexico.
Having succeeded in effecting a suitable arrangement, Mr. Pease joined the
army under General Scott, at Vera Cruz, and continued with it until the final
evacuation of the country.
The facilities for collecting and for observation possessed by Mr. Pease were
necessarily of a restricted character, resulting from the position of the army
in a hostile country, and particularly so during the marches, when it
was constantly attended by bands of armed inhabitants, or guerillas,
who hovered in its vicinity for the purpose of committing depredations
upon persons who ventured away from the main body. Notwithstanding all
disadvantages, however, Mr. Pease made very interesting collections of birds,
insects, and other productions of the country.
Mr. Pease represents himself as particularly indebted to Col. G. W. Hughes of
the 1st Regiment Maryland infantry, and to'Olis Hoyt, M. D., Surgeon of the Mas-
sachusetts volunteers, and medical director of the general hospital at Jalapa; whose
kindness and encouraging treatment of Mr. Pease, are honorable to those gentle-
men as friends of science, and worthy of the character of American officers.
1. Spizaetus tyrannus, (De Wied) PI. col. 73.
From the neighbourhood of Perote, rare ;— an adult female.
2. Herpetotheres cachinnane, (Linn.) Viell. Gal. 19.
3. Falco sparverius, Linn. Aud. Birds of Am. pi. 42;
Mr. Pease observes : " Only found about the upper part of the tierra iemplada,
very common."
4. Asiur nitidus, (Lath.) PI col. 87.
5. Micrastur guerilla, nobis (n. s.)
°8 [OcTonER,
Adult 5 . ?— Entire upper surfoce of tlie body, heaJ, wings and tail, hair
brown, a shade darker on the head Feathers on the cheek and jaw, brown,
which colour forms a partial collar on the front of the neck.
Throat, fore neck, abdomen and under tail coverts, white, with a few brown
spots or bars on the latter.
Neck encircled by a narrow band of white, ail the feathers of which are tipped
or edged with brown.
Breast, flanks and thighs, white, every feather having about three bands of the
«ame brown as the back.
Edge of the wing at the flexure and inner wing coverts, white; many of the
feathers with lunated spots of brown. All the quill feathers with broad white
bars on their inner webs ; fifth primary longest.
Upper tail coverts spotted with white. Tail with four or five narrow white
bars, and tipped with white.
Total length of skin, from tip of bill to end of tail, about 15 inches, wing 7,
tail 6| Inches.
Young 9 . ?. Under parts tinged with fulvous or buff. Breast, flanks and
thighs with the bands much narrower, and the throat with a more decided
brown collar.
Feathers of the back and wing coverts, with ferruginous and white spots.
Upper tail coverts with the white markings more numerous-
Superciliary feathers white, tipped with brown.
Total length of skin, from tip of bill to end of tail, about 14 inches, wing 65,
tail 6 inches.
Hab. Near Jalapa, Mexico.
This species considerably resembles some stages of plumage of the M. xanfho-
thorax (Cuv.) and the M. leucauchen, (Temm.) PI. col. 92, 306, (which are pro-
bably identical.) It may readily be distinguished from either of those by the
entire absence of the rufous chesnut color of the breast and back, and by the
much broader, and lesser number of the bands upon the under surface of the
body.
In the species now described, the character of the white markings of the tail is
also different from that of M. xanthothorax or of leucauchen, and more approaches
that of the larger species, M. hrachyterus, (Cuv.) These markings are broad and
truncated at the shaft of the feather, instead of ending acutely and forming tri-
angles, as in those species.
Two specimens ( 5 and 9 . ? ) were brought by Mr. Pease; a third speci-
men of the samfe species, in more adult plumage, was previously received from
Paris, in the collections made by Mr. Edward Wilson.
6. Accipiter fuscus, (Gm.) Falco velox, Wilson, Am. Orn, 45, 46.
Near Jalapa all the year. The two specimens (nearly adult and young 9 )
brought by Mr. Pease, are perfectly similar to others obtained in the vicinity
of this city. In both sfiecimens the tall is quite even, in which respect they
differ from Mr. Svvainson's description of A. mexicanus.
7. Accipiter Conperi, (Bonap.) And. Birds Am. pi. 36, 141.
A young male from near Jalapa.
Dr. Kaup, in the Isis, 1847, page 178, and Mr. Gray, in List of specimens of
Birds in the British Museum, give Acciyiter Cooperi (Bonap.) as a synonyme for
184S.J 89
Accipiter pileatus (De Wied) PI. col. 205, This is not correct, as may readily
be ascerlained by reference to numerous specimens of loth those species in
the collection of this Academy.
In fact but a small degree of resemblance exists between any age or se.x of
the two species, so far as I have seen. The A. Cuoperi, is much the larger, nor
have I ever seen a specimen of this species assuming plumage at all approaching
that represented in Pi. col. 205.
8. Circus cijaneus. (Linn.)
Young birds from near Jalapa.
9. Ephialles atricapilla, (Natt.) PI. col. 145.
10. Syrnium, ?
A species to which I am not at present prepared to attach a specific name.
I have reason to suppose that it is one of the species which Mr. Gray has named
in his List of the Rapacious birds in the British Museum, of which no description
has come under my notice, if published.
11. ISyctidromus Derbyanus, Gould. Icon. Av. ii. pi. 2.
A young bird from the neighbourhood of Jalapa, where it lives all the year.
12. Mumotus braslliensis, (Lalh.)
Near Jalapa, found in thickets, iris red
In the specimen brought by Mr. Pease, and also in two others from Mexico
in the Rivoli collection, the crown of the head is much lighter coloured than
is usual in South American specimens.
13. Trogon mexicanus, Swainson, Gould. Mon. PI. 2.
14. Trogon exalapensis, Du Bus, Esquisses Orn. I. pi. 2.
Two males, from the neighbourhood of Jalapa.
15. Trogon amhiguus, 1. Gould. Mon. pi. 4.
A young bird, sufficiently ambiguous at least to be referred to this species. Of
these three species, Mr. I'ease has the following note: "Live on the tierra icmplada
the greater part of the year, in the thickets bordering small streams, very shy,
but when alarmed flying only a short distance and endeavouring to conceal
themselves. The plumage appears to be very slightly attached to the skin, and if
you are so unfortunate as to wound a specimen, it is almost entirely lost in the
struggles of the bird."
16. Alcedo americana, Gm. pi. Enl. 591.
Neighbourhood of Jalapa, all the year,
17. Alcedo vestila, Lesson. Traite, I. p. 242."
I give this name on the faith of labels attached to specimens in the Rivoli
collection, M. Lesson's description being too short to enable me to identify the
species satisfactorily.
IS. Cyanocorax ornatus, (hesson.\ Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 41.
On the sides of the mountains all the year.
19. Cyanocorax peruvlanus, (Gm.) Le Vaill. Ois. de Par. 46.
The specimen brought by Mr. Pease, agrees exactly with the description of
Garrulus luxuosis, Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 100, which is also Mexican.
I can find no difference, however, between the present specimen and the young
C. pernvianus, from South America.
Mr. Pease notes : "This species lives on the sides of the volcanoes all the
90 [October,'
year ; Mexican name, pepe vtrdt. "Very similar in its habits to the other species
brought by me, ail of which are very numerous on the ticrra templada, and the
hills bounding the plains of Perote and Puebla on the east."
20. Cymidcorax concolor, Cassin. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., Feb. 1848.
The second specimen of this species which has fallen under my notice. It
differs in no respect from my description, except perhaps that the feathers of the
head are slightly elongated or subcrested.
Of this si)ecies .Mr. Pease remarks: "Common on the hills bordering the
plains of Puebla, about Pinal and the mountains skirting the valley of Mexico
on the east ; remains all the year ; difference of the sexes is in size alone. Iris
light brown."
21. Sturyiel/a hippocrepis, Wagler. Isis, 1832, p. 281.
A species much resembling the common *'. ludoviciana, but differing in several
important characters. It may easily be distinguished by its shorter and more
pointed bill, and smaller size.
This species is well described in De Sagra's Cuba, under the name of S. ludo-
viciana.
22. Icterus melanocephalus, Wagler. Isis, 1829, p. 756.
Icterus Auduhunii, Giraud. New species of N. A. birds, 1S41, ((olio edition.)
Common in the neighbourhood of Jalapa, and also found on the tierra calienle ;
called b3''the Mexicans, culandria iquimite, from the name of a fruit which it
feeds upon. Iris yellowish white.
23- Icterus gularis, (Licht.) Des Murs. Icon. Orn. i. jil. 'J.
24. Yphunles Buliimore, (Linn.)
25. Agelaius ceneus, (Licht.) Isis, 1827, p. 758.
Common in the vicinity of the Puente Nacional.
26. Guiraca ludoviciana, (Linn.)
Jalapa, in February, March, and April.
27. Guiraca coerulea. (hinn.'^
Jalapa.
28. Guiraca melanocephala, Swainsou. And. Birds of Am. .373.
Common near Jalapa, in February, March, and April.
29. Einbcrnagra ulbinucha, D'Orb. et La Fres. Rev. Zool. 1833, p. 165,
Jalapa; iris light brown.
30. Embernasrra hrunnei-nucha, La Fresnaye. Rev. Zool, 1839, p. 97.
Jalapa ; iris brown.
31. Sullator airiceps, Lesson. Gervais, Atl. de Zool. pi. 28.
On the hills near Jalapa, in December, January and February. Iris light brown.
32. Saltaiorruhicus, Viell. T. flammiceps, Temm.. PI. col. 177.
On the hills at the foot of Perote, living in thickets.
33. Tanagra vicarlus, Lesson. Cent. Zool. 68.
Iris light brown ; on the hills at the foot of the volcanoes.
34. Pyranga sestiva, (Gm.)
Near Jalapa.
33. Euphonia elegantissima, Bonaparte. Du Bus, Esqu. Orn. pi. 8.
Neighbourhood of Jalapa, in February, March and April.
1848.] 91
36. Euphonia occipitalis, Du Bus. Esqu. Orn. part iii, pi. 14.
It is the female of this beautiful species, which is described and figured by
M. Du Bus. The male is as follows :
Above, glossy parrot-like green, which is also the colour of the throat to the
breast, where it is terminated by a narrow crecsent of glossy chesiiiit brown.
Breast, middle of the abdomen and under tail coverts, yellow. Flanks green.
Occipital spot and semicollar on the front of the neck, pale blue.
According to Mr. Pease, this species is found among low thickets, in ravines,
at the foot of the mountains, from October to February ; not comm.on. Mexican
name, ysabeliia.
37. Tiaris olivaceus, (Linn.) Lath. Gen. Hist. V. p. 340.
Ernberiza olicacea, Liim. Tiaris pusillus, Swainson.
Near Jalapa ; iris nearly black.
38. Tiaris nitens, (Linn.)
Near Quarterpec ; not common ; iris nearly black.
39. Carduelis vmgellanicus, (Viell) Aud. Birds of America, 394.
40. Pteroghsatis prasiniis, hicht. GouldMon.pl. 18.
Neighbourhood of Jalapa, during April, May, and June ; iris chocolate coloor.
41. Crotophaga sulcirostra, Swainson. Gervais, Atlas de Zool, pi. 17.
]\Iale and female very similar in plumage ; from the Puente Nacional, where,
according to Mr. Pease, this species is numerous, flying in flocks ; iris white.
42. Fiaya cayana, (Linn.)
Mr. Pease's specimens are precisely similar to specimens from South America.
43. Picus varius, Linn.
Common on the lower part of the tierra calienie all the year.
44. Melanerpes formicivorus, Swainson. PI. col. 451.
Upper part of the tierra calitnte, and as far as the foot of the mountains j feeds
on high trees ; iris white ; sexes similar.
45. Centurus subelegans, (Bonaparte.)
On the tierra caliente, and the hills above, all the year ; sexes similar.
fTo be continued.}
The Committee on the following paper by Mr. Pease reported in
favor of publication.
Observations on the Geology and Natural History of Mexico.
By Wm. H. Pc.tsE.
Haviti" noticed among the published correspondence from the army in Mexico,
but little information respecting the n:»tnral features of that country, I take the
liberty of presenting to the Academy the result of a few hasty observations
made on a part of the route from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico. But few op-
portunities for scientific investigations were afforded to those connected with the
army, on account of the active operations they were incessantly engaged in, from
the time of leaving the coast until the return of the army. I was enabled, how-
14
92 [October,
ever, principally in company with scouting parties, to visit that part of the country
between the range of volcanoes, bounding the plains of Perote and Puebla on the
east, and the Gulph of Mexico, comprising the greater part of the f^tate of Vera
Cruz, and to make some collections in Natural History.
J'he general outlines of the country I presume it is unnecessary for me to
detail. The plains of Cuetlachlan, or the fierra culienie. as they are more usually
called, comprise that region of country bordering the Gulph of Mexico. They
are about twenty. five miles in width, extending back to the Plan del Rio by a
gradual ascent of thirty feet per mile, with but lew elevations or depressions,
except at the river Antigua, and other small streams which pass through them in
a north easterly direction. Beyond the Plan del Rio the ascent increases over a
regular succession of hills and plains, until you reach the loot of the range of
mountains in which the peaks of Orizaba, Perote and others are situated. This
range forms the rim or eastern boundary of the plains of Anahuac, which are
more commonly known as the tierra ieniplada, and are about thirty five miles in
width. The sides and top of this mountain range are called the tierra fria,
immediately beyond which lay the great table lands of Mexico.
The table lands extend, with little or no variation in their general level, to the
Cordilleras bordering the Pacific Ocean, though they are divided into several
plains by ranges of volcanoes and porphyritic rocks.
'J'he iierra callcnie is bordered on the Gulph of Mexico by low sand hills,
from four to six miles in width, not bare as has been represented, but coveied
with a thick chapparel, or thicket of Cacti and thorn bushes, to within reach of
the water. Great numbers of fresh water and land shells are found on these hills
and on the beach, thrown up from the Gulph, which may be referred to living
species.
After passing these hills a few miles, I notired at one locality a layer of lime-
stone. It is covered by a coarse conglomerate of volcanic and porphyritic rocks,
which extends over the whole upper part of the tierra culienie, rendering the
surlace rou^h and stony. At the Puenta Nacional it is exposed to the de| th of
two hundred leet, interstratified irregularly with veins of fine sandstone. Deep
gullies are worn through it to the rivers, by the drainage of the plains during the
wet season. The rivers are the only source of irrigation, receiving no supplies
in their con se from the mountains to the coast.
'J'he greater part of the plains is covered with a dense growth of vegetation,
so thick that it would seem almost impossible for the soil to support more, and
ihe trees and busnes are loaded with an innumerable variety of parasitical plants
and vines, interlacing and binding them together, in such a manner as to render
them absolutely impenetrable. On other parts, particularly between the con-
glomerate and the coast, the chapparel is more open, dotted with clumps of low
dwarfish trees and Cacti, and atlbrd grazing to herds of half wild cattle, in which
the property of the inhabitants principally consists. To the south of Vera Cruz
the cultivation of cotton has been introduced; it is of white fine quality, but
perhaps from want of proper cultivation, the staple is very short, so that when
worked it requires to be mixed with other varieties.
The inhabitants live mostly on the small bottom lands of the rivers, their
crops consisting of corn, chili, and frijoles. They are a puny and sickly peo-
ple, being subject to intermittent and typhoid fevers, during the months after
the close of the wet season. Though the temperature at the Puenta Nacional,
1848.] 93
in the months of September, October and November, averaged 80° at 3 P. M.
with little variation, the atmosphere was so loaded with moisture that it was im-
possible to keep our lighting tools Iree from rust for twerity-lbur hours at a time,
protect them as we might.
The animals met with at the Fueuta Nacional and on tlie tierra caliente, are
forth:! greater part common to 'i'exas and the north; the common i\eer is
abundant, though of small size; the red fox, the prairie wolf, arid the spotted liger
cat ate frequently met with, and the Puma also, though more frequently in the
mountains above. Reptiles are exceedingly numerous, though of lew species.
The royal Iguano, as it is called, is found in the cliffs bordering the river Antigua,
and ijrows to a very large size: one killed by a Mexican measuring nine feet
in length. The tiesh of this species, as well as that of others, is considered quite
a delicacy by the inhabitants. I observed a curious habit of a species of lizard,
which has not been noticed before to my knowledge; it is that of passing over
the water in an erect pos tion, resting on its hinder parts, and propelling itself
by its hmd feet, its tail laying horizontally on the water, acting as a rudder. In
the San Juan and Antigua rivers I noticed an alligator which appeared to be dif-
fereiit from our common spec;es ; the young, a specimen of which I caught, is
entirely black, without the usual yellow markings on its back.
Land and fresh water shells are scarce ; the bed> if the streams being very
stony; nearer the coast, however, they may perhaps be more abundant. After
passing the tierra caliente, the ascent increases over the tierra templada, as above
stated, to the foot of the mountains. The whole ol the surface of this part of the
country is much broken by low ranges of volcanic hills and deep ravines or
barrancas, as they are called, of two to five hundred feet in depth, which run, .
commonly, at right angles from the mountain chain above. The city of Jalapa
derives its name from that of an ancient Indian village, a few leagues distant, and
signifies " built among barrancas.''
• Most of the hills are of volcanic formation, though they are not all so, as I have
seen stated. 'J"he limestone shows itself in the valleys at the foot of the moun-
tains, and in the barrancas, when of sufficient width. It is, of course, very much
altered from its connection with the volcanic rock, being uncrystallized and
wh teried. It is not fossiliferous, and, as far as I noticed, unstratified. At Qu-r-
terpec, a few leagues south of Jalapa and at other places, it is burnt by the In-
dians, atid the lime is sold in the neighbouring towns and cities.
The soil of the valleys is rich, and under cultivation produces during the whole
year, rice, coffee, tobacco, sugar cane, corn and other vegetable productions,
fruit, &c.;Of both tropical and temperate climes, in great abundance. The ave-
rage of temperature I should place lower than Humboldt. During the months
of January and February, there were several nights of severe frosts in the
neighborhood of Jalapa and below, which stripped the trees on the hills of their
foliage, but I was told it was of very unusual occurrence.
Every one who has visited this country must agree with Humboldt, that the
region comprising the tierra templada anJ the eastern slope of the mountains
above, is "one of the most beautiful and picturesque in the v\orld." Ko other
part of the world, perhaps, can present scenery of such sublime and picturesque
beauty. When travelling over the rough and barren hills, strewn with volcanic
rocks, the scene is suddenly changed by coming upon the edge of a barranca or
ravine, its bottom lands several hundred feet below you, highly cultivated in
94 [October,
fields of sugar cane, corn, &c., dotted with the straw-thatched cottages of the
Indians, and presenting a most perfect panorama or picture of nature's own paint-
ing, enclosed, as it were, in a frame of black and jagged rocks, which form its
perpendicular sides, without a vestige of vegetation growing upon them. F'ar
ofT below, lays stretched out the tierra caliente, having the appearance of an
immense park, bounded on the horizon by the Gulf; and yet, elevated as your
position seems to be, on turning to look m the opposite direction, Orizaba, with
its silvery cap of eternal snow, and the base and rocky peak of Perote, still
stand above you eight or nine thousand feet.
In addition to the animals on the tierra caliente, I noticed the raccoon, the
opossum, the bassaris astuta, or ring-tailed weasel, as it is called by the Mexi-
cans, and several species of deer. I noticed also a porcupine, which struck me
as difTerent from the common species. 'J'he puma and jaguar are also met with
in the mountains.
The mammalia of this part of Mexico seem lo be identical with, or nearly allied
to, more northern species, while the birds for the greater part are found also much
farther south. Lizards are less numerous, but snakes more so than on the tierra
caliente. The plants I should think more characteristic than either mammalia
or birds, and present a rich field for investigation.
The two species of Jalapa root are collected in small quantities, only on the
sides of the mountains by the Indians, the greater jiart exported, being brought
from the north and west of the city of Mexico.
In the neighbourhood of Jalapa, and on the road passing over the mountains,
I noticed several beds and hills of sand, in some of which are deposits of the
sulphate of lime, finely crystallized in the form of sand. I was told by the
Mexicans that they had dug up here young clams, perhaps cyclas. I mention
this fact in confirmation of my opinion that the plains of Anahuac above, or of
Perote and Puebla, as they may be called, have been drained by one of the many
revolutions (geological, not political,) which this countrj' has passed through.
The eastern part of the plains above, for the distance of twelve or fifteen miles,
is sandy; beyond are salt beds and soda. In many localities, at the depth of ten
or twelve feet, I saw fossil fresh water shells of the genera planorbis, lymnea,
physa, and others, which it is reasonable to suppose once lived at the bottom
of lakes which covered these plains, as well as that of the valley of Mexico.
The volcanic mountains which form the boundaries to the plains, are flanked
by ranges of limestone hills, similar in character to those below on the tierra
templada. Undoubtedly the range which bounds the plains of Anahuac to the east,
is very rich in mineral treasure, as specimens of silver ore are frequently brought
in by the Indians, but they, like those of Peru, conceal their knowledge of the
localities with the utmost care. About three leagues from Perote I saw a vein
of sulphuret of silver three feel in width, associated with blende and sulphate of
copper.
1848.]
95
Catalogue nf Ihe Tertiary Testacea of the United States.
By Henry C. Lea.
The following list is intended as a mere mechanical assi-tance to the student of
onr Tertiary Testacea. The descriptions of these species are scattered through
the Transactions of learned Societies, Scientific Jonrnals, Pamphlets, and other
publications difficult of access, presenting a serious obstacle to any one endea-
vouring to identify specimens. Labouring under this difficulty myself, I pre-
pared this catalogue, and from my experience of its convenience, I presume that
it may be found of assistance to others. I have endeavoured to introduce the
recent shells which have been observed in a fossil state, as far as I have seen
them noted, but as no regular record has been kept of the.Ti, I fear that in that
particular, especially, this list may be found imperfect. I have not attempted to
determine the conflicting synonymes, either generic or specific, but have merely
given the names with a reference to the publications in which they are alluded
to or described.
REFERENCES.
Jour. Acad.
Pro. Acad.-
Sil. Jour.—
" " N.
Trans. Phi
Trans. Geo
Best. Jour.
Nat. Inst.—
(Jont. Geol.
Tert. Foss.
Med. Tert.-
— Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelpliia.
-Proceedings " " " " "
Silliman's American Journal of Science and Arts.
S. " " " " " New Series, (commenced in 1846. 5
. — Transactions of the American Pliilosophical Society.
I. — Transactions of the Geolog:ical Society of Pennsylvania.
— Boston Journal of Natural History.
Bulletin of the National Institution.
— Contributions to Gsologv, hy Isaac Lea.
—Fossil Shells of the Tertiary Formations of North America, by T. A. Conrad.
-Fossil Shells from the Medial Tertiary of the United States, by T. A. Conrad.
CATALOGUE.
ACTEON.
Andersoni, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
angulatus, H. C . Lea, Trans. Phil . ix.
costellatus, Con., Tert. Foss.
elevatus, Lea, Cent. Geol.
glans., H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
globosus, H. C. Lea, " '•
granulatus, H. C. Lea, "
idoneus, Con., Tert. Foss.
laevis, H. C. Lea, Sil. Journ. xl.
lineatus. Lea, Cont. Geol.
magnoplicatus, H. C. Lea, Sil.
Journal, xl.
melanellus. Lea, Cont. Geol.
melanoides. Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
milium, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
nitens, H. C. Lea, " " "
novellus. Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
ovoides. Con., " " vi
ponailius, Con., Tert. Foss.
punctatus, Lea, Cont. Geol.
A. pygmaeus. Lea, Cont. Geol.
sculptus, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
simplex, H. C. Lea, " "
striatus. Lea, Cont. Geol.
turbinatus, H. C. Lea, Trans.
Phil. ix.
Aligena.
A. lasvis, H, C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
striata, H. C. Lea, " '<
Amphidesma.
A. ajquale. Say, Sil. Jour. xli.
ffiquatum. Con.. Pro Acad. i.
bellastriatum. Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
carinatum, Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
constrictum, Con., Sil. Jour. xli.
inaequale, Say, Jour. Acad. vii.
linosum, Con., Tert. Foss.
Mississippiense,Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
nuculoide, Con., Sil. Jour. xli.
protextum. Con., "
subobliquum, '< "
9G
[October,
A. subovatum, Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
subreflexum Con., . " vii
telliiiula, Con., Sil. Jour. i. N. S.
transversum. Say, " xxviii.
Ampullaria.
A. perovata. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
Anatina.
A. antiqua, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
Ciaibornensis, Lea, Cont. Geol.
teilinoides, H. C. Lea, Trans.
PliiL ix.
A.ncillahi A.
A. altilis, Con., Teit. Foss.
lymneoides, Con., "
scamba, Con., " "
staminea, Con., "
subglobosa. Con., "
tenera. Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
Anolax.
A. gigantea, Lea, Cont. Geol.
phcata. Lea., '■ "
A.VIiDIXELLA.
A. Virginiana, Con., Med. Tert.
ornata, Con., Sil. Jour. i. N. S.
Anomia-
A. ephippium, Linn., Jour. Acad. vii.
jugo-a, Con., Pro. Acad. i.
Ruffini, Con., '<■ "
Ahca.
A. aequicostata. Con., Med. Tert.
arata, Say, Jour. Acad iv.
brevidesma, Con., Med. Tert.
buccula, Con., " "
caelata. Con., " "
callipieura. Con., " "
centenaria. Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
cuculloides, Con., Tert. Foss.
depleura, Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
idonea, Con. Tert. Foss,
improcera, Con., Med. Tert.
incile, Say. Jour. Acad. iv.
lienosa, Say, Sil. Jour. xli.
limula. Con., Tert. Fo5S.
lineolata, Con., Med. Tert.
maxiUata, Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
Mississippiensis.Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
pexata. Say, Sil. Jour, xxiii.
plicatura, Con., Med. Tert.
ponderosa. Say, Sil. Jour, xxviii.
propatula. Con., Med. Tert.
protracta, Rogers, Trans. Phil. v.
rhomboidella, Lea, Cont. Geol.
scalaris. Con., Pro. Acad. i.
etaminea, Say, Med. Tert.
stillicidium. Con., Tert. Foss.
subrostrata. Con., Jour. Acad. viii.
subsinuata. Con., Med. Tert.
transversa. Say, Sil. Jour, xxviii.
triquetra, Con., Pro. Acad. i.
Artemis.
A. acetabulum, Con., Tert. Foss.
concentrica. Born, Jour. Acad. vii.
elegans. Con., Pro. Acad. i.
AsTAHTK.
A. abbreviata. Con., Med. Tert.
arata. Con. " "
callosaj Con., Tert. Foss.
Coheni, Cou., Med. Tert.
concentrica. Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
cuneilormis. Con., Med. Tert.
exaltata,Con., Jour. Acad. viii.
lineolata, H. C. Lea, Trans., Phil. ix.
lunulata, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
lyrata, Sil. Jour., xli.
minor, Lea, Cont. Geol.
miiiutissima, Lea., "
Nicklinii, Lea., "
obruta. Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
parva Lea, Cont. Geol.
perplana, Con., Med. Tert.
planulata, Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
proruta, Con., Tert. Foss.
radians, Con., Med. Tert.
recurva. Lea, Cont. Geol.
sulcata. Lea. " "
symmetrica, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
teilinoides. Con., Sil. Jour, xxiii.
undulata. Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
ungulina. Con., Sil. Jour, xxiii.
varians, Con., Jour. Acad. viii.
vicina, Say, Jour. Acad. vii.
AviCULA,
A. argentea, Con. Pro. Acad. iii.
Ciaibornensis, Lea, Cont. Geol.
limula, Con. Tert. Foss.
multanguJa, H. C. Lea, Trans.
Phil. ix.
trigona. Lam., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
I3alaxus.
B. Finchii, Lea, Cont. Geol.
humilis. Con., Sil. Jour. ii. N. S.
incile, Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
ovularis. Lam., Sil. Jour. xli.
peregrinus, Morton, Jour. Acad. viii.
Proteus, Con. " " vii.
tintinnabulum, (?) Lam. " vi.
BoXKLLIA.
B. lineata, Con., Jour. Acad. viii.
terebellata. Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
BurCINTM.
B. altiie. Con., Tert. Foss.
amcrnum. Con. " "
aratum. Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
avarum. Con., Sil. Jour, xxviii.
bilix, Con., Pro. Acad. i.
filicatum, Con. " "
fossulatum. Con. "
frumentum, H. C. Lea, Trans.
Phil, ix.
1S4S.]
97
B. harpuloide, Con., Pro. Acad. i.
integrum, Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
iiiterruptum, Con., Sil. Jour. xli.
laqueatuni, Con., Tert. Foss.
lienosum, Con., Pro. Acad. i.
lunatum, Say, Sil. Jour. xli.
Mississippense, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
multirugatum. Con., Sil. Jour. xli.
obsoletum. Say, " "
quadratum. Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
quadrulatum, H. C. Lea, Trans.
Phil. ix.
parvum, H. C. Lea. Sil. Jour. xl.
perlatum Con., Tert. Foss.
porcinum, Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
pranruptum. Con., Pro. Acad. i.
prorsum. Con., Tert. Foss.
protractum, Con., Pro. Acad. i.
pusillum, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
sagenum. Con., Tert. Foss.
Sowerbii, Lea,Cont. Geol.
sexdentatum, Con., Pro. Acad. I.
trivittatum. Say, Jour. Acad. vi.
Tuomeyi, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
BuLlMUS.
B. Floridanus, Con.,Sil. Jour. ii. N. S.
Bulla.
B. acuminata, Sow., Jour. Acad. vi.
crassiplica, Con., Pro. Acad, iii,
cylindrus, H. C. Lea, Trans.
Phil. ix.
Dekayi, Lea, Cont. Geol.
occulta, Mighels, Eost. Jour. iv.
petrosa. Con., Sil. Jour. ii. N. S.
St. Hillairii, Lea, Cont. Geol.
subpissa. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
B U I. ). I N A .
B. canaliculata. Say, Sil. Jour, xxviii.
Byssharca.
B. cuculloides. Con., Sil. Jour. i. N. S.
lima, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
Marilandica, Con., Med. Tert.
Mississippiensis,Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
protracta, Con. " " "
Btsso>ita.
B. petricoloides, Lea, Cont. Geol.
Caltptr.'ea.
C. costata, Say, Sil. Jour. ii.
corrugata, Brod., " i. N. S.
grandis. Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
' pileolus, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
rugosa, Brod., Sil. Jour. i. N. S.
trochiformis. Lam., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
CaNCKI LAKIA.
C. alternata, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
alveata, Con., Tert. Foss.
bahylonica. Lea, Cont. Geol.
biplicifera, Con.. Jour. Acad. viii.
corbula, Con.. Pro. Acad. i.
C. costata. Lea, Cont. Geol.
elevata,Lea. " •'
engonata. Con., Jour. Acad. viii.
funerata, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
gemmata. Con., Tert. Foss.
lunata. Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
Mississippiensis, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
multiplicata, Lea, Cont. Geo.
parva. Lea, " "
perspectiva. Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
plagiostoma, Con. " " "
plicata. Lea, Cont. Geol.
pulcherrima, H. C. Lea, Sil. Jour. xl.
sculptura, Lea, Cont. Geol.
tesselata, Lea. " "
Capulup.
C. luguLris, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
C AUDITA.
C. abbreviata. Con., Sil. Jour. xli.
alticostata, Con., " " xxiii,
bilineata. Con,, Pro. Acad. iii.
Blandingi, Con., Sil. Jour. i. N. S.
Carolinensis, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
densata, Con., Pro. Acad. ii.
granulata. Say, Sil. Jour, xxviii.
perplana, Con., " " xli.
planicosta. Lam., Tert. Foss.
subquadrata, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
subrotunda. Con. " "
tridentata. Say, Sil. Jour, xxviii.
vigintinaria. Con., Pro. Acad. iii. ■
CAUniTAMETlA
C. arata, Con., Med. Tert.
carinata. Con., Pro. Acad. i.
proctracta. Con. " '■ "
(Jaudwm,
C. acuti-laqueatum, Con., I\Ied, Tert.
craticuloide, Con. " "
diversum, Con., Fro. Acad. iii.
eversum. Con. " '•' "
glebosum, Con. " " "
isocardia, Lam., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
laqueatum. Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
leptopleura. Con , Jour. Acad. viii.
magnum. Born, Sil. Jour, xxviii,
NicoUeti, Con., Jour. Acad. viii.
quadrans, Rogers, Trans. Phil. vi.
sublineatum. Con., Sil. Jour. xli.
Vicksburgense, Con.. Pro. Acad. iii.
Virginianum, Con., Med. Tert.
Caricf.lla,
C, demissa. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
doliata. Con. " "
praetenuis. Con. '•' "
pyruloides, Con. " "
Cassidatii a.
C. lintea. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
Chassis.
■ C. brevicostata. Con., .Tour. Acad. vii.
98
[October,
C. cffilata, Con., Journ. Acad., vii.
caelatura. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
Hodgiij Con. Sil. Jour., xli.
Mississippiensis,Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
nupsrus, Con., 'Pert. Foss.
Tatii, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
Cl^MOIlIA.
C. oblonga, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
CfiRTTuru^r.
C. bicostellatum. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
CaroUnens^, Con., Sil. Jour. xli.
clavulus, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
curtu.n, H. C. Lea. " " "
dcelaleum, H. C. Lea. " " '•'
dislocatiim, Say, Jour. Acad. vii.
monllirerum, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil.
ix.
nassula, Con., .lour. Acad. vii.
siliceam. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
solitarium. Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
striatum, Lea, Cont. Geol.
uuilineatum, Con., Sil. Jour. xli.
Chama.
C. arcinella. Lam., Sil. Jour, xxviii.
congreiiata, Con. " " xxiii.
corticosa, Con. "
Mis3issippiensis,Con. Pro. Acad. lu.
Chenopcs.
C. llratus. Con. Pro. Acad. iii.
(yHITOX.
C. transenna, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
(^L.iTHR'inO.V.
C. cuneatus, Gray, Jour. Acad. vi.
CONIS.
C. adversariu?, Con. Sil. Jour. xxix.
Claibornensis, Lea, Cont. Geol.
diluvianus, Green, Nat. Inst. No. 2.
gyratus, Morton, Jour. Acad. viii.
parvus, H. C Lea, Sil. Jour. xl.
sauridens. Con., Tert. Foss.
COUBIS.
C. distans, Con., Tert. Foss
lamellosa, Lam. '• "
staminea. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
undata. Con., Tert. Foss.
CORBULA.
C. Alabamiensis, Lea, Cont. Geol.
alta, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
compressa. Lea, Cont. Geol.
contracta, Say, Jour. Acad. vii.
cuneata. Say, " " iv-
elevata. Con. Nat. Inst. No. 2.
elons;ata, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
engonata. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
gibbosa. Lea, Cont. Geol.
idonea. Con., Sil. Jour, xxiii.
inasqualis, Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
intastriata, Con., Pro. Acad. in.
Murchisoniana, Lea, Cont. Geol.
nasuta. Con., Tert. Foss.
C. oniscus, Con., Sil. Jour, xxiii.
Crassatella.
C. aLxformis, Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
alta. Con., Tert. Foss.
capri-cranium, Rogers, Trans. Phil,
vi.
Marilandica, Con., Tert. Foss.
melina, Con. " "
Mississippiensis, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
palmula. Con., Sil. Jour. i. N. S.
protexta. Con., Tert. Foss.
rhomboidea. Con., Sil. Jour. i. N. S.
turgidula, Con., Pro. Acad. i.
undulata, Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
CREPIDtJLA.
C. convexa, Say, Sil. Jour, xxviii.
cornu arietis. Lea, Cont. Geol.
cornucopia, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil,
ix.
costata, Morton, Jour. Acad, vi,
cymbaeformis, Con., Pro. Acad. ii.
densata. Con. " " i.
dumosa. Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
fornicata. Say, Sil. Jour. xli.
giauca. Say, " " xxviii.
lamina, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil, ix;
lirata, Con., Sil. Jour, x.xiii.
plana. Say, " " xxviii.
pond3rosa,H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
spinosa. Con., Pro. Acad. i.
unguiformis. Lam., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
Cristellaria.
C. rotella, Con., Sil. Jour. ii. N. S.
ClirPTOSTOMA.
C.perspectivum, Say, Nat. Inst. No. 2.
COCULL.'EA.
C. gigantea, Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
onochaela, Rogers, Trans. Phil. vi.
transversa, Rogers. " "
CuLTEULUS.
C. Caribceus, Linn, Sil. Jour. i. N. S.
CUMI-VGIA.
C. tellinoides. Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
CrpRiEA.
C. Carolinensis, Con., Sil. Jour. xU.
lintea. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
sphasro'.des. Con. " "
C vPRirAnniA.
C. arata, Con., Tert. Foss.
CrREXA.
C. Carolinensis, Bosc, Sil. Jour, xxviii
densata. Con., Pro. Acad. i.
( Itthf.rka.
C. aequorea. Con., Tert. Foss.
albaria, Say, Am. Con.
astartaeformis, Con. Pro. Acad. iii.
Carolinensis, Con., Sil. Jour. xli.
comis. Lea, Cont. Geol.
concentrica. Born, Jour. Acad. iv.
convexa, Say, " " "
1848.]
99
C. discoidalis, Con., Tert. Foss.
elevata, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
elevata, Coa., Sil. Jour. i. N. S.
erycinoides, Lam., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
eversa, Con. Pro. Acad. ii.
Floridana, Con., SiL Jour. ii. N. S.
giijantea, Laro., Jour. Acad. vii.
globosa, Lea, Cont. Geol.
Hydiana, Con., Tert. FoiS.
Hydii, Lea, Cont. GeoL
imitabilis, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
lenticularis, Con., Trans. Pliil. vi.
liciata. Con., Pro. Acad. ii.
Marilandica, Con., Sil. Jour, xxiii.
metastriata, Con., Med. Tert.
minima, Lea, Cont. Geol.
Mississippiensis,Con., Pro. Acad, iii.
Mortoni, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
Nuttalli, Con., "• " "
obovata, Con., " "
ovata, Rogers, Trans. Phil. v.
pandata, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
perbrevis. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
perovata. Con., Tert. Foss.
Poulsoni, Con., '• "
pyga, Con., Pro. Acad. ii.
reposta, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
Sayana, Con., Sil. Jour, xxviii.
semipunctata, Con., " i. N. S.
sobrina, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
sphaerica,H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
subcrassa, Lea, Cont. Geol.
subimpressa. Con., Pro. Acad. ii.
subnasuta. Con. Jour. Acad. viii.
trigoniata, Lea, Cont. Geol.
Delphinula.
D. aperta, H. C.Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
arenosa. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
concava, H.C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
costulata,H. C. Lea. "
depressa. Lea, Cont. Geol.
globulus, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
lipara, H. C. Lea, " " "
lyra, Con. Jour. Acad. vii.
naticoideSjH. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
obliquestriata, H. C. Lea. " " "
plana, Lea, Cont. Geol.
trochiformis, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil.
ix.
Dentalium.
D. alternatum. Lea, Cont. Geol.
arciforme, Con., Sil. Jour. i. N. S.
attenuatum, Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
coarctatum. Lam., Sil. Jour. i. N. S.
dentale, Lam. " " "
Mississippiense,Con., Pro. Acad. --ii.
thalloide, Con., Tert. Foss.
thallus, Con., Jour. Acad, vii,
turritum, Lea, Cont. Geol.
DiPLODONTA.
D. Americana,De France, Sil. Jour, xli.
DlSPOT^A.
D, constricta, Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
corrugata, Rrod., Sil. Jour. i. N. S.
costata, Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
dumosa, Con., Sil. Jour. xli.
grandis. Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
multilineata, Con., Sil. Jour. xli.
ramosa, Con., Jour. Acad. viii.
rugosa, Brod., Sil. Jour. i. N. S.
DONAX.
D. funerata. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
limatula, Con., Tert. Foss.
Egehia.
E. Bucklandi, Lea, Cont. Geol.
indata. Lea,
nana. Lea,
nitens, Lea,
ovalis, Lea,
plana, Lea,
rotunda. Lea,
subtrigona. Lea, "
trianguiata. Lea, "
veneriformis,Lea, "
ECPHORA.
E. quadricostatus. Con., Pro. Acad, i.
Emarginula.
E. arata, Con., Tert. Foss.
Erycina.
E. cequorea. Con., Tert. Foss.
rectilinearis. Con., " "
Eryci.nella.
E. ovalis. Con., Med. Tert.
Ellima.
E. eborea. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
migrans. Con., " " "
Fasciolaria.
F. elevata. Lea, Cont. Geol.
Lamberti, Sow^., Jour. Acad. vi.
mutabilis, Con., Jour Acad. vii.
parvula, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
plicata, Lea, Cont. Geol.
rhomboidea, Rogers, Trans. Phil. vi.
Ficus.
F.-. Mississippiensis,Con., Pro. Acad, iii.
FiSSURELLA.
F. alticosta, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
catilliformis, Rogers, Trans. Phil. v.
Claibornensis, Lea, Cont. Geol.
graeca. Lam., Jour. Acad. vi.
Griscomi,Con., " " vii.
Marilandica, Con., " "
Mississippiensis,Con.,Pro. Acad. iii.
nassula, Con., Med. Tert.
redimicula. Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
tenebrosa. Con., Tert. Foss.
FiSTULANA.
F. elongata, Desh., Nat. Inst., No. 2.
larva. Con., Sil. Jour. i. N. S.
14
100
[October,
Fl'lgoraria.
F. Mississippiensis, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
FULGUK.
F. canaliculatus, Linn., Jour. Acad. iv.
carica, Gmel.
contrarius, Sil. Jour, xxxix.
coronatus, Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
excavatus, Sil. Jour, xxxix.
fusiformis, Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
incilis, Con., Sil. Jour, xxiii.
maximus, " " xli.
perversus, Lam., " "
rugosus, Con., Pro. Acad. i.
tuberculatus. Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
Fusus.
F. acutus, Lea, Cont. Geol.
altilis, Con., Tert. Foss.
anomaluSjH. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
bicarinatus. Lea, Cont. Geol.
bellus. Con., Tert. Foss.
<?) cannabinus, Con., Pro. Acad. i.
' cinereus, Say, Sil. Jour, xxviii.
I Conybeari, Lea, Cont. Geol.
Cooperi, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
crebrissinaus, Lea, Cont. Geol.
decisus, Con., Tert. Foss.
decussatus, Lea, Cont. Geol.
Delabechii, Lea, " "
devexus, Con., Pro. Acad. i.
errans, Con., Jour Acad. vi.
exilis, Con., Tert. Foss.
explicatus, Con., Tert. Foss.
Fittonii, Lea, Cont. Geol.
inauratus, Con., Tert. Foss.
irrasus, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
limulus, Con., Tert. Foss.
longaevus. Lam., Sil. Jour. i. N. S.
magnocostatus. Lea, Cont. Geol.
migrans, Con., Pro. Acad. i.
minor, Lea, Cont. Geol.
Mississippiensis,Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
Mortoni, Lea, Cont. Geol.
nanus, Lea, " "
ornatus, Lea, " "
pachyleurus, Con., Jour. Acad. viii.
papillatus, Con., Tert. Foss.
parilis. Con., " "
parvus. Lea, Cont. Geol.
perlatus. Con., Sil. Jour. i. N. S.
prorutus. Con., Tert. Foss.
proscissus. Con., Tert. Foss.
protextus, Con., " "
pulcher, Lea, Cont. Geol.
pumilis, Lea, " "
pygmaEUS,H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil.xi.
quadricostatus, Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
ranelloides, Con., Tert. Foss.
raphanoides, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
rusticus. Con., " " vi.
salebrosusj Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
F. sexangulus, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
spiniger. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
stamineus. Con., Tert. Foss.
strumosus. Con., " "
sulcosus, Con., " "
symmetricus, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
Taitii, Lea, Cont. Geol.
tetricus. Con., Tert. Foss.
thalloides, Con., " «'
thoracicus, Con., " "
trabeatus. Con., " "
trossulus, Con., " "
venustus. Lea, Cont. Geol.
Vicksburgensis, Con., Fro. Acad. iii.
Gasti:och>ena.
G. ligula, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
Gnathadon.
G. cuneatus, Gray, Sil. Jour, xxviii.
Grayi, Con., " " xxxviii.
minor, Con., " " xli.
Gkatell'pia.
G. Moulinsii, Lea, Cont. Geol.
GKYrn.EA.
G. vomer, Morton, Jour. Acad. vi.
Hiatella.
H. lancea, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil, ix.
HlPPAGUS.
H. isocardiodes, Lea, Cont. Geol.
HiPPONlX.
H. pygmaeus. Lea, Cont. Geol.
Infundibulum.
I. carinatum, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
centrale. Con., Sil. Jour. xli.
concentricum, H. C. Lea, Trans.
Phil. ix.
gyrinum, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
perarmatum, Con., " " viii.
trochiforme. Lea, Cont. Geol.
urticosum, Con., Tert. Foss.
ISOCARDIA.
I. fraterna. Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
Markoei, Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
rustica, Sow^., Med. Tert.
Kellia.
K. fabagella. Con., Pro. Acad. i.
mactroides. Con., " " "
Lepton.
L. mactroides, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
Lima.
L. papyria. Con., Jour. Acad. viii.
staminea. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
LiTHODOMUS.
L. dactylus, Sil. Jour. i. N. S.
LiTTORINA.
L. antiquata. Con., Tert. Foss.
LoRIPES.
L. Americana, Con., Pro. Acad. i.
eburnea. Con., " " iii.
elevata, Con., " " i.
turgida, Con., " " iii.
1848.]
101
LuCINA.
I-. acclinis, Con., Tert. Foss.
alveata, Con., " "
anodonta. Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
carinifera, Con., Tert. Foss,
compressa, Lea, Cont. Geol.
contracta, Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
cornuta. Lea, Cont. GeoL
crenulata. Con., SiL Jour. xli.
cribraria. Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
dlvaricata, Lam. " " "
dolabra, Con., Tert. Foss.
Foreman!, Con., Jour. Acad. viii.
impressa, Lea, Cont. GeoL
Jamaicensis, Lam., SiL Jour. i. N. S.
lens, H. C. Lea, Trans. Piiil. ix.
lunata. Lea, Cont. GeoL
metastriata. Con., Med. Tert.
MississippiensiSjCon., Pro. Acad. iii.
modesta, Con., SiL Jour. i. N. S.
rnultistriata, Con., Pro. Acad. i.
pandata, Con., Tert. Foss.
papyracea, Lea, Cont. GeoL
perlevis. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
pomilia. Con., Tert. Foss.
punctulata, H. C. Lea, Trans. PhiL
ix.
radians, Con., SiL Jour. xli.
raduia. Lam., " " i. N. S.
rotunda. Lea, Cont. Geol.
speciosa, Rogers , Trans. Phila. v.
squamosa, Lam., Med. Tert.
subobliqua. Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
subplanata. Con., " viii.
subvexa. Con., Tert. Foss.
symmetrica. Con., "
trisulcata. Con., SiL Jour. xli.
undula, Con., Med. Tert.
LuTRAHlA.
L. canaliculata. Say, Jour. Acad. vii.
lapidosa. Con., Sil Jour. i. N. S.
papyria. Con., Tert. Foss.
Mactiia.
M. clathrodon. Lea, Cont. GeoL
clathrodonta, Con., SiL, Jour, xxiii.
confraga. Con., " "
congesta. Con., " "
crassidens. Con., " xli.
decisa, Con., Tert. Foss.
delumbis. Con., " "
dentata. Lea, Cont. Geol.
fragrosa. Con., Sil. Jour, xxiii.
funerata, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
grandis, Linn., Jour. Acad. vi.
Grayi, Lea, Cont. Geol.
incrassata, Con., Med. Tert.
lateralis. Say, Jour. Acad. vii.
Mississippiensis,Con.. Pro. Acad. iii.
modicella. Con., Sil. Jour, xxiii.
parilis, Con., Tert. Foss.
M. ponderosa, Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
prcetenuis, Con., Tert. Foss.
pygmaea. Lea, Cont. Geol.
subcuneata. Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
subparilis, Con., Sil. Jour. xli.
solidissima, Chem., " xxviii.
tellinoides. Con., " "
triquetra. Con., Pro. Acad. i.
Mahginella.
M. anatina, Lea, Cont. GeoL
biplicata, Lea, " *'
columba, Lea, " "
conulus, H. C. Lea, Trans. PhiL ix.
crassilabra. Con., Tert. Foss.
crassilabra, Lea, Cont. Geol.
denticulata. Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
eburneola. Con.,
vn.
exilis, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
incurva, Lea, Cont. GeoL
larvata. Con., Tert. Foss.
limatula. Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
ovata, Lea, Cont. GeoL
plicata. Lea, " "
perexigiia, Con., Jour. Acad. viii.
semen, Lea, Cont. Geol.
Melania.
M. vetusta. Con., Tert. Foss.
Melongena.
M. alveata. Con., SiL Jour, xxiii.
armigera. Con., Tert. Foss.
crassicornuta. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
MlTHA.
M. bolaris, Con.' Tert. Foss.
Carolinensis, Con., SiL Jour. xli.
cellulifera, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
conquisita. Con., " " "
doliata, Con., Tert. Foss.
eburnea, H. C. Lea, Sil. Jour. xL
elegans, H. C. Lea, " "
Flemingii, Lea, Cont. GeoL
fusoides, Lea, " "
gracilis, H. C. Lea, Sil. Jour. xl.
Humboldtii, Lea, Cont. GeoL
lineata. Lea, " "
minima, Lea, " "
MississippiensisjCon., Pro. Acad. iii.
pactilis. Con., Tert, Foss.
perexilis. Con. " "
staminea. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
Vicksburgensis, Con., " "
MonioLA.
M. cretacea. Con., Trans. Geol.
Ducatelli, Con., Med. Tert.
MississippiensisjCon., Pro. Acad. iii.
spinigera, H.C.Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
MoNOCERAS.
M. armigerum. Con., Tert. Foss.
fusiforme, Lea, Cont. Geol.
pyruloide, Lea., " "
sulcatum. Lea., " "
102
[October.
M. vetustum, Con., Tert. Foss.
MONODONTA.
M. exoluta, Con., Pro. AcarL i.
glandula, Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
MoNOPTYRHr A.
M. Alabamiensis, Lea, Cont. Geol.
elegans. Lea, " '<
MUREX.
M. acuticosta. Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
alternatus, Lea, Cont. GeoL
engonatus, Con., Tert. Foss.
Mantellii, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
Mississippiensis,Con., Pro. Acad.iii.
septemnarius, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
umbrifer, Con., Tert. loss.
Mta.
M. arenaria, Lin., SiL Jour, xxviii.
corpulenta. Con., Med. Tert.
mercenaria, Say, Jour. Acad. vi.
praelonga, Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
producta. Con., Med. Tert.
reflexa, H. C. Lea, Trans. PhiL ix.
Mtalina.
M. subovata, Con., Med. Tert.
Mtoconcha.
M. incurva, Con., Med. Tert.
Mtotioiia.
M. arenosa. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
MroPAHo.
M. costatus, Lea, Cont. GeoL
Mysia.
M. Americana, Con., Med. Tert.
nucleiformis, Wagner, Jour. Acad.
viii.
rotundata, Sil. Jour, xxviii.
Mttilus.
M. hamatus. Say, SiL Jour, xxviii.
incrassatus, Con., " xli.
Natiica.
N. Missisippiensis, Con., Pro. Acad.iii.
Nassa.
N. cancellata, Lea, Cont. GeoL
impressa, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
Innata, Say, SiL Jour. i. N. S.
obsoleta. Say, " xxviii.
quadrata. Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
trivittata. Say, SiL Jour, xxviii.
Natica.
N. aetites, Con., Tert. Foss.
aperta, H. C. Lea, Trans. PhiL ix.
canrena, Lam., Sil. Jour. xli.
Caroliniana, Con., " "
crassilabrum, H. C. Lea, Trans.
Phil. ix.
duplicata, Say, Sil. Jour. xli.
eborea, Con., Tert. Foss.
eminula. Con., " "
fragilis. Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
gibbosa, Lea, Cont. Geol.
heros, Say, Sil. Jour. xli.
N. interna. Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
limula. Con., Tert. Foss.
magno-umbilicata. Lea, Cont. GeoL
mamma. Lea, " '«
minima, Lea, " "
minor, Lea, " "
Mississippiensis, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
parva. Lea, Cont. Geol.
percallosa. Con., Sil. Jour. xli.
perspectiva, Rogers, Trans. Phil. v.
semilunata. Lea, Cont. Geol.
sphrerulus, H. C. Lca,Trans. Phil.ix.
striata, Lea, Cont. Geol.
Vicksburgensis, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
Nautilopsis.
N. Vanuxemi, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
Nautilus.
N. Alabamiensis, Morton, Jour. Acad,
viii.
NUCULA.
N. acuta, Con., Sil. Jour, xxviii.
acutidens, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
asqualis. Con., Tert. Foss.
asquilatera, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil.
ix.
antiqua, Mighels, Bost. Jour. iv.
bella. Con., Sil. Jour, xxiii.
Brogniarti, Lea, Cont. Geol.
calcariensis. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
carinata, H. C.Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
carinifera. Lea, Cont. Geol.
Carolinensis, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
caglata. Con., Sil. Jour, xxiii.
concentrica. Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
cultclliformis, Rogers, Trans. Phil. v.
diaphana, H. C. Lea, " " ix.
dolabelia, H. C. Lea, " " "
Jacksonii, Gould, Bost. Jour. iv.
laevis. Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
liciata, Con., Pro. Acad. i.
limatula, Say, Sil. Jour, xxvii.
magna, Lea, Cont. Geol.
magnifica. Con., Tert. Foss.
media. Lea, Cont. Geol.
mucronata. Con. Pro. Acad. iii.
obliqua. Say, Sil. Jour. ii.
opulenta, Con., Tert. Foss.
ovula. Lea, Cont. Geol.
parva, Rogers, Trans. PhiL v.
pectuncularis, Lea, Cont. GeoL
plana. Lea,
plicata, Lea,
Portlandica, Hitchcock, Bost. Jour, i
proxima. Say, Sil. Jour, xxviii.
pulcherrima, Lea, Cont. GeoL
S(;dgvvickii, Lea, " "
semen. Lea, " "
serica, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
subtrigona, Con., " "
tellinula. Con., Sil. Jour. ii. N. S.
1848.]
103
N. Vicksburgensis, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
NUMMULITES.
N. Floridanus, Con., Sil. Jour. ii. N. S.
Mantelli, Morton, " xxiii.
Odostomia.
O. limnea, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
protexta. Con, " " "
Oliva.
0. Alabanaensis, Con., Tert. Foss.
ancillariaeformis, H. C. Lea, Trans.
Pliil. ix.
bombylis, Con., Tert. Foss.
canaliciilata, H. C. Lea, Trans.
PhiL ix.
Carolinensis, Nat. Inst. No. 2.
constricta. Lea, Cont. Geol.
dubia, Lea, " "
duplicata. Con., Pro. Acad. i.
gracilis, Lea, Cont. Geol.
Greenoughi, Lea, "
idonea, Sil. Jour. xli.
litterata. Lam., Jour. Acad. vii.
minima. Lea, Cont. Geol.
Mississippiensis,Con.,Pro. Acad. iii.
mutica, Lam., Sil. Jour. xli.
Phillipsii, Lea, Cont Geol.
zonalis. Lam., Jour. Acad. vii.
Oniscia.
O. harpula, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
Orbiccla.
O. lugubris, Con., Sil. Jour. xli.
multilineata, Con., Med. Tert.
Orbis.
O. rotella, Lea, Cont. Geol.
OSTRKA.
0. Alabamensis, Lea, Cont. Geol.
bellovacina, Nat. Inst.
Carolinensis, Con., Tert. Foss.
compressirostra. Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
disparilis. Con., Med. Tert.
cretacea, Morton, Jour. Acad. viii.
flabellula. Lam., " " vi.
Georgiana, Con., " " vii.
divaricata, Lea, Cont. Ceol.
lingua-canis. Lea, " "
lateralis, Nillson, Nat Inst,
panda, Morton, " "
percrassa. Con., Med. Tert.
pincerna, Lea, Cont. Geol.
radians. Con., Tert. Foss.
sculpturata. Con., Med. Tert.
sellaeformis. Con., Tert. Foss.
semilunata, Lea, Cont. Geol.
sinuosa, Rogers, Trans. Phil. v.
subfalcata. Con., Med. Tert.
Vicksburgensis, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
Virginiana, Gmel., Tert. Foss.
OVUT.A.
O. iota, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
Paludina. ''
P. glabra, Con., Pro. Acad, i.
Pasuora-
P. arenosa. Con. Jour. Acad. vii.
crassidens, Con., Med. Tert.
trilineata, Say, Sil, Jour, xxviii
Paxop^a.
P. abrupta. Con., Pro. Acad. i.
Americana, Con., Med. Tert.
dubia, H. C. Lea, Trans, Phil. ix.
elongata. Con., Trans. Geol.
Goldfussii, Wagner, Jour. Acad. viii.
oblongata. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
porrecta. Con., Med. Tert.
reflexa, Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
Pasiihea.
P. aciculata. Lea, Cont. Geol.
alveata. Lea, " "
cancellata, H. C. Lea, Sil. Jour. xl.
Claibornensis, Lea, Cont. Geo!.
diaphana, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
eburnea, H. C. Lea, " " '<
elegans, H. C. Lea, Sil. Jour. xl.
exarata, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil, ix
guttula. Lea, Cont. Geol.
laevigata, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
lugubris, Lea, Cont. Geol.
minima, H. C. Lea, Sil. Jour. xl.
notata. Lea, Cont. Geol.
ornata, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
ovulum, H. C. Lea, " " "
secale. Lea, Cont. Geol.
striata, Lea, " "
subula, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
sulcata. Lea, Cont. Geol.
turbinopsis, H. C. Lea, Trans.
Phil. ix.
umbilicata, Lea, Cont Geol.
Patella.
P. acinaces, H. C.Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
Pectejt,
P. anatipes, Morton, Trans. Phil. ix.
biformis, Con., Pro. Acad. i.
calvatus, Morton, Jour. Acad. viii.
Clintonius, Say, " " iv.
concentricus. Say, Sil. Jour, xxviii.
decemnarius, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
Deshaysii, Lea, Cont. Geol.
dislocatus, Say, Nat. Inst. No. 2.
dispalatus, Con., Med. Tert.
eboreus. Con., Sil. Jour, xxiii.
elixatus. Con., Pro. Acad. ii.
Holbrookii, Ravenel, "
Humphreysii, Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
Jeffeisonius, Say. Jour. Acad. iv.
Lyelli, Lea, Cont. Geol.
Madisonius, Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
Magellanicus, Lam., " " vii.
Marilandicus, Wagner, " viii.
104
[October,
P. membranosus, Morton, Jour. Acad,
viii.
micropleura, H. C. Lea, Trans.
Phil. ix.
Mortoni, Ravenel, Pro, Acad. ii.
perplanus, Morton, Sil. Jour.xxiii.
Poulsoni, Morton, Jour. Acad. viii.
purpuratus, Lam, Sil. Jour, xxviii.
Ro^ersii, Con , Jour. Acad. vii.
septenarius. Say, "
IV.
tenuis, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
tricenarius, Con., Pro. Acad. i.
vicenarius. Con., " " '<
Virginianus, Con., Med. Tert.
Pectitncclus.
P. aratus. Con., Sil . Jour. xli.
arctatus. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
aviculoides, Con., Tert. Fos?.
Broderipii, Lea, Cont. Geol.
Carolinensis, Con., Sil. Jour. xli.
circularis. Con., " " xxviii.
corbuloides, Con., Tert. Foss.
cuneus. Con., Sil. Jour, xxiii.
decisus. Con., Tert. Foss.
declivis, Con., " "
deltoideus, I^ea, Cont. Geol.
elephantopus, H. C. Lea, Trans.
Phil. ix.
ellipsis. Lea, Cont. Geol.
idoneus, Con., Tert. Foss.
lentiformis. Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
nninor. Lea, Cont. Geol.
obliqua. Lea, " "
parilis. Con., Pro. Acad. i.
passus, Con., Med. Tert.
ppctinatus. Lam., Sil. Jour, xxviii,
perplanus. Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
pulvinatus, Lam., Tert, Foss.
quinquerugatus, Con. Sil, Jour. xli.
stamineus. Con., <' " xxiii.
subovatus, Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
tricenarius. Con., Med, Tert,
trigonella, Con., Sil. Jour, xxiii.
tumulus. Con., Med. Tert.
variabilis. Sow. Jour. Acad. vi.
Peiiiploma.
P. antiqua, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
Pehna.
P. torta. Say, Sil, Jour. ii.
maxillata. Lam., Med. Tert,
PETALOCo:«cnrs.
P. sculpturatus, H. C. Lea, Tran.=!.
Phil. ix.
Pr.TRlCOLA.
P. cenrenaria, Con., Sil. Jour, xxiii.
fornicata. Say, Jour. Acad. vi.
compressa, H. C. Lea, Trans.
Phil. ix.
pholadiformis. Lam, .Tour. Acad. vi.
Pholadomta.
p. abrupta. Con.. Tert. Foss.
Marilandica, Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
PuOLAS.
p. acuminata, Con. Med. Tert.
arcuata. Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2. ^
costata, Linn., Sil. Jour, xxviii.
ovalis. Say, " " ii.
petrosa. Con , Nat. Inst. No, 2.
rhomboidea, H. C. Lea, Trans.
Phil. ix.
triquetra. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
Phorus.
P. humilis Con., Pro., Acad. iii.
PiNXA.
P. argentea. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
Plagiostoma.
P. dumosum, Morton, Jour. Acad. viii.
Pianauia.
P. nitens. Lea, Cont. Geol.
Pleuhoto.ma.
P. abundans, Con. Pro. Acad. iii.
altcrnatum, Con., Tert. Foss.
Beaumontii, Lea, Cont. Geol.
bellacrenatum,Con.,Jour. Acad.viii.
biscatenarium. Con., " " vii.
caslatum. Lea, Cont. Geol.
cance]latum,H. C. Lea, Sil. Jour. xl.
catenatum. Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
Childreni, Lea, Cont. Geol.
cochleare. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
commune, Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
congestum. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
cristatum. Con., " " "
declivum. Con., " " "
depyge. Con., Tert. Foss.
Desnoyersii, Lea, Cont. GeoL
dissimile, Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
eboroide, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
elaboratum. Con., Tert. Foss.
elongatum. Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
gracile. Con. " " "
Haeninghausii, Lea, Cont. Geol.
inciliferum. Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
Leseurii, Lea, Cont. Geol.
limatulum. Con., Jour. Acad, vi.
Lonsdalii, Lea, Cont. Geol.
lunatum, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
Marilandicum,Con. Jour. Acad. viii.
Mississippiense, Con., Pro. Acad, iii
moniliferum. Lea, Cont. Geol.
multisectum. Con., Pro. Acad. i.
nuperum. Con., Tert. Foss.
obliquum. Lea, Cont. Geol.
parvum. Con., Jour. Acad., vi.
porcellanum. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
pyrenoide, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
rotaedens. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
rotiferum. Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
1848.]
105
P. rugosum, Lea, Cont. Geol.
Sayi, Lea, " "
servatum. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
tabulatum. Con., Tert. Foss.
tantulum, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
tenellum, Con., " " "
tricatenarium, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
Virginianum, Con., " " "
Plicatdla.
p. densata, Con., Pro. Acad. i.
lilamentosa, Con., Tert. Foss.
Mantellii, Lea, Cont. GeoL
marginata. Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
ramosa. Lam., " " vi.
rudis, H. C. Lea, Trans. Piiil. ix.
Photo.
P. vetusta. Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
PsAMMOBIA.
P. eborea. Con., Tert. Foss.
filosa. Con., " "
fusca. Say, Jour. Acad. vi.
lintea,Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
lusoria. Say, Jour. Acad. vi.
papyria, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
PSAMMOCOLA.
P. lucinoides,H. C. Lea, Trans. PhiL ix.
regia, H. C. Lea, " " "
Ptramidelia.
P. arenosa. Con., Pro. Acad. i.
elaborata,H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
larvata. Con., Tert. Foss.
suturaIis,H. C. Lea, Trans. PhiL ix.
Ptrula.
P. canaliculata, Linn., Jour. Acad. iv.
cancellata. Lea, Cont. GeoL
carica, GmeL
elegantissima. Lea, Cont. GeoL
penita. Con., Tert. Foss.
perversa. Lam., SiL Jour. xli.
Smithii, Lea, Cont. GeoL
sulcosa, Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
tricarinata, Lam., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
Ranella.
R. caudata. Say, SiL Jour, xxviii.
Rangia.
R. cyrenoides, Des Moulins, SiL Jour.
xxviii.
RiNGICUiA.
R. Mississippiensis,Con.,Pro. Acad. iii.
ROSTELLABIA.
R. Cuvieri, Lea, Cont. GeoL
laqueata, Con., Tert. Foss.
Lamarckii, Lea, Cont. GeoL
velata. Con., Tert. Foss.
KOTELLA.
R. carinata, H. C. Lea, Trans. PhiL ix.
lenticularis, H. C. Lea, " " "
nana, Lea, Cont. Geol.
subconica,H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
R. umbilicata, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil.
ix.
SATIGUINOLAniA.
S. fusca. Con., SiL Jour, xxviii.
lusoria. Say, " " "
Saxicava.
S. bilineata. Con., Med. Tert.
distorta. Say, Jour. Acad. vi.
pectorosa. Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
rugosa, Lam., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
SCALAHIA.
S. acicula, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
carinata, Lea, Cont. Geol.
clathra, Lam., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
cornigera,H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
elegans,H . C. Lea, Sil. Jour. xl.
expansa. Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
lineata. Say, Sil. Jour, xxviii.
micropleura, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil.
ix.
microstoma, H. C. Lea, " «'
nassula. Con., Tert. Foss.
pachypleura,Con., Jour. Acad. viii.
planulata. Lea, Cont. Geol.
procera. Con., Pro. Acad. i.
quinquefasciata, Lea, Cont. Geol.
sessilis. Con., Tert. Foss.
trigintanaria. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
venusta, H. C. Lea, Sil. Jour. xl.
SCOBINEHA.
S. Cffilata, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
Sehpula.
S. anguina, H. C. Lea, Trans. PhiL ix.
convoluta, H. C. Lea, " « "
granifera. Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
ornata, Lea, Cont. Geol.
squamulosa, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
SlGATlETUS.
S. arctatus,Con., Tert. Foss.
bilix. Con., Sil. Jour, xxiii.
canaliculatus,Sow. Nat. Inst. No. 2.
declivis. Con., Tert. Foss.
fragilis, Nat. Inst. No. 2.
Mississippiensis,Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
SiLiacAniA.
S. Claibornensis, Lea, Cont. GeoL
vitis, Con., Tert. Foss.
Solarium.
S. alveatum. Con., Tert. Foss.
amconum. Con., " "
antrosum. Con., " "
bilineatum. Lea, Cont. Geol.
canaliculatum. Lea, Nat. Inst. No. 2.
cancellatum, Con., Sil. Jour, xxiii.
elaboratum. Con., " <' "
elegans. Lea, Cont. Geol.
exacuum. Con., Tert. Foss.
funginum, Con., " "
granulatum. Lea, Cont. Geol.
Henrici, Lea, " "
106
[October,
S. nuperum, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
ornatum, Lea, Cont. Geol.
patulum, Lam., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
scrobiculatum, Con., Tert. Foss.
stalagmiunn. Con., " "
trilineatum. Con., Jour. Acad. viii.
triliiatum, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
SoLECURTUS.
S. Blainvilli, Lea, Cont. GeoL
Cariboeus, Linn.. Sil. Jour, xxviii.
SOLKN.
S. ensiformis. Con., Pro. Acad. i.
ensis, Linn., SiL Jour., xxxviii.
directus, Con., Pro. Acad. i.
magnodentatus, H. C. Lea, Trans.
Phil. ix.
SpU/EHELLA.
S. subvexa. Con., Med. Tert.
SPIIIOHBIS.
S. tubanella. Lea, Cont. Geol.
Stalarmium.
S. margaritaceum. Con., Tert. Foss.
Strigii-la.
S. carnaria, Turton, Sil. Jour, xxviii.
Tellika.
T. cequistriata, Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
alta. Con., Tert. Foss.
alternata, Say, Nat. Inst. No. 2.
arctata. Con., Pro. Acad. i.
biplicata, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
declivis, Con., " " "
egena, Con., " " "
lenis. Con., Pro. Acad. i.
lintea, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
lusoria. Con., Med. Tert.
papyria. Con., Tert. Foss.
pectorosa, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
plana. Con., Sil. Jour. i. N. S.
producta, Con., Med. Tert.
Ravenelli, Con., Sil. Jour. i. N. S.
scandula, Con., Jour. Acad. vu.
serica, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
Sillimani, Con., Sil. Jour. i. N. S.
sub3equalis,Con., Pro. Acad, m-
Vicksburgensis, Con., " " "
Terebra.
T. constricta, H. C. Lea, Sil. Jour. xl.
costata. Lea, Cont. Geol.
curvilirata, Con., Pro. Acad. 1.
dislocata. Con., Sil. Jour, xxiii.
divisura. Con., " " iii.
gracilis, Lea, Cont. Geol.
loxonema, Con., Nat. fnst. No. 2.
multiplicata,H. C.Lea, Sil. Jour. xl.
polygyra. Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
simplex, Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
lantula, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
venusta, Lea, Cont. Geol.
Tehebratvla.
T. canipes, Ravenel, Pro. Acad. ii.
lachryma, Morton, Jour. Acad. viii.
Teredo.
T. calamus, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
fistula, H. C. Lea, " " «
simplex. Lea, Cont. Geol.
Thracia.
T. transversa, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil,
ix.
Triq.uetra.
T. aequorea. Con., Sil. Jour. i.N. S.
rectilinearis. Con., " "
Triton.
T. abbreviatus, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
crassidens, Con., " " "
Mississippiensis, Con., " "
pyramidatus, H. C. Lea, Sil. Jour,
xl.
Trochus.
T. agglutinans, Auct., Sil. Jour. i. N. S.
aratus, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
armillus, H. C. Lea, " " "
bellus, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
conus, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
eboreus, Wagner, Jour. Acad. viii.
humilis, Con., " " vi.
labrosus, Con., " " vii.
lapidosus. Con., " " "
lens, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
Mitchelli, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
peralveatus, Con., " " viii.
philanthropus. Con., " vii.
pianulatus, H. C. Lea, Sil. Jour. xl.
Ruffinii,H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
reclusus. Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
torquatus, H. C . Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
Tuba.
T. alternata. Lea, Cont. Geol.
striata. Lea,
sulcata. Lea,
TuRBINELLA.
T. demissa. Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
fusoides, H. C. Lea, Sil. Jour. xl.
perexilis. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
praetenuis. Con., Tert. Foss.
prisca. Con., " "
protracta. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
pyruloides. Con., Tert. Foss.
Wilsoni, Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
Turbo.
T. biliratus. Con., Pro. Acad. iii.
caperatus. Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
glaber, H. C.Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
lineatus, Lea, Cont. Geol.
naticoides, Lea, " "
nitens. Lea, " "
parvus, H. C. Lea, Sil. Jour. xl.
rusticus, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
1848.]
TCIIUITKLLA.
T. alternata, Say, Sil. Jour, xxviii.
alticostata, Con. Jour. Acad. rii.
bipertita, Con., Pro. Acad. i.
carinata. Lea, Cont. Gcol.
carinata, H. C Lea, Si!. Jour. xl.
exaltata, Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
fluxionalis, Rogers, Trans. Phil, vi
gracilis, H. C. Lea, Sil. Jour. xl.
humerosa, Con., Trans. Geol.
indenta. Con., Jour. Acad. vui.
laqueala. Con., " " vi.
lineata. Lea, Cont. Cxcol. _
Mississippiensis,Con., Pro. Acad.ui
Mitchelli, Sil. Jour. xli.
monilifera, H. C. Lea, Sil. Jour.xl.
Mortoni, Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
obruta, Con., Tert. Foss.
octonaria. Con., Jour. Acad. vu.
perlaqueata. Con., " " viu.
plebeia,Say, " " ly-
quadristriata,Rogers, Trans. Phil. v.
terstriata, Rogers, " ".
variabilis, Con., Jour. Acad.vi.
Typhis.
T. acuticosta, Con., Sil. Jour, xxiii.
curvirostratus, Con., Pro. Acad. ui.
gracilis. Con., Sil. Jour, xxiii.
Venericahdia.
V. ascia, Rogers, Trans. Phil. vi.
Blandingi, Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
granulata, Say, " " iv-
parva, Lea, Cont. Geol.
planicosta, Lam., Jour. Acad. vi.
rotunda. Lea, Cont. Geol.
Sillimani, Lea, " "
transversa. Lea, " "
Venebcpis.
V. subvexa, Con., Sil. Jour, xxiii.
Venus.
V. alveata, Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
107
V. ascia, H. C. Lea, Trans. Phil. ix.
cancellata, Linn., Sil. Jour, xxviii.
capax, Con., Pro. Acad. i.
corlinaria, Rogers, Trans. Phil. vi.
cribraria. Con., Pro. Acad. i.
deformis. Say, Jour. Acad. iv.
Ducatelli, Con., Med. Tert.
Floridana, Con., Sil. Jour. ii.N.S.
inosceriformis, Wagner, Jour. Acad.
viii.
latilirata. Con., Pro. Acad. i.
latesulcata, Con., Med. Tert.
mercenaria, Linn., Sil. Jour. xli.
metastriata, " " i. N, S.
Mortoni, Con., Jour. Acad. vii.
paphia, (?) Lam., « " vi.
penita. Con., Sil. Jour. ii. N. S.
permagna. Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
Rileyi, Con., Med. Tert.
staminea, Con., Nat. Inst. No. 2.
tetrica. Con., " " "
tridacnoides. Con., Med. Tert.
Vehmetus,
V. lumbricalis. Lam., Sil. Jour, xxviii.
VOLUTA.
V. Carolinensis, Sil. Jour, xxxix.
Cooperi, Lea, Cont. Geol.
Defiancii, Lea, " '<
dubia, H. C. Lea, Sil. Jour. xl.
gracilis, Lea, Cont. Geol.
Lamberti, Sow., Jour. Acad. vi. .
Parkinsoni, Lea, Cont. Geol.
mutabilis, Con., Pro. Acad. i.
parva, Lea, Cont. Geol.
petrosa, Con., Tert Foss.
Sayana, Con., " "
solitaria, Con., Jour. Acad. vi.
striata, Lea, Cont. Geol.
Vanuxemi, Lea, " "
VoLVARIA.
V, galba, Con., Tert. Foss,
ELECTION OF CORRESPONDENTS.
J. P. Kirtland, M. D., Cleveland, Ohio.
Prof. J. Cobb, M.D., Louisville, Kentucky.
Prof. L. P. Yandell, M. D., do. do.
Beniamin E. Shumard, M. D. do. do.
Rio-ht Rev. George W. Doane, Burlington, N.J.
Edward Tuckerman, Esq., Cambridge, Mass.
M Fischer de Waldheim, Moscow.
16
1848.] 109
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM
In Skptkmber and October, 1848.
September 5th.
Saurian Vertebra, from a marl bed on the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal,
From Mr. D. M. Sanborn.
Fruit of Mammea Americana. From Mr. Wm. Butcher, through Mr. Cassin.
Large and fine specimen of Ammonites Delawarensis Morton, from Centreton,
New Jersey ; Exogyra costata, two Rostellaria, a series of Coprolites, Yellow
ochre, and Fossil wood, from New Jersey. Also two specimens of Gordius
Aquaticus, from Burlington, New Jersey. From Mr. L. J. Germain.
Portion of the jaw of Mosasaurus with two nearly perfect teeth, from Freehold,
New Jersey, and a fine specimen of Voluta imperialis and Natica fluctuatus.
From Burlington College, in exchange. ^
September VJth,
Hippocampus , from India, and a collection of Reptilia and LarvjB.
From Burlington College, in exchange.
Iron Geode, from President's Island, Mississippi. From Prof. Haldeman.
Tooth of Elephas primogenius, from Mississippi, and a collection of Fish and
Crustacea. From W. C. Bryan, Esq., of New York, through Prof. Haldeman.
October 3d.
Casts of teeth of Dorudon serratus, Gibbes, and of five species of Charcharodon.
From Dr. R. W. Gibbes, of Columbia, S. C.
Coluber eximius (young), and two specimens of Quartz. Presented by Dr.
Hallowell.
Two stuffed serpents, from New Jerusalem. Presented by Mr. H. E. Ashmead,
of Philadelphia.
Mounted specimen of Tenosaura acanthura, Scincus fasciatus, and a specimen
of Endymion regalis, from Tampico. Presented by Lieut. Haldeman, U. S. A.,
through Prof. Haldeman.
Three specimens of SphaeriaRoberti, growing from the head of the larva of Va-
nessa itea, from New Holland. Presented by Dr. T. B. Wilson.
Medallion cast of the head of John Gould, Esq., F. R. S., of London, the cele-
brated ornithologist. From the same.
Numerous fragments of fossil shells, from the drift hills of Brooklyn, N. Y.
Presented by William C. Redfield, Esq., of New York.
Crassatella Mississippiensis, and Ostrea Georgiana, from Vicksburg, Miss.
From Mr. J. D. Anderson, through Mr. Conrad.
Fine casts of Anoplotherium commune, (Cuv.) and Paloeotherium medium,
(Cuv.) From the Professors of the " Jardin des Plantes " of Paris, through Dr.
Leidy.
October 10th.
Mr. W. S. Vaux presented a crystal of Beryl, from Aworth, New Hampshire,
weighing 185 pounds, and measuring three feet three inches in circumference and
eighteen inches in length.
Specimen of polished Quartz. From Dr. Dawson, of Philadelphia.
A very fine collection of British Coleoptera, numbering between eight hundred
and nine hundred species, systematically arranged and labelled. Presented by
Mr. Edward Doubleday, of London.
A collection of Minerals, chiefly iron ores. Collected and presented by Mr.
George B. Allinson.
Several very fine specimens of Elba iron ore. Presented by Dr. Joseph Carson.
One hundred and nineteen mounted specimens of American birds. Presented
by Mr. Edward Harris.
110 [October.
October nth.
Cast of the metatarsal bone of the Dodo. From Mr. Edward Doubleday, of
Lomlon.
Mounted skeleton of Manura superba. From Dr. Wilson.
Living specimen of Crotalus durissus. From Dr. Grant, of Philadelphia.
Two specimens of Iron ore. From Dr. Leidy.
DONATIONS TO LIBRARY
In September and October, 1848.
September 5th, '
American Journal of Science and Arts. New Series. No. 7. From the Edi-
tors.
Literary Record and Journal of Linnean Association of Pennsylvania College.
Vol.4. No. 11. From the Association.
Loudon's Hortus Britannicus. 2d edition. From Mr. Kilvington.
Iconographie Ornithologique. Par O. Des Murs. Livs. 10 and 11. 4to. Pre-
sented by Mr. Edward Wilson.
The following were deposited by Dr. Wilson:
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Vol.2. 2d series. Nos. 6and7.
Forbes' and Hanley's British Mollusca. Parts 6 and 7.
Harvey's Phycologia Britannica. Parts 30 and 31.
Gosse's Illustrations of the Birds of Jamaica. Parts 3 and 4.
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. No. 14.
Comptes Rendus. Tome 25. Nos. 23, 24, 25.
Oken's Isis. No. 3, 184S.
Zoology of the voyage of the Samarang. No. 2. Crustacea, Part 1.
Doubleday's Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. Part 20.
Hussey's British Mycology. Parts 15 and 16.
Austin's Recent and Fossil Crinoidea. No. 7.
Reeve's Conchologia Iconica. Parts C3 and 64.
Gray's Genera of Birds. Part 44.
Journals of two expeditions of discovery in N. W. and W. Australia, in 1837,
'38, and '39. By George Gray, Esq. 2 vols. 8vo.
Three expeditions into the interior of Eastern Australia. By Major T. L.
Mitchell. 2 vols. 8vo.
A history of British Sponges and Lithophytes. By George Johnson, M.D. 8vo.
History of the Royal Society of Londan. By Thomas Sprat. 4to.
^dologie, ou traite du Rossignol Franc, ou Chanteur, &c. 12mo.
Travels to discover the source of the Nile, in the years 17C8-73. By James
Bruce of Kinnard, Esq. 5 vols. 4to.
Memoir of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles. By his Widow. 4to.
Dissertation on the Anti<iuity of the Earth. By the Rev. James Douglass. 4to.
Natural History of Aleppo. By Alexander Russell, M. D. 2d edition. Re-
vised by Patrick Russell, M. D. 2 vols. 4to.
MusaEum Regalis Societatis. (A Catalogue of the collections of the Royal So-
cienty, preserved at Gresharn.) By Nehemiah Green, M. D. Folio. 16S1.
Travels in the interior of Southern Africa. By William J. Burchell. 2 vols.
4to.
Nova Acta Physico-medica Academiae Caesarea; Leopoldinae Carolina; Naturae
Curiosorum. Tome X. Part 1. 4to.
Pallas' Spicilegia Zoologica. 2 vols. 4to.
Die Werke von Marcgrave und Piso iiber die Naturgeschichte Brasiliens, &c.
Von Herrn Lichtenstein. 4to. 4 Nos;
Ueber die weissen Robben. Von Hrn. Lichtenstein. 4to.
Prodromus dcr Islandischen Ornithologie, oder Geschichte der Vogel Islands.
Von Friedrich Faber. Svo.
Ueber das Leben der hochnordischen Viigel. Von Friedrich Faber. No. 1. Svo.
1848.] HI
Classification der Saugethiere und Vogel. Von J. J. Kaup. 8vo.
Beitraege ziir Naturgeschichte der Spechte. Von. K. Kessler in Kiew. 8vo.
A new system of Natural History. By George Henry Millar. Folio.
September 12th.
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Nos. 30 — 34, inclusive, and
Charter and By-laws of same, 1848. From the Society.
The Gardener's Dictionary, &c. By Philip Miller. Folio. From Mr. R.
Kilvington.
September 19th.
Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. Vol.4. No. 12. From
the Lyceum.
The following pamphlets were received from the author, M. Emile Blanchard,
of Paris :
Rapport sur un memoire de M. Blanchard, intitule, " Recherches sur P organi-
zation des Vers." Rapport sur un memoire de M. Blanchard, relatif a P orga-
nisation d' un parasite voisin des Sangsues. Observations sur P organisation d'
un type de la classe des Arachnides. Recherches sur le systeme nerveuse des
animaux sans vertebres. Memoire sur P organisation d' un animal appartement
au sous-embranchement des Anneles. Recherches faites pendant un voyage en
Sicile.
October 3d,
Statistics bf Coal. By Richard C. Taylor. Svo. From the Author.
Principles of Zoology. By Louis Agassiz and Augustus A. Gould. Svo.
From the Authors.
Descriptions of new species of BuUia and Marginella. By John H. Redfield.
From the Author.
On the distinctive characters of Cypnea reticulata, Martyn, and Cypra^a histrio,
of Meuschen. By John H. Redfield. From the Author.
Expedition Shells, described for the work of the United States Exploring Ex-
pedition. By Aug. A. Gould, M. D. From the Author.
Proceedings of Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. 2. pp. 33 — 48. From
the Society.
Memoir geographical, political, and commercial, &c., on Siberia, Mancharia,
and the Asiatic islands of the Northern people, &c. By Aaron H. Palmer.
From the Author.
Geographical Memoir on Upper California. By John C. Fremont. From the
Author.
Third Annual Report on the Geology of Vermont, 1847. By C. B. Adams.
From the Author.
Report of the Secretary of War accompanying a report and map of the exami-
na:ion of New Mexico. By Lieut. J. W. Abert. From the Author.
The following were deposited by Dr. Wilson :
Faune Frangaise, Plates. 4to. 3 vols.
" " Text. Svo. 3 vols.
Wood's Index Testaceologicus and Supplement. 1 vol. Svo.
Ferussac's Natural History of Mollusca, continued by Deshayes. 34 Livs.
Folio ; with Natural History of Aplysians, by Sander Rang.
Belanger's Voyage to the East Indies. 21 Livraisons. 4to.
Revue Zoologique. Nos. 3, 4, 5, for 1848.
Comptes Rendus. Tome 27. Nos. 1, 2, 3.
Gray's Genera of Birds. No. 45.
Doubleday's Genera of Lepidoptera. No. 21.
Hanley and Forbes' British Mollusca. No. 8.
Reeve's Conchologia Iconica. No. 65.
Harvey's Phycologia Britannica. No. 32.
Hussey's British Mycology. No. 17.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. No. 8.
Gosse's Illustrations of the Bird%of Jamaica. No. .').
Quarterly Journal of Geological Society of London. No. 15.
1 1*2 [October.
Couch's Cornish Fauna. Nos. 1, 2, 3.
Delaheche's Report on Cornwall, Devon, &c.
Bolton's Harmonia Ruralis. 1 vol. Small Folio.
Forster's Zoologica Indica. 1 vol. 4to.
Barbuts' Genera Vermium. Parts 1 and 2. 4to.
Walker's Testacea minuta rariora. 1 vol. 4to.
Fortpflanzungsgeschichte der gesammten Vogel, &c. Von V, A. L. Thieneman.
Leipzig, 1846. Nos. 1, 2,3.
October \Qth.
Directions for making anatomical preparations, &c. By Usher Parsons, M.D.,
8vo. Deposited by Dr. Griffith.
Turton's Manual of British Shells. 12mo. From the same.
Lead Pipe, its dangers ; a rejoinder to the reply of Prof. Horsford to the argu-
ment in the appendix to Tanquerel, By Samuel L. Dana. From the author.
Journal of the Linnean Association of Pennsylvania College. Vol.4. No. 12.
From the Association.
October 11th.
Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi valley. By E. H. Squier, and E. H.
Davis, M. D. (From the Smithsonian contributions to knowledge.) 4to. De-
posited by Dr. Wilson.
Comptes Rendus, Tome, 27. Nos. 4, 5, 6. From the same.
October 2itk.
The following pamphlets were piesented by Dr. Bennett Dowler, of New
Orleans :
Reseaiches on Meteorology. By Bennett Dowler, M. D., of New Orleans. A
question of originality settled ; by the same. Contributions to the Natural His-
tory of the Alligator; by the same. Experimental researches on the post-mortem
contractility of the muscles; by the same. Criticisms and controversies relating
to the nervous and muscular systems ; by the same. Review of Mr. Solly's book
on the Brain; by the same. Researches on Yellow Fever; by the same.
1848.] 115
J^ovcmbe?- 1th, 184S.
Vice President Mouton in the Chair.
Letters were read :
From Dr. Charles Nicholson, dated Sydney, New South Wales,
April 5th, iSiS, acknowledging the receipt of his notice of election
as a correspondent, and announcing that he had forwarded for the
Academy, collections of Shells, Insects, and other objects of natural
history of that country.
From Prof. Th. Lacordaire, of Liege, dated April, iS-iS, accom-
panying a copy of his recent work, " Monographic des Coleopteres
subpentameres de la famille des Phytophages," in two vols, 8vo., for
which he desired in exchange a copy of the Proceedings of the Acade-
my, which was accordingly ordered.
By permission of the Society, a report was read from the Committee
on JNIr. Pease's paper on the Geology and Natural History of Mexico,
recommending the same for publication in the September and Oc-
tober No. of the Proceedings, which was adopted.
JVovember I4th, 1848.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
Letters were read from Hugh E. Strickland, Esq., dated Oxford,
England, October 26, 1848, and from Edward Tuckerman, Esq., dated
Cambridge, Mass., November 10, 1848, severally acknowledging the
receipt of their notices of election as Correspondents.
Dr. Gambel called the attention of the Society to a fine collection of
Skins of Quadrupeds, collected by Dr. John K. Townsend during his
late tour to the Rocky Mountains, Sandwich Islands, &c., which the
latter offered to dispose of to the Academy. On motion the subject was
jtjferred to the Curators.
Dr. Morton exhibited an antique silver image from Peru, sent to
him by William A. Foster, Esq., of Lima, the head of which was
moulded into the remarkable conical form, characteristic of the crania
of the people of that country.
Dr. Alorton also stated that he had received information of the dis-
covery of the Megalosuurus in the cretaceous formations of New
Jersey.
JVovemher 21s/, 1848.
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.
A letter was read from Dr. Thomas Horsfield, dated Library of East
India Company, London, November 2, 1848, acknowledging the
receipt of a copy of the Journal of the Academy, and stating that the
PUOCEED. ACAD. NAT. SCI. OF rHILADELPniA. — VOL. IV. NO. VI. 17
J
116 [Decembeu,
casts of Sivalik Fossils lately presented by the Hon. E. I. Company to
the Academy, which had been mutilated in the transportation, would
be replaced by others, which were already in course of preparation.
A communication was read from the Secretary of the American
Philosophical Society, dated October 21, 18-i8, acknowledging the
receipt of No. 2, New Series, of the Journal of the Academy.
J^ovemher 28t/i, 184-8.
Mr. Vauxiu the Chair.
The Committee appointed to superintend the printing of the New
List of Members and Correspondents, reported that they had performed
that duty, and that copies were ready for distribution. The List com-
prises the names of 70 life members, 80 contributing do., 33 non-
contributing do., and 62 deceased do., total 245 ; and of Correspon-
dents, foreign 257, (42 deceased) and domestic 263, (45 deceased)
total 520. Total Members and Correspondents to Oct. 1, 1848—765.
The Committee to whom was referred Professor Johnson's letter in
reference to a memorial to Congress recommending the addition of one
or more Naturalists to the Astronomical expedition now being fitted out
for Chili, by order of the Government, i?e;;or/e(/, that they consider this
addition as of great importance, and would recommend the appoint-
ment of a Committee, with authority to take such steps in the matter
as may be necessary to ensure this result. Report adopted, and on
motion, the whole subject was referred to the same Committee, viz ;
Dr. Morton, Dr. Bridges, and Mr. Vaux.
December 5th, 1848.
Mr. Phillips in the Chair.
A letter was read from the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institute,
transmitting the first volume of their " Contributions to Knowledge,"
with a Circular describing the plan of organization of the Institution,
and a printed list of queries addressed to the Librarian of the Academy
in relation to the Library.
A letter was also read from the Imperial Society of Naturalists of
Moscow, dated August 17, 1848, accompanying several numbers of
the Bulletin of that Society.
Dr. Leidy offered the following observations on the development of
bone, the structure of articular cartilage, and on the relation of the
areolar tissue with muscle and tendon.
1. 071 the development of the Purkinjean corpuscle in lone. — Schwann, in his
«' Mikroskoplsche Untersuchuiigen," considers that the Purkinjean corpuscle of
bone is derived from the pre-existing cartilage cell, and that the canaliculi are
prolongations, or protrusions of the cell wall. Many later authors, among whom
are Gerber, and Todd and Bowman, express the opinion that it originates in the
nucleus of the temporary cartilage cell, and Tomes entertains the idea, that after
the formation of the osseous tubes, in the process of ossification, the latter are
1848.] 117
filleJ up by a deposite of osseous granules, and while this deposite is going on,
small cells are left, which are the rudimentary Purkinjean corpuscles, Henle
thinks them to be the cavities of cells, the thickened walls of which are pierced
by the canaliculi. Hassail confirms the view of Schwann, by stating "the
bone cells (Purkinjean corpu=cles,) are to be regarded as complete corpuscles,
the canaliculi of which are formed by the extension of the cell wall, which is
proved by watching the formation and development of bone."
The opinion of Schwann and Hassail I can fully corroborate from my own
observations upon an ossifying frontal bone, from a human embryo measuring
two inches from heel to vertex. Each lateral half of the bone is about 3^ lines
in diameter, and presents to the naked eye the appearance of a delicate and close
net-work, arising from the numerous areolae occupied by temporary cartilage.
The frontal and orbital plates, it is worthy of incidental remark, at this period,
are nearly on a plane with each other, or are connected together at a very obtuse
angle along a central, transverse, crescentic, raised line, the rudimentary
supra-orbitar ridge.
The mode of development of the Purkinjean corpuscle, as noticed upon the
upper or posterior border of the os frontis, is briefly as follows: After the
primitive ossific rete has been formed from the deposite of the osseous salts,
enclosing groups of cartilage cells in the areolae, the further deposite takes place
in a fibrous or line-like course from the parietes of the areohe of the primitive
osseous rete, in the interspaces of the cartilage cells nearest to, or in contact
with the sides of the areolrn. At this period the cells shoot out or extend their
canaliculi between the fibrill.e just formed, and then the cell-wall and continuous
walls of the canaliculi fuse with the translucent, homogeneous, or hyaline sub-
stance of the cartilage existing between the cells and the osseous fibrillas, and
with the fibrillfc themselves, by the deposite of the osseous salts. The period
of the formation of the canaliculi appears to be quite definite, occurring during
the deposite of the osseous salts, and not before. To such an extent is this the
case, that I noticed in several instances cells which had formed their canaliculi
upon the side which was ossified, while upon the other side F could not distin-
guish any trace of them.
During the whole time of the formation of the Purkinjean corpuscle, the
nucleus remains unchanged ; at least no change is perceptible in it beneath the
microscope, and by applying tincture of iodine to the preparation, which turns
the nucleus brown, I was able to detect it within the perfected Purkinjean cor-
puscle, not only corresponding to the nucleus of the remaining unossified cartilage
cells in granular structure, but also in its measurements. After the Purkinjean
corpuscle has been formed a short time, the nucleus dissolves away or disappears.
The newly formed Purkinjean corpuscle is about the same size as the remain-
ing unossified cartilage cells, as indicated in the list of measurements appended
to these notes.
Size of cell of temporary cartilage, from the unossified os frontis of a human
embryo, i of an inch: nucleus of do. __i of an inch ; nucleolus ^
•''l886_ 3 125 833T
of an inch; Purkinjean corpuscle _i of an inch; nucleus within the same
18 6 5
^ «__ of an inch.
7(7,3 0
2. On the intimale slruclure nf articular cartilage — .As is familiar to every
anatomist, articular cartilages always fracture in a direction perpendicular to
118 [December,
their surface, the biokenedge presenting a striated appearance in the same direc-
tion. This character the older anatomists ascribed to a fibrous or columnar
structure of the cartilage, like that of the enamel of the teeth, -while histologists
at the present day, consider it as dependent upon the vertical arrangement of the
rows of cartilage cells, although it has been suspected to depend upon some
ultimate arrangement of the matrix or intercellular substance not yet detected.
In some late observations upon the structure and development of articular carti-
lage, through means of an excellent microscope, made for me by Messrs. Powell
& Lcaland, of London, I have been enabled to discover a definite structure in
the intercellular substance. This consists of an arrangement of exceedingly
fine, transparent filaments, nearly uniform in thickness, and having an avera2<^
measurement of the -t- of an inch. An easy method of detecting this fila-
2 5 0 0 0 •' ^ '^
mentous structure, is to tear a fine fibre from the broken edge of an articular
cartilage which has been macerated in diluted muriatic acid, by means of a
fine pointed forceps, and exposing it in the ordinary way in water beneath
the microscope, using the quarter or eighth inch objective power. The
fine filaments, partly detached, will be seen in great numbers along the
sides of the fibre. When these filaments are viewed by very oblique light,
they appear to have an indistinct granular appearance, each composed of a single
row of granules, which of course, in the articular cartilage, adhere together with
greater tenacity in the direction of the length of the filaments than laterally.
When an articular cartilage is broken in a direction from the under to the free
surface, it is found that the fragments adhere by a membranous layer, cover-
ing the free surface of the cartilage, which, by the older anatomists, was
considered as the extension of the synovial membrane; by the anatomists of
our day, either as a homogenous layer, or as nothing more than a stratum of the
cartilage the rows of cells of which take a direction parallel with the surface,
or at right angles to those more deeply situated, and thus giving ri?e to this dis-
tinct laminated condition. That it is a cartilaginous layer is undoubtedly correct,
but instead of the rows of cells determining the arrangement, I find it depends
upon the filamentary structure of the matri.x, the filaments taking a course
parallel with the surface of the cartilage, in a direction at right angles to those
forming the matrix of the deeper part of the cartilage.
A straight fibre may be torn from the articular cartilage, and in the act of
tearing, should a row of cells be in the line of rupture, as is frequently the case,
(for although generally following the course of the filaments, yet a number are
oblique or even somewhat irregular,) it will be torn through, which in itself
would be suflicient to indicate that the fibrous arrangement of the cartilage did not
depend upon its rows of cells, and indeed they have but little or no influence in
this respect.
From the foregoing description of the structure of the intercellular sub-
stance of articular cartilage, it can be readily understood that it may deter-
mine the course of the rows of cells, which is really the case. In the earliest
period of the existence of the articular cartilage, the cartilage cells are
single, isolated, and equally diffused throughout a mass of hyaline substance,
which latter in the progress of development becomes indistinctly granular,
and then for the first time have I observed the appearance of the filamen-
tary structure. In the splitting up of the primary cartilage cell and deve-
lopment of others, they arrange themselves in the direction in which there is
least resistance, which would be of course in the direction of the filaments of the
184.S.] 119
intercellular matrix. Hence, in the deeper pait of Ihe articular cartilage, tlie
rows of cells aregeneraliy vertical to the surface, and parallel to the same in its
more superficial portion.
In some of the articular cartilages sonietimesthere are peculiarities of struc-
ture which I think have never been pointed out, and are worthy of notice.
In the articular cartilage of the condyles of the os femori«, I have occa-
sionally noticed numerous minute lacunn? ] found in greatest abundance near
the surface of attachment, and graihially decreasing in number until they entirely
disappear in the superficial third of the cartilage. They are elongated, compressetl,
and th^-ir long diameter is invariably situated transversely, at right angles to the
filamentous matrix, or parallel with the surface of the caitilase. The longest mea-
sure transverely i,_ of an inch, the shortest _i _ of an inch, in the vertical
1 2 ') 0 3 12 5
direction i of an inch. When well defined, they appear more transparent
than the cartilaginous matrix in which they are situated, when viewed a little
within the focus they appear deep black.
Fibres of bone are not unfrequently met with in the articular cartilages,
especially in that of the head of the os femoris. They are generally found near
the surface of attachment, but are not the continuation of the bony structure
upon which the cartilage is placed, for they are always arranged in a direction
parallel to the surface. They are compresseil cylindrical in form, and in trans-
verse section present an elliptical figure, tlie long diameter of which is placed at
right angles to the filaments of the cartilage matrix. They present a concen-
trically laminated and a radiated structure, resembling somewhat that of the
Haversian ossicle, but they neither present the canal nor the Purkinjean cor-
puscles.
The foregoing observations on articular cartilage will be more detailed and
illustrated by figures hereafter, in one of our medical journals.
3. On the arrangement nf iJic areolar sheath of muscular fasciculi and its rela-
tion to the tendon. — Well known is it that the fasciculi of fibres of the muscles
are surrounded by sheaths of areolar tissue, but the arrangement of the filaments
of fibrous tissue forming the sheaths, and their relation with the tendon, I think
has not been properly pointed out. From repeated observation, I have found that
the filaments of fibrous tissue cross each other diagonally around the muscular
fasciculi, forming a doubly spiral extensible sheath. None of the filaments run
in the direction of the length of the fasciculi, and but few are transverse. Many
of the filaments of a sheath form an interlacement in the same diagonal manner
with the filaments of the sheaths of neighbouring fasciculi. This arrangement
is readily distinguished, if several fasciculi be drawn slightly from each other
upon a plate of glass, and the intervening areolar tissue be viewed beneath the
microscope. When the filaments reach the rounded extremities of the fasciculi,
they become straight, and in this manner conjoin with the tendinous filaments
originating at the extremities of the muscular fibres. The importance of this
arrangement can be readily understood ; from the diagonally crossing course of
the areolar filaments, comparatively inelastic in themselves, the sheath is ren-
dered elastic, thus permitting the muscular fibres freely to move without their
action being interfered with, while at the point of attachment of the fasciculi,
where any elasticity would be worse than useless, from the fact that part of the
120 " [December,
muscular action would be lost in the mere extension of an elastic sibstance, we
find the filaments arrange themselves so as to become part of the inextensible
tendon.
December 12t/i, 18 IS.
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.
A letter was read from the Secretary of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences, dated Cambrido;e, Mass., December 7, 1S48, trans-
mitting Vol. 3, New Series, of its Memoirs.
Also a letter from Major Proby T. Cautley, dated Roorkhi, India,
June 23, ISiS, in relation to two boxes of fossils shipped by him in
1844 for the Academy.
Mr. Conrad presented a paper entitled, " Descriptions of two new
genera and three new species of recent Shells," &c., which was re-
ferred to Drs. Griffith, Wilson, and Leidy.
December 19///, 1848.
Mr. Phillips in the Chair.
A letter was read from Lieut. J. M. Gilliss, U. S. N., dated Washing-
ton, December 11, 1848, acknowledging the receipt of his notice of
election as a Correspondent.
Mr. Conrad read the descriptions of four new species of recent
Shells, as an addition to his paper presented at last meeting. Referred
to the same Committee.
Dr. Gambel presented a Catalogue of the family Columbidre con-
tained in the collection of the Academy, with remarks on the same ;
which was referred to a Committee, consisting of Mr. Cassin, Dr.
Wilson, and Dr. Townsend.
Mr. Cassin read a paper entitled " Descriptions of new species of
Owl," in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia. Referred to Drs. Wilson, Gambel, and Townsend.
Dr. Gambel read a paper entitled " Contributions to American
Ornithology,'' which was referred to Mr. Cassin, Dr. Townsend, and
Dr. Heerman.
Dr. Hallowell read the description of a new Salamander, from Cali-
fornia. Referred to Dr. Leidy, Dr. Gambel, and Dr. Bridges.
On motion it was unanimously J?eso/i?eJ, That the Publication Com-
mittee be authorized to present to Dr. William Blanding, a copy of
Parts 1 and 2, New Series, of the Journal of the Academy.
December 26t/i, 1848.
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.
The Committee to whom was referred Mr. Conrad's descriptions of
new Shells, read 12th and 19th insts,, reported in favour of publication
entire in Part 3, New Series of the Journal, and the following abstract
in the Proceedings.
1848.J 121
Descriptions of two new Gtiiera andnew sjjtcies vf recent Shel/d-, <.\c.
By T. A. Conrad.
PARAPHOLiS, C07l.
Shell pholas-like ; accessory valves two, nearly similar in form, elongated ;
one extending from the umbo to the posterior extremity; the other united to the
base; hinge plate thick; adductor muscular impressions greatly elongated,
Pholas califor.sica, Con. Journ. Acad. Nat.Sc. vol. 7, p. ~3G pi. 15, fig. 35.
Ckypto.iiya.
Shell bivalve, closed or very slightly gaping posteriorly ; hinge similar to that
of Mya; pallial impression without a sinus, forming a right angle posteriorly.
Sph.enia californica, Con. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc, vol. 7, p. 234, pi. 17,
fig. 11.
Lyonsia Jioridana.
OsTEODESMA HYALiNA? CoTi. Procced. Acad. Nat. fee. Vol. 3, p. 24, pi. 1,
fig. 7.
Leguminaria Jioridana.
SoLEcrjRTHS FRAGiLis, var. Con. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc, Vol. 3, p. 24, pi.
1, fig. 10.
[Plecfolithes, Con.
PjJECTOSi YLCS HlLDRETIIlI, CoU. Vol. 8, p. 275, pi. 17, fig. 2.
Triton nobilis.
Body whorl dilated, humped on the upper part, about which three of the ribs
are prominent, rounded; the lower one broadest. Length 11 inches. Width
5J inch. (West Indies.)
Teiton variegatcs. Reeve. Conch. Icon. pi. 1, fig. 3a.
PsAMMOiiiA CALIFORNICA, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sc, Vol. 7, Pi. 19, Fig. 3.
The Committee ou Mr. Cassia's descriptions of new Owls, reported
in favour of publication.
Descriptions of Owls, presumed to be undescrihed, specimens of which are in the
collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of rhiladelphicu
By John Cassin.
Efhialtes sagittatus, nobis. Adult 1 Entire plumage above rufous brown,
inclining to chesnut ; plumage of the head with small pale spots encircled with
black, bordering the shafts of the feathers, and near the tips assuming a hastate
or sagittate form.
Plumage of the back with every feather having about three to five spots of the
same description, the arrow-headed shape and black border distinct and well
defined, some of the spots nearly white ; every feather also witii very fine trans-
verse lines, and minutely dotted or freckled with black.
122 [DecembkR}
Wing coverts with pale, nearly white, sagittate spots encircled with black. In-
ternal coveits of the wings pale fawn yellow, more or less spotted with black,
and with their tips broadly terminated with black, which forms a conspicuous
bar on the inferior surface of the wing. Outer edge of scapulars nearly white
with black spots. External webs of primaries with alternate bands of pale and
darker rufous brown ; internal webs much darker, with nearly black bands alter-
nating with others slightly paler, which (the paler) are mottled with black
towards the extremities of the quills. Exposed ends of the secondaries rufous
brown, with large pale spots on the shafts, approaching the sagittate form, with
their black borders extending into transverse narrow bands. First primary
shortest, fifth and sixth longest.
Feathers encircling the eyes, anil the long bristle like feathers at the base of
the bill dark chestnut brown, the latter freckled with black ; between the eye
and the cavity of the ear whitish, with transverse lines, and broadly tipped with
deep rufous brown. Feathers of the ruff white at their bases, with narrow trans-
verse lines of deep rufous, but ])resenting a broad subterminal band of i)ure
white, every feather terminated with a semicircular or lunular band of bright
rufous brown.
Front and superciliary region wdiite, the feathers of the former with their
shafts and with some minute marks of very dark brown, superciliary feathers
with well defined tips of nearly black. Shorter (or anterior) feathers of the
ear-like tufts white, with miiiute transverse lines and freckles of rufous brown,
longer feathers of the tufts brown on their external and white on their internal
webs, transversely lined and tipped with darker brown.
General colour of the under surface of the body very pale rufous and sordid
yellowish white, on the breast with every feather having about five to seven
very narrow transverse bands more or less distinctly defined, of blackish blown,
and minutely and irregularly dotted with the same colour. Abdominal region
with the bands less numerous, and many of the feathers having several irregularly
shaped, though rather rounded and sagittate spots of nearly black.
Tarsi covered to the toes with pale rulbus whitish feathers. Toes naked.
Tail same rufous brown as the back, with alternate bands of darker and paler
shades, in some instances the paler band on the external opposite to the darker
band on the internal web.
Bill and feet yellow, claws long and slender.
Total length of skin, about 10 inches, wing 7, tail 44 inches.
A^'ery young. Upper surface of the head and body pale yellowish and sordid
rufous, every feather with several narrow transverse dark lines. Breast and
belly darker, with the spots more distinctly rounded and occupying the whole
breast and inferior surface.
Wings and tail more fully developed than the other plumage.
Ilah. India 1
One specimen of this species, without label, belongs to the Rivoli collection;
another, which is that of a young bird, labelled Malacca, has been received from
Mr. Edward Wilson, who obtained it in Paris. I am acquainted with no species
of Eph'uilles with which this can readily be confounded, and, in fact, it looks
more like Dr. Horsfield's plate of IStrix ll'lwdilus\ badius, than any other which
iStS.] 123
I have met with, and is about the same size, (as the figure,) while in general
appearance, particularly in the colouring of the breast and belly, it bears some
resemblance to Sfrix (^Lophns'rix) crislata, Daud, (^griscafu, Lath.) It is, how-
ever, a true Ephiulfes, though an aberrant species. The sagittate spots dis-
tinguish it, and as far as I know are peculiar.
Ei'HiALTES W'atsonii, nobis. Summit of the head black, with a few very
minute pale spots, more numerous on the front and eyebrows. Shorter feathers
of the ear tufts black, others black also, but with their inner webs spotted or
mottled with white. A semicircle above the eye extending to the ear tufts,
black; rigid feathers at the base of the bill black, with pale grayish termina-
tions ; feathers immediately below the eye gray, mottled and broadly tipped with
black.
Discal feathers grayish white, many of them speckled, and all tipped with
black, presenting a white and black semicollar or ruff on each side of the neck.
Plumage of the throat with fine alternate bars of black and nearly white.
Neck above W'ith a well defined collar, the feathers composing which are
strongly fulvous, terminated with white and speckled with black.
Back, rump, tail, and wing coverts mottled and freckled with grayish white
upon a black ground, many of the feathers having about three to five very
irregular transverse bands of whitish ; on the wing coverts and back some of the
pale marks are almost circular with black centres, others are of irregular form
also enclosing centres of black.
External webs of the primaries black, with subcjuadrate nearly white bars,
nearly all of which have black centres, assuming, also, a more or less well de-
fined square form. Internal webs of primaries with alternate bands of different
shades of black.
Breast and entire inferior parts pale fulvous, every feather conspicuously
marked on the shaft longitudinally with black, and with very irregular transverse
bands and irregularly mottled with black ; the black markings most numerous
and most irregular on the breast. Many of the feathers on the breast with very
pale nearly white spots, having somewhat the appearance of being distributed
in pairs.
'I'ail black, with about seven or eight narrow irregular grayish bands, many of
which have central lines of black.
Tarsi feathered to the toes, pale fulvous white, mottled with black.
Bill horn colour at the base, whitish at the tip.
Total length (of skin) about 9j| inches, wing 7, tail 3^ inches.
Younger ? Plumage above paler, with small spots and minute freckles of
grayish white, scarcely assuming the appearance of bands.
Breast with the dark markings predominating, and tending to form a broad
pectoral band ; lower parts of the body bright fulvous, with black marks.
Hub. South America.
This species bears some resemblance to EpJiialtcs atricapillu, (\att.) Temm.
pi. col. 145, but is much larger, and has only one nuchal collar. The general
colour above is also much darker; the fulvous colouring of the inferior surface
of the body is also a striking difference.
18
124 [December
One specimen of this species in the Rivoli collection is labelled " Orenoque,"
and another in the collection of the Academy is probably from South America.
I have named this bird in honor of Gavin Watson, M. D., of this city, a
gentlemen of extensive knowledge of natural history, much attached to the study
of the American Raptores, and an especial admirer of the Owls.
Syrnium albo-gularis, nobis. Entire plumage above deep umber brown,
every feather more or less finely vermiculated and minutely spotted with black ;
on the head also transversely lined and spotted with pure white, especially in
the region of the occiput, where upon some feathers, the white spots are disposed
regularly in pairs, upon the opposite webs.
Feathers of the back and rump having also three or four irregular transverse
lines, and irregularly spotted with pale brownish nearly white. Scapulars
broadly barred and edged with white.
Lesser wing coverts with irregular lines of pale brownish, and with large
white marks on their external webs. Primaries with their external webs nearly
black, with about eight to twelve square spots or bands of fulvous. Internal
webs of primaries plain black or with obscure bands.
Eyebrow white ; a large semicircular segment of white covering the jaws
and throat, interrupted at the base of the under mandible by a few brownish
feathers ; many of those white feathers conspicuously tipped with black, forming
a well defined semicircular discal collar, or ruff.
Breast with a broad band of same umber brown as the back, every feather
irregularly lined and minutely spotted with black, many of the feathers also with
subrounded spots of pure white, occasionally disposed in pairs.
Abdomen, flanks, and under tail coverts fulvous, every feather marked longitu-
dinally with black, and about one to three transverse marks of the same colour,
assuming a partially lyrate form ; these marks less distinct on the flanks.
Tail umber brown, with about eight to ten irregular pale brownish white
bars; under surface paler.
Plumage of the tarsi reaching nearly to the toes, pale reddish fulvous ; tibial
plumage darker, inclining to ferruginous; toes naked.
Bill yellow.
Total length about 9^ inches, wing 8, tail 4| inches.
Hab. South America.
Two specimens of this bird in the Rivoli collection are without label, a third
obtained in Paris by Mr. Edward Wilson is labelled " South America.''
I am acquainted with no species which in any considerable degree resembles
the bird now described, nor have I met with a description applicable to it.
Syrnium virgaium, nobis. Plumage of the entire upper surface dark umber
brown, every feather having about three to five irregular transverse narrow
bands of sordid yellowish white, most numerous and distinct on the head and
rump. Upper tail coverts banded with pure white.
Scapulars obliquely banded on their outer webs with fulvous, on their inner
webs more or less regularly banded with yellowish white. Wing coverts with
broader bands and also mottled and pointed at their tips with whitish.
Primaries very dark brown, nearly black, external webs with about seven
1848.] 125
square spots of gra}'ish white, some of which enclose central spots of dark
brown, and all more or less dotted and mottled with the same colour. These
square spots less regular on the first and second primaries ; all the primaries
with broad pale tips. Internal webs with regular bands of dark and paler
brownish black.
General colour of the face same as the head and back, superciliary plumage
and discal circle nearly white, more or less spotted and lined with deep brown.
Breast deep umber brown tinged with fulvous, every feather having about
three very irregular transverse bands, which are broader and paler than those of
the back, though of the same character, on the lower part of the breast these
bands are nearly white.
Abdomen pule fulvous, every feather with a longitudinal stripe of black, and
with one or two transverse irregular bands at the tip of the same colour, ventral
region and under tail coverts pale fulvous nearly white, with a trace of blackish
spots.
Tarsi dark fulvous, mottled with brown ; feathered to the toes.
Tail black, tipped with white, and having about five bands, which are brownish
on the outer and white on the inner webs.
Bill horn colour at the base, pale yellow at the tip, toes quite naked.
Total length about 14 inches, wing 10|, tail 6 inches.
Younger or different sex 1 Pale bands on the superior surface of the body
broader, those on the wing coverts, primaries and s.econdaries, enclosing toler-
ably regular bands of black. Scapulars with their outer webs fulvous and pure
white.
Spots on the outer webs of the primaries, and bands on the tail nearly white,
secondaries broadly tipped with white, each terminal spot enclosing a segment of
dark brown.
Entire inferior surface of the body fulvous, feathers having longitudinal stripes
only of dark brown ; under tail coverts nearly pure white.
Younger 1 Bands on the back and rump almost obsolete, having the appear-
ance of spots only. Scapulars and some of the; wing coverts broadly edged with
pure white.
Entire under surface of the body nearly white, with but a tinge of fulvous, the
feathers having longitudinal bands only of deep brown. Under tail coverts and
tarsi nearly white.
Total length about 14 inches, wing 9j^,_,tail 6 inches.
Hub. South America.
This is a bird of which I have frequently seen specimens, and am surprised
that I have not succeeded in finding a description of it. I am acquainted with no
species intimately resembling it.
126 [Decembkr
The Committee on the following paper by Dr. Hallowell, reported
in favour of publication.
Description of a new species of Salamander from Upper California.
By Edwaru Hallowell, M. D.
Salamandra lugtibris.
Sp. CAar.— Head large, eyes very prominent, tail rather longer than the body,
which is cylindrical. Head, tail, extremities, and the rest of the animal dark
olive above, lighter beneath; an indistinct irregular row of yellowish spots on
each side. Several small spots of the same colour upon the neck and upper part
of the tail, and posterior extremities.
Description. — Head large, swollen at the temples, depressed in front ; snout
obtuse and somewhat rounded ; eyes large, latero-superior; nostrils latero-anterior,
small and distant ; the palate is provided with two transverse rows of teeth,
(situated immediately behind the posterior nares,^ vi'hich are incurvated internally,
and meet posteriorly. There is also a longitudinal row of teeth, separated from
those described by an interval of half a line ; tongue long and spatuiate, very free
at its edges, attached by a pedicle at its anterior extremity ; neck somewh;it
contracted, without a gnlar fold; body and extremities slender, the posterior larger
than the anterior; tail compressed, cylindrical, tapering to a point.
Colour. (From a specimen iti spirits in the Museum of the Academy.) — The
animal above is of an uniform dark olive colour ; an irregular row of small yellow-
ish spots are observed upon the sides of the body near the dorsum ; several are
also seen upon the neck, the upper part of the tail, and also the posterior extre-
mities in the specimen examined. The under part of the animal is light olive.
Dimensions. — Length of head 6^ lines; greatest breadth 6 lines; length of
neck and body to vent 1 inch il lines; length of tail 2 inches 1 line; total
length 4 inches 7 lines.
Habitat. — Monterey, Upper California. It is said to be abundant in that region.
The Committee on Dr. Gambel's paper, entitled " Contributions to
American Ornithology," reported in favour of publication.
Contributions to American Ornithology.
By William Gamcel, M. D.
RosTRHAMT.'s sociabilis, (Vieill.) D'Orb.
Herpetothcres sociabilis, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., vol. 18, p. 318.
F. hamatus, Hliger. Temm. PI. Col. CI, et 231.
Cymindis hamatus, Auc.
The first discovery of this curious and interesting falcon, within the limits of
our fauna, is due to the ornithological zeal of Edward Harris, Esq., of Nevv
Jersey, who exhibited to the Academy a specimen obtained by himself on the
Miami river of Florida, in May 1844, which, together with many new and rare
birds obtained during his travels with Audubon on the Upper Missouri, he has
1848.] 127
since generously added to our rich collections. My friend Dr. A. L. Herrnnan
has given me one of four specimens obtained in a recent trip to Florida, with
the following memorandum. "On Saturday. May 6th, while fishing in the ever-
glades near the source of the Miami river, I shot four of these birds, of which
two were females and the others young; the latter showing by their plumage
that they had been bred in the country. On dissecting them, I found their
stomachs filled with a species of snail, which lives on the rank grasses of the
everglades. They seemed unaware of danger, and were sailing together in the
manner of the Mississippi Kite. I also saw on the 8th of May, seven of these
birds in the air over Col. English's plantation, who informed me that it was by
no means a rare bird in that part of the country."
All the specimens are in immature plumage, and vary considerably. They
are above dark brown, beneath dull white, much blotched with brown : the
shoulders, and under wing coverts particularly, strongly tinged with ferruginous.
The front and throat are sometimes nearly pure white, but generally tinged with
ferruginous and streaked with brown.
The plumage of the adult, is of a nearly uniform blackish brown, with the tail
at its base, and upper and under coverts, pure white.
ViREO ALTiLOQucs, (Vicill.) Gray.
MuHcicupa ultUoqua, Vieill. Ois. d'Amer. Sept. vol. 1, p. 67, pi. 38; Ed-
wards' Nat. Hist. Eds. pi. 2.53 ; Vireo longirostris. Swains ; Faun. Bor. Amer.
Bds. p. 237 ; Nutt. Man, Orn. vol. 2, p. 278 ; V. ulivaceus, Gosse, Bds. of
Jamaica.
Though long since suspected by Nuttall as occasionally straying into the
forests of the Southern States, this species has only recently been actually de.
tected by Dr. Herrman in the peninsula of Florida. He found it rather common
about Charlotte Harbour and procured several specimens. In their search for
food he observed them clinging to the branches with the back downwards, and
found their stomachs filled with coleopterous insects and flies.
Egretta PEAI.EI, (Bonap.) Gamb.
Ardea Ftcilci, Bonap. Amer. Orn. vol. 4, pi. 90 ; Nutt. Man. Orn. vol. 2, p.
49; A. rufescens, young, Aud. Bonap. Gray.
Peale's Egret has, I am satisfied, been too hastily considered as the young of
the Reddish Egret, strange to say, even by Bonaparte himself,* who, in the
article upon that bird in the continuation of Amer. Orn., has so well examined
the family to which it belongs, and particularly states, that they do not acquire
their full plumage uniil the third year ; young birds being always destitute of the
peculiar ornamental plumes. Now the well known fact that the Herons when
young do not have the elongated feathers of the adult, is priina facta evidence
that E. Pcu/ei cannot be the young of E. ri/fiscc7is, when it is ornamented with
plumes quite as long and full, and neither in bill or any other part, shows the
slightest trace of immaturity. But to Dr. Herrman we are indebted for the means
of settling the question beyond dispute.
* Comparative List of the Birds of Europe and North America.
128 [December,
He found them breeding in great numbers at Charlotte harbour, in Florida,
and visited the breeding place three successive times, to assure himself that the
young birds are not white, but coloured lil<e the adults, only of a duller hue, and
without plumes ; as he was also informed by his host. He did not see a single
white specimen among hundreds of young birds, and has presented to the Aca-
demy the true young of E. rufescens.
This specimen which is just fully fledged, with a few woolly feathers yet re-
maining about the head, is developing the colours of the adult jufescens, without
a single white feather. But what is most convincing, is, that the bill is entirely
dusky, with a mere indication that its base will become pale.
Peale's Egret is a smaller bird and less in its proportions every way. The
young also is pure white like the adult, but wants the elongated plumes, and has
the bill entirely dusky, the basal portion gradually assuming its pale colour,
as is seen in a specimen brought by Dr. Hermann.
Sterna frenata, Gamb.
S, argentea, Nutt. Man. Orn. vol. 2, p 280 ; Bonap. Comp. list of Eds. of
Eur. and Amer.; Gray's Gen. Eds.; non De Wied.; S, minuta, Wilson, And.
pi. 319.
Nuttali was the first to observe differences between the little Terns of Europe and
those of America, and supposed ours to be the same with theA cr^en^ea of Brazil,
described by the Prince de Wied. Having specimens however of that species
in the collections of the Academy, I find it very distinct from either, and readily
distinguished by its very much larger thicker bill, longer, differently coloured
wings, shorter tail, &c.
Like all the closely allied species of Europe and North America, which differ
not so much in colour as in form and proportion, the little Terns of the two con-
tinents resemble each other so closely, that it is difficult to determine specific
characters. But as those species which inhabit a wide rani^e in either country,
and not confined to the northern regions, are nearly always found distinct, so the
little Terns, extending as they do to the tropics, and not having been as yet found
in the arctic regions, should also, according to the laws of geographical distribu-
tion, be different.
Some of the distinctions drawn by Nuttali I think will be found dependant on
age. The bill in specimens which I have compared of the American is shorter
and smaller in its measurements every way, the wings and tarsi are also shorter,
and the outer tail feathers more acuminate than in the European, but still 1 should
have hesitated to give it anew name, had it not been considered different by se-
veral ornithologists and erroneously referred to S. argentea o(. Tie Wied.
Sterna regia, Gamb.
S. cayana, Aud. pi. 273, Orn. Biog., vol. 3. pi. ^05; Bonap.; Giraud, Bds.
Long Island p. 355 ; S. cayana, Lath. ?; >S. erythrurhynchos De Wied, Bey. Zur
Natur. Brazil. ]
Adult male. — Length, 19 inches : extent of wings, 3 ft. 9 in. : Length of wing,
15 in. : outer tail feathers, 7^ in. : tarsus, 1 inch and 2-lOths, black : bill bright
red, along the ridge, 2.| in. : from corner of the mouth, 3^ in. : from symphysis to
point, beneath, 1 inch: depth at commencement of feathers, 7-IOths inch.
1848.] 129
This noble species so abundant on our southern coast, has for a long time been
considered the S. cayana of Latham, notwithstanding its disparity with his de-
scription both in size and colouration. It seems to me that the Cayenne Tern
must have been founded upon the immature plumage of one of the yellow-billed
species of the Brazilian coast, since described by Lichtenstein, probably the
S. magnirostris.
Young birds of our species would agree pretty well with the erythrorhyncha
of Brazil, described by the Prince De Wied, as they are somewhat smaller and less
proportioned, yet we hesitate to give it that name, until its identity can posi-
tively be proved, particularly as the Terns of that coast are peculiar.
The representative of the regia in the old world, is the S. velox of Riippell,
though quite distinct.
Sterna elegans, Gamb.
Adult male With the general plumage of S. regla ,• length, 17 in. : of wing,
12 gin. : of outer tail feathers, 6 and 8-lOths in. : tarsus, 1 and 1-lOth in. : middle
toe and nail, 1 and2^-10ths in.: bill bright red, along the ridge 2 and 6-lOth in. :
from corner of mouth, 3 and 3-lOths in. : from symphysis to point beneath, ]^
in. : depth at commencement of feathers, 5-lOths in.
This elegant species differs from the former not only in proportions, but in
the delicate hue of the under parts, which are of a satiny cream colour when
living, but faded very much in the dried specimen.
The bill is of the same colour as in the regia, and as long, but much more slender;
the prominent angle beneath half an inch farther from the point, and the depth at
base two tenths of an inch less. Wings two and a half inches shorter, but of the
same colour in every respect. Legs pure black, the tarsus nearly as long as in
the former, but the toes much shorter. Tail long, pure white and deeply forked,
whole top of head from the bill, pure black, extending into an ample flowing
crest as in the former species.
The representative of this species in the old world is the S, affinis, Riippell, but it
differs from that species in nearly the same respects as S, regia does from S. velox.
I procured this species on the Pacific coast of Mexico, particularly at Mazatlan
at the mouth of the Gulf of California. It is exceedingly delicate in its plumage,
and graceful in its mode of flight. I found them congregated in numbers on the
sandy shoals of the Bay in the month of April, uttering as they flew a grating
Kingfisher-like note.
The Report of the Corresponding Secretary for November and De-
cember was read and adopted.
The Annual Report of the Recording Secretary was read and
adopted.
The Annual Report of the Treasurer was read and referred to the
Auditors.
The Librarian read the following report, which was ordered to be
published.
130
[December,
REPORT
OF THE LIBRARIAN
For 1848.
The Librarian respectfully presents the following statement for the present
year.
The total additions to the Library, of all descriptions, since the 1st of January,
1848, amount to 1349. 'J'he subjoined table exhibits the various subjects em-
braced in this number, with the proportion of volumes, periodicals and serials,
and pamphlets in each subject.
General Natural History and
Mammalogy, . • . .
Botany,
Conchology,
Geology, ......
Helminthology, ....
Ornithology,
Herpetology,
Ichthyology,
Entomology,
Mineralogy,
Anatomy and Physiology, .
Phys. Science and Chemistry.
Medicine,
Transactions of Societies, An-
nals, Journals, Proceedings
of Societies, &c., . . .
Biography,
History,
Antiquities,
Voyages and Travels, . .
Geography,
Bibliography,
Education,
Reports,
Maps,
Miscellaneous, ....
VOLUMES.
J^
Periodicals
Folio.
4to.
Svo.
l2mo.
Total
Vols.
and Serials
in Parts,
N'os., &c.
Pamph-
lets.
Total.
9
31
93
21
154
91
40
285
4
5
3S
5
52
57
12
121
4
30
35
13
82
133
9
224
4
o
2
28
1
3G
2
IS
16
70
2
9
7
23
9
4S'
36
G
90
1
1
2:
3
5
o
1
3,
2
4
9
3
4
10
S
31
20
6
57
1
1'
2
3
2
7
20
29
1
16
46
3
12
15
7
22
1
1
2
i
4
6
41
13
1
1
54
101
155
2
2
4!
4
1
1
2i
2
5
1
6
1
7
21
27
59
2
109
8G
195
1
2
10
1
3
10
4
10
7
10
1
10
o
6
6
9
15
Total,
1349
The whole have been derived from the following sources: from authors 79 ;
from editors 24 ; from menibers, correspondents, and others 70 ; from Societies
72; from Dr. Wilson, on deposit, 1029 ; from Dr. R. E. Griffith, on deposit, 72.
Three Charts of the United States coast Survey were received from the Trea-
sury Department, through Prof A. D. Bache.
The aggregate additions to the Library in 1847, as stated in the report of that
year, amounted to 1072, the greatest numbe'r in any single year since 1835,
when Mr. Maclure's donations were received. The additions of the present
year exceed those of 1847 by 277.
1848.] 131
'I'he deposits by Dr. Wilson in 1847 were remarkable for their numbei and
value. In their selection also, andiin their adaptation to the wants of the Society,
which it has always been his chief desire and pleasure to consult, the excellent
judgment characteristic of that gentleman was abundantly shown. The obliga-
tions then incurred were sufficiently great, but the statement just presented,
exhibits a total of additions derived from him this year nearly double that of the
last.
The entire number of volumes, periodicals and serials in parts or numbers, and
pamphlets, which Dr. Wilson has deposited to the present date, is as follows ;
Volumes, Folios 96, Quartos 212, Octs. 293, Duod. 57, total 858
Periodicals and Serials
'' 428, " 407, " 145, " 17, " 997
in pfirts, nos., &c. '^
Pamphlets, .... « 8, « 35, " 43
Total 1898
To our fellow member. Dr. Robert E. Griffith, belongs the credit of being the
next largest contributor to the Library during the present year, as he was also
in 1847. Nearly 250 works have been added by Dr. Griffith within the last two
years ; many of them highly valuable for their antiquity and rarity.
Among the contributions this year, is a fine copy of Vyse's celebrated and
splendid work on the Pyramids of Egypt, in elephant folio, for which the Society
is indebted to Dr. Samuel George Morton. To the same gentleman, it is also
under great obligations for a donation of the first five volumes of the Asiatic
Researches. The Academy's series of that important and frequently consulted
work is now nearly complete, one volume only being wanting. The Academy
had also the singular good fortune to obtain, at the same period, another set of
the same volumes, from its venerable President Mr. William Hembel.
Through the liberality of the late Mrs. Elizabeth Stott, of Philadelphia, the
Library has been enriched the present year by the addition of Wallich's elegant
work, PlantfE Asiaticte Rariores, in three large folio volumes.
To the different scientific Societies, American and foreign, with which the
Academy is in correspondence, its acknowledgements are due for their usual
courtesy and attention, in furnishing their transactions and other publications ;
especially to the Zoological and Linnean Societies of London, the British Asso-
ciation, the Geneva Society, the Asiatic Society of Bengal, the Royal Agricul-
tural Society of Lyons, the Royal Bavarian Society, the Imperial Society of Natu-
ralists of Moscow, the Imperial Mineralogical Society of St. Petersburg, the
American Philosophical Society, the New York Lyceum, the Boston Society of
Natural History, and the American Academy.
From numerous distinguished correspondents, authors, &c,, and from editors
of scientific journals, at home and abroad, the Academy continues to receive their
valuable publications, regarding them as evidences of the general interest ftlt in
its success, and of their desire to promote its objects and usefulness.
The rapid accumulations from all these sources during the last few years,
have now nearly occupied the available space in the present apartment, which, at
the time of the removal of the Library into it from the Hall, less than two years
ago, was considered ample enough for any ordinary rate of increase for a consid-
erable period. If, therefore, the Society should be so fortunate as to continue to
19
^^■^ [December,
enjoy even a moderate share of that liberality which latterly has been so lavishly
bestowed upon the Library, it will become necessary during the ensuing year to
decide upon some plan for furnishing additional accommodations for the Books
in the adjoining rooms.
A new printed catalogue of the Library, or an appendix to the last will soon
be required. The present catalogue was published in the year 1837, and em-
braced, according to the report of the Committee appointed to prepare it, 6890
volumes, besides 435 Maps and Charts. The Library has rapidly increased since
that date, and at the present time cannot contain less than 10,000 volumes, nraps,
charts, &c. An accurate enumeration will, however, be made of the wor-ks
contained in each department, and the result submitted in the next annual
report.
Rich as are the collections of works in the Library, on Natural History, Voy-
ages and Travels, History, Biography, Antiquities and the Fine Arts, &c., and
liberal as have been the recent additions of Dr. Wilson, we are still greatly defi-
cient in the transactions of foreign learned societies. In this Institution these
publications are of indispensable importance for successfully conducting
investigations in the different branches of science. From the gratifying testi-
monials which the Academy continually receives of the estimation in which it is
held by distinguished societies abroad, we are encouraged to believe, that a more
extended correspondence, and offer of interchange of publications with these
bodies, would be followed by the desired result, and the deficiencies promptly
supplied.
The design stated in the last annual report of furnishing to the Society a list
of miscellaneous works, which it is proposed to reject from the Library, has been
unavoidably deferred until next year. The propriety of this measure is generally
admitted by the members, the space which these books now occupy being greatly
needed for the accommodation of others of more utility.
There are also duplicates of many natural history works of much value,
which might be advantageously exchanged. A list of these will also be prepared
and presented to the Society at an early period.
Wm. S. Zantzinger,
Librarian.
Hall of the Academy, December 26t/i, 1848.
The following Report of the Curators was read by the Chairman,
Dr. Leidy, and ordered to be published.
REPORT
OFTHECURATORS
For 1848.
The impetus given to the progress of the Academy within a few years by the
extensive and valuable additions to its museum and library from several of its
members, still continues in full vigour. The treasures of nature are constantly
being poured into its stores, sister societies observe us with emulation, and our
journal is abundantly supplied with original memoirs on subjects of Natural His-
tory.
1848.] 133
Since the report of the Curators for 1847 was presented to the Academy, the
Eastern and North-East basement rooms, appropriated to part of the museum, have
been finished, and the collections in Mineralogy, Conchology, Entomology, &c.,
have already been nearly arranged in them.
Further accommodations also have been made for the extension of the Ornitholo-
gical collection in the hall of the Academy, by the construction of a rowr of foot
cases on the outer edge of the upper or third gallery, similar to those previously
existing on the same part of the second gallery.
Every department of the museum has been, and continues to be, carefully
attended to, and to most of them, additions have been made during the year 1848,
of which we will now give a summary.
The Mammalogical collection, in its present condition, numbers 234 mounted
specimens, besides a number of skins, all in a good state of preservation. It has
received an addition of 16 specimens during the past year, principally from Drs.
Watson, Wilson, Goddard, and Mr. Wm. Wood.
The Ornithological cabinet, under the patronage of Dr. Wilson, still continues to
be the most extensive department of our museum, as well as one of the richest
collections in the world. This gentleman, during the past year has greatly
increased it, by the deposit of the second portion of the Rivoli collection,
coutaining 2584 specimens, and the collection known as that of M. Boucier,
of France, comprising 1039 specimens. We have also to acknowledge
our indebtedness to the liberality of Mr. Edward Harris, for the donation of
a collection of rare North American birds, including nearly all the species discov-
ered by Harris and Audubon during the last expedition of those gentlemen to the
mouth of the Yellow Stone river. Besides the foregoing, we have received from
members and others 14 specimens, several of which are unique, as the Picus
Lecontei, from Dr. Jones of Georgia, &c.
Dr. Wm. Gambel, the Recording Secretary, presented to the Society, a few
evenings since, a complete catalogue of the Columbids in the Academy's collec-
tion. Catalogues of the Vultures and Owls are also nearly ready and will
apf)ear in an early number of the Proceedings.
To our collection in Oology, has been added, through the kindness of Professor
Baird of Carlisle, a donation of eggs of 56 species of 41 genera of American birds,
24 species of which were accompanied by the nests. To Dr. Heerman we must
also express our thanks for seven rare species of eggs from Florida.
The Conchological department is still in progress of arrangement by Dr. R. E.
Griffith, in the horizontal cases occupying the floor of the east basement room,
and has been much enriched during 1848 from the private cabinets of Dr. Griffith
and Dr. Wilson. I'hese latter have not yet been formally presented through the
Curators. We are much indebted to Dr. T. S. Savage, whose zeal in science is
only excelled by his former labours in the religious office of missionary to West-
ern Africa, for the donation of 226 specimens of shells, comprising 120 species
of GO genera of rare shells from Western Africa. To Mr. Andrew R. Chambers
of Philadelphia the gratitude of the Society is owing for the gift of two cabinets,
containing 1200 specimens of shells, being part of the well known Hyde collection,
formerly deposited in Peale's museum.
The collection of Crustacea has been arranged by Dr. Bridges during the past
J 34. [December,
summer in the north east basement room of the Academy. During the year we
have received nine specimens.
The collection in Herpetology and Ichthyology is at present undergoing
arrangement preparatory to its removal to the flying gallery in the east base-
ment room. The number of species of Reptilia is as follows : Batrachia 120';
Sauria 150 ; Ophidia 242 ; Chelonia?. A conjectural estimate of the number of
fishes amounts to 450 species. During 1848, the collection received an addition
of 12 species of reptilia, and 16 species of fishes.
The collection in Comparative Anatomy ts in good condition, gradually in-
creases, and comprises at present, exclusive of Dr. Morton's extensive series of
human crania, 307 crania of mammalia, 658 do. of birds, 68 do of reptilia, 30
do. of fishes, and 39 mounted skeletons. The collection of Dr. Morton continues
to be probably the largest in the world, numbering at present 819 human crania,
besides 28 casts of crania of various nations, ancient and modern. During
1848 we have received 12 mounted skeletons, from Drs. Wilson, Wat-
son, Meigs, and Halloweli, and Messrs. Germain, Lambert, and Ashmead ; 21
crania from Dr. Wilson ; and the deposit of 73 crania, principally human, by Dr.
Morton.
The collection in Palaeontology, so far as arranged, is contained in the two
double rows of horizontal cases occupying the floor of the hall, which, when the
last report of the Curators was written, had not been finished. It has been
greatly enriched during the past year from a variety of sources. We expres.?
our thanks for a magnificent, and, to the American palaeontologist for study and
comparison, an invaluable gift, from the Honourable Court of Directors of the
East India Company, consisting of 124 well made and coloured casts of fossils
from the Sivalik Hills of India, comprising casts of fragments of 36 species of 25
genera of mammalia ; 1 species of bird ; 5 species of 4 genera of reptilia ; and 1
species of fish. We cannot appreciate too highly the intelligence of this honour-
able and celebrated body, when a voluntary gift of such an expensive charac-
ter is made, having no other object in view than the promotion of science. We
also feel our indebtedness to Dr. Thomas Horsfield, Curator of the East India
Company's museuni, for a fine cast of the cranium of Sivatherium giganteum, the
original of which is in the British Museum. To the memory of the late
Dr. Carpenter, of New Orleans, we owe our grateful recollections, for the
donation of one-half of the inferior maxilla and several teeth of the fossil Tapirus
Americanus. To Dr. T. B. Wilson, the lasting gratitude of the Academy is owing,
for the largest and most valuable donation in natural history probably
ever made in America, consisting of the following collections : Mr. Conrad's
collection of American fossils, containing about 3000 specimens and 1000 species;
(in this collection are the originals of Dr. Morton from the cretaceous formation,)
a general collection of British fossils, containing 9402 specimens, comprising
2935 species ; (this collection includes the selected specimens from the cabinet
of the late Miss Bennett, of England;) a collection of 2 155 specimens, comprising
501 species, from the cretaceous formation of France; a collection of German
fossils, containing 650 specimens of 500 species ; a collection of Italian fossils
from the tertiary of Piedmont, containing 2000 specimens of 600 species ; the
total of which is 17,207 specimens, and 5545 species. Dr. Wilson has also de-
posited a very perfect specimen of Ichthyosaurus iiitermedius. To Mr. Joseph
1848.] 135
Culbertson, we are indebted for the deposit of the unique specinnens of the new
genus of fossil mannnnalia Merycoidodon. The professors of the Jardin des
Plantes have presented to us several of their beautifully made casts of Anoplo-
tnerium and Paleotherium. Besides the foregoing we have received 128 speci-
mens from various members and others.
In Entomology, it affords us pleasure to say, that the collection is in an ex-
cellent state of preservation, and is in steady progress of arrangement by Dr.
Zantzinger, and from the many donations in the past two years already numbers
several thousand specimens of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. 'i'he impression which
unfortunately exists, that this department of natural science is not sufficiently
cared for in this institution, we hope will be henceforward removed. Members
and friends of the Academy need not now hesitate before preseming or depositing
collections of insects in the institution, as the danger of their destruction from neg-
lect or other causes no longer exists. At present, this like the other departments, is
under the constant supervision of two officers, whose duty it is not to permit any
portion of the property of the Society which is placed in their charge to suffer from
neglect or depredation. In the course of the last year Dr. Wilson presented 200
specimens of American and foreign Lepidoptera to the cabinet. We also acknow-
ledge our indebtedness to Mr. Wm. Hobson, of Kingsessing, for the donation of
500 determined specimens of British Coleoptera ; to Mr. Edward Doubleday, of
the British Museum, for a very fine collection of about 900 determined and ar-
ranged species of British Coleoptera; and to Dr. A. L. Heerman, our fellow mem-
ber, for numerous specimens of American Lepidoptera, chiefly from Key West,
Florida, many of which are rare.
The Cabinet of Mineralosy and Geology during the past summer has been
carefully .and almost completely' arranged by our fellow members Messrs
Vaux, Ashmead and Hambel. It has received snme rich additions during the
last year, among which should be particularly mentioned a very large and
valuable donation from Dr. Wilson, numbering in all 2039 specimens, almost
exclusively European, many of them of the rarest and choicest character.
Our cabinet of European minerals is now one of the best in the country, although
still very deficient in American specimens. The example which has been set
by Dr. Wilson we hope may induce others to supply this deficiency.
To M. Boucier of France, through Dr. Wilson, we have become indebted for
the donation of 70 very fine specimens of blue and green carbonate, and red oxide
of copper, among which are many and r ir^, modifications of the primitive crystal-
line form. Nor should we fail to mention the deposit by Mr. Vaux, of an enormous
crystal of Beryl, weighing 185 lbs., from Acworth, New Hampshire. Besides
these there were presented 40 specimens of minerals by several of the members
and others. Among them, are some of the more lately discovered minerals, pre-
sented by Mr. Markoe of Washington, and some fine specimens of Elba iron
ore from Dr. Carson.
The unrestricted admission of persons to the museum of the Academy upon the
afternoons of Tuesdays and Saturdays, having been found to be attended with
some injury and even destruction of its furniture, caused the Society,
last year, to change one of the days of exhibition, viz. Saturday, to Friday, and
to issue gratuitous tickets of admission, to be obtained from members upon ap-
plication. This arrangement has been followed by the most beneficial effects ;
136 [December,
persons really desirous of inspecting the collections, take the trouble to procure
a ticket, with which they feel responsible for their conduct; the introduction of
crowds is also avoiiled, which, from constant motion, give rise to dust, so detri-
mental to the more perishable articles in a natural history collection. The janitor,
who keep^ a register of the names and residences of visitors to the Museum on the
Exhibiiion days, informs me that upwards of three thousand persons have availed
themselves of this privilege since the middle of May las*, when the new
arrangement went into effect. This is an average of about 380 admissions per
month, or nearly 5000 per annum.
Joseph Leidv,
December 26lh, 1848. Chairman of Curators.
The Academy then proceeded to an election for Officers for 1849.
The following were reported by the tellers as elected.
PRESIDENT.
William Hembel.
VICE PRESIDENTS.
J. Price Wetherill,
Samuel George Morton, M. D.
CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.
John Cassin.
RECORDING SECRETARY.
William Gambel, M. D.
LIBRARIAN.
William S. Zantzinger, M. D.
TREASURER.
George W. Carpenter.
CURATORS.
Joseph Leidy, M. D.
William S. Vaux,
Samuel Ashmead,
John Cassin.
AUDITORS.
Robert Pearsall,
William S. Vaux,
Robert Bridges, M. D.
PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.
William S. Vaux,
S. G. Morton, M. D.
William Gambel, M. D.
Robert E, Griffith, M. D.
Samuel Ashmead.
1848.]
137
DONATIONS TO MUSEUM
In November and December.
November 1th.
Cranium of Allisrator Mississippiensis, one of a Delphinus, three of the Orang
of Borneo, and one of a Simla. Deposited by Dr. Morton.
Two living specimens of Phrynosoma cornuta, from New Mexico. From Dr.
McMurtrie.
Two specimens S and % of Sciurus cinereus, from Delaware. Presented by
Dr. Heerman.
Trichiurus lepturus, from Long Island. From Mrs. Jane E. Spooner, of New
York, through Prof. Germain.
A curious variety of the domestic duck (Anas boschus) having the toes uncon-
nected by webs; raised near Mount Laurel, N. J. Presented by Mr. Percival.
One hundred specimens of Reptilia, collected in South Carolina, and presented
by Mr. Reid.
November Wth.
Numerous specimens of Salt from Mingo lake, in Texas, about'50 miles from
Metamoras, Mexico ; with the following memorandum : " The lake is a mile and
a half in length, and half a mile in width, and so strongly formed is the body of
salt on the surface, that wagons, or loaded mules, can be driven over it, without
danger of breaking through. The rapidity of its formation, without any artificial
process, or mechanical aid, is most remarkable, as the inhabitants cut it out, in
large blocks, or cakes, around the margin of the lake, and in a day or two it is
replaced by another supply, equally thick." Brought from Metamoras by Col.
Wm. Davenport, U. S. A., and presented by Mrs. Davenport.
Eleven human Crania — Shawnee, Seminole, and nine Peruvian, and one cast of
a Caffre. Deposited by Dr. S. G. Morton.
Cranium of Emys — River Amazon,
Four large specimens of Ostrea Georgiana, from Shell Bluff, Savannah river.
From Mr. Reid, of S. Carolina.
Ardea rufescens, young, and Picas tridactylis, t and % from Europe. From
Dr. Heerman.
Three fragments of maxillae of fossil Tapirus Americanus ? described in Silli-
man's Journal for 1846. From Texas. Presented by the late Wm. M. Carpenter,
M. D., of New Orleans, through Mr. B. M. Norman.
November 21st.
Cast of an Asterias found at Scoharie, N. S. Presented by Mrs. J. E. Spooner,
through Prof. L. J. Germain.
Four specimens of Fossils from Catskill, and one specimen of an Orthoceras.
Presented by Prof. L. J. Germain.
Fourteen hundred and ninety-three specimens of foreign minerals ; 21 speci-
mens of American minerals ; 135 specimens of Vesuvian m.inerals ; 90 specimens
of Auvergne minerals and rocks, and 300 specimens of New Holland minerals and
rocks. Presented by Dr. Wilson.
Seventy specimens of blue and green Carbonate of Copper, from Chessy, France.
Presented by Mons. Bourcier, of Lyons, through Dr. Wilson.
Specimen of Chromate of Lead from Berisoff, Siberia. Presented by Mr.
H. Heuland, of London, through Dr. Wilson.
A large specimen of Stalactite, from Derbyshire, presented by Mr. Adams, of
Derbyshire, through Dr. Wilson.
One hundred and sixty-five species (427 specimens) of British Fossils, chiefly
from the Chalk, Wealden, Oolite, Carboniferous, Limestone and old Red Sandstone
formations; 150 species (643 additional specimens) from the Bennett collection ;
138 [December,
501 species (2155 specimens) iVoiii the Cretaceous formation of France. Pre-
sented by Dr. Wilson.
A very perfect specimen of Ichtliyosaurus intermedins. Deposited by Dr. Wil-
son.
Mounted specimen of Simla Satyrus. Presented by Mr. T. C. Percival and
Dr. Bridges.
December 5th.
Three specimens of Stigmaria in sandstone, and one specimen of Ferns in slate,
from Hazleton coal field From Mr. Samuel Powel.
Nine specimens of Fern &c., in slate, from Tamaqua mine. Presented by M. D.
Eyre.
Sulphuret of Copper from Schuyler mines, N. J. Presented by T. F. Moss.
Pholas californica, from California. From Dr. A. A. Henderson, U. S. N.
Ephialtes Asio, adult female, and young male, from Chester county, Pa. Pre-
sented by Dr. S. W. Woodhouse.
Two specimens, male and female, of albino Numida meleagris, raised in Abing-
don, Montgomery county. Pa. Presented by Chas. S. Fletcher.
Decemhe)- \2th.
Four specimens of Eocene strata of Vicksburg. Presented by T. A. Conrad.
Collection made by Mr. W. S. Pease, in Mexico, consisting of one skin of
Bassaris, one skin of Pseudostoma; reptilia (of the genera Columella, Lepto-
phus, Xenodon, Salamandra, &c.,) and six tortoises ; fifty specimens Lepidoptera ;
and several minerals. Presented by Dr. T. B. Wilson. Also, 131 bird skins,
from the same collection. Deposited by the same.
December I'^th.
Mounted specimen of Hydromys (Myopotamus) coypus, from Chili. Pre-
sented by Dr. T. B. Wilson.
Mounted specimen of Sciurus ferruginiventris, from Monterey, Mexico. Pre-
sented by Mr. Wm. Wood.
Amblyopsis pellucidus, from Mammoth cave, Kentucky. Presented by Mrs.
C. H. Greff.
DONATIONS TO LIB,RARY,
In November and December, 1848.
November 1th.
Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia. Vol. 2. Nos. 6, 7, 8.
From the Editors.
American Journal of Science and Arts. Second Series. No. 18. From the
Editors.
Monographie des Coleopteres subpentameres de la famille des Phytophages.
Par M. Th. Lacordaire. 2 vols. 8vo. From the Author.
Revision de la famille des Cicindelides, par M. Lacordaire. From the same.
Annales de la Societe Royale d' Agriculture, &c., de Lyon. Tome ix. 8vo.
From the Society.
Annales de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon. Annees, 1845 — '46. 8vo. From the
same.
Note sur I'emploi du sucre pour preserver les chaudieres a vapeur des incrus-
tations salines. Par M. Quinon. From the same.
Annual Report of the Regents of the University of the State of New York on
the condition of the Cabinet of Natural History. From the Regents.
Ueber den Ban derGanoiden, &c., von Joh. Miiller. From Dr. Leidy.
Beitriige zur Kenntniss der natiirlichen Familien der Fische. Von J. Miiller.
From the same.
1848.] 139
Bericht iiber die von Hernn Korh in Alabama, gesammeltpn fossil ien Knochen-
reste seines Hydrarchus. Von J. Miiller. From the same.
Fernere Benierkungen iiber den ban der Ganoiden, Von J. Miiller. From the
same.
Beschreibung neuer Asteroiden. Von J. Miiller und F. H. Troschel. From
the same.
Observationes quaedam Entomologicrc de Oxybelo unigkime, atque Milto-
gramma conica. Auctore C. Th. E. de Siebold. From the same.
Dr. Wilson deposited the following works r
An introduction to the Birds of Australia. By John Gould. 8vo.
Bibliographia Zoologize ct Geologic, By Prof. Louis Agassiz. Edited by
H. S. Strickland. Vol. 1. 8vo.
The Correspondence of John Ray. Edited by Edwin Lankester, M. D. 8vo.
(Ray Society Publication.)
Phycologia Britannica. By William Henry Harvey, M. D. Part 33. 8vo.
Palceontographica. Beitriige zur Naturgeschichte der Vorwelt. Herausgegcben
von Dr. W. Dunker und Herm. Von Meyer. Vol. 1. No. 4. 4to.
Zeitschrift fnr Malakozoologie. Herausgegeben von Karl Th. Menke, M. J).,
nnd Dr. Louis Pfeiffer. Jan., 1848.
Illustrations of the Birds of Jamaica. By P. H. Gosse. Part G. Svo,
Conchologia iconica. By Lovell Reeve. Part 66. 4to.
History of British Mellusca and their Shells. By Prof. Ed. Forbes, and S.
Hanley. Part 9. 8vo.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Vol. 2. 2d series. No, 0.
Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca. By Joshua Alder and
Albany Hancock. Part 4. 4to.
Illustrations of British Mycology. By Mrs. T.J. Hussey. Part 18. 4to.
Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. By Andrew Smith, M. D. No.
28. 4to.
The Kntomological Cabinet, being a Natural History of British Insects. By
George Samouelle. 2 vols. 12mo.
The Entomologist's Text Book. By J. 0. Westwood. 12mo.
.Tohannes Godartius on Insects. 4to.
Nomenclature of Coleopterous Insects in the collection of the British Museum,
Part 3,
List of Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the British Museum. Ap-
pendix.
The Birds of Australia. By John Gould. Parts 35 and 36. Folio.
Essays on the Microscope. By George Adams. 4to.; and Atlas 4to.
Monograph of the British Naked-eyed Medusa;. By Edward Forbes. 4to. (Ray
Society Publication.)
The Dodo and its kindred. By H. E, Strickland and A. G. Melville, M- D,
4to.
D' Amboinischer Rariteitkamer, &c. Door Geo. E. Rumphius. Folio.
Revue Zoologique. No. 6. 1848.
Comptes Rendus. Tome 28. Nos. 7, 8,
The following were deposited by Dr. R. E. Griffith:
Abulfedas descriptio ^^gypti ; edidit J. D. Michaet^lis. 8vo,
Prosperi Alpini de Plantis ^.gypti liber- 4to.
Fabi Columnac Lyncei Fhytobasanos cui accesit vita Fafei et Lynceoum notitia
annotationesque in Phytobasanon Jano Planco Ariminense auctore. 4to.
Kiliani Stobnei Opuscula. 4to.
Compendium Florae Germaniae. Scripserunt M. Jos. Bluff et Car. Ant. Fin-
gerhuth. 2 vols. 13mo.
Caroli Clusii Atrebat. Rariornm aliquot Stirpium per Hispanias observatorum
historia. 8vo.
Index systematicus Musaei Geversiani. Svo.
The Philadelphia Medical and Physical .Tournal; By Benj. S. Barton, M. D.
Vol. 3. Svo.
20
140 [December,
November 2lst.
Literary Record and Jouriidl of the Liiinean Association of Pennsylvania Col-
lege. Vol. 3. No. 2. From the Association.
Descriptions of some of the species of naked, air-breathing IVlollusca, inhabit-
ing the United States. By Amos Binney. Deposited by Dr. Griffith.
Notice of some works, recently published, on the nomenclature of Zoology.
By A. A. Gould, M. D. From the same.
Descriptions of twelve new species of Uniones. By Isaac Lea. From the
same.
Descriptions of some new Fossil Shells from the Tertiary of Petersburg, Va.
By Henry C. Lea. From the same.
Third Annual Report on the Geology of Vermont. By C. B. Adams. From the
same.
Description d' un genre nouveau de Coquille vivante. Bivalve, des Mers de
Chili. Par M- Des Moulins. From the same.
Beschreibung der in der grossen knochen Hbhle-Tennessee (N. A.) gefun-
denen fossilen Knochen des Megalonyx laqueatus von Dr. Harlan; verdeutschtdurch
Charles Cramer. From Mr. Cramer.
Materials for a Fauna and Flora of Swansea, and the neighbourhood. By L.
W. Dillwyn. 8vo. From the author.
Review of the references to the Hortus Malabaricus. (L. W. Dillwyn.) From
the same.
Hortus Collinsonianus ; an account of the plants cultivated by the late Peter
CoUinson. 8vo. (L. W. Dillwyn.) From the same.
Some account of a Lusus of the hybrid Cytisus Adami, at Sketty Hall. By
L. W. Dillwyn. 8vo. From the same.
Dr. Wilson deposited the following :
Voyage in Abyssinie ; par MM. Ferrett et Galinier. TexteLivs.5 — 8. 8vo.
Planches, Livs. 5 — 8, folio.
Verhandelingen over de Naturlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche
Bezittingen. Land en Volkenkunde. No. 10. Folio.
Over de Zoogdieren von den Indischen-Archipel, door Salomon Miiller. Folio.
Symbolae Physicae. (F. G. Hemprich et C. G. Ehrenberg.) Insectac,Decas
4to. Folio.
Fauna Japonica ; Auctore P. F. de Siebold. Sauria.et Batrachia, No. 1; Che-
Ionia, No. I ; Ophidia, No. 1 ; Crustacea, Nos. 1 — 5 ; Aves, Nos. 3—6. Folio.
Fauna Marchica. Die Wirbclthiere der Mark Brandenburg, bearbeitet von J.
H. Shultz. Nos. 1—4.
Notes et observationes sur la ponte des Oiseaux qui se trouvent ;'i 1' ouest de la
France. Par J. C. Lapierre. 8vo.
Revue Zoologique. Nos. 7, 8. 1S18.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Vol. 2. 2d series. No. 10.
The South African Quarterly Journal. 2d Series. Nos. 1, 2, 3.
Ova Avium plurimarum ab O. des Murs. •
Tentamen Monographia? generis Phaston. Par M. Brandt.
Rapport sur une Monographie de la famille des Alcadees. Par M. Brandt.
Die voUstandigste Naturgeschichte des In-und Auslandes. Von H. G. Ludwig
Reichenbach. Nos. 1 — 39. Svo.
Ornithologischer beitrag znr Fauna Groenlands von Carl llolboU. Svo.
Conchologia iconica. By Lovell Reeve. No. 67. 4to.
niustrations of British Mycology. By Mrs. Hussey. Part 10. 4to.
Illustrations of the Birds of Jamaica. By Philip H. Gosse. No. 7.
Phycologia Britannica. By Wm. H. Harvey, M. D. Part 31.
A history of British Mollusca. By Prof. Forbes and Sylvanus Hanley. Part
10. Svo.
Notes sur les mammiferes et sur 1' Ornithologie do 1' ile de Madagascar. Par
M. Victor Sganzin. 4to.
The Taxidermist's Manual, &c. By Capt. Thomas Brown. 12mo.
M. Th. Briinnichii Ornithologia Borealis, kc 12mo.
1848.] 141
Contributions towards a Catalogue of Plants indigenous to the neighbourhood
of Tenby. Svo.
Contributions to Ornithology, 1848. By Sir Wm. Jardine.
Galerie des Mollusques, ou Catalogue des Mollusques et CoquiUes du Museum
de Donai. Par JNIM. Potiez et Michaud. 4 vols. Svo.
Historia natural y moral de las Indias , per el Padre Joseph de Acosta. 4to.
Animal Chemistry. By Justus Liebig, M. D. Edited by Wm. Gregory, M.D.
2d edition. Svo.
Familiar letters on Chemistry. By Justus Liebig, M. D. Edited by John
Gardner, M. D. 3d edition. 2 vols. Svo.
Chemistry in its applications to Agriculture and Physiology. By Justus
Liebig, M. D Edited by Lyon Playfair. Ph. D. 3d edition. Svo.
Taschenbuch e'er Deutschen Vogelkunde oder kurze Beschreibung aller Vogel
Deutschlands von H. de Meyer und Prof. Dr. Wolf. 2 vols. Svo.
A practical Treatise on British Song Birds. By Joseph Nash. Svo.
Ornithologisches Taschenbuch von und fiir Deutschland oder kurze Beschrie-
bung aller Vogel Deutschlands von J. M. Bechstein. 12mo.-
A narrative of a visit to the Mauritius and South Africa. By Jas. Backhouse.
Svo.
A narrative of a visit to the Australian Colonie?. By James Backhouse. Svo.
Faune Ornithologique de la Sicile, par Alfred Malherbe. Svo.
Synopsis Mammalium. Auctore J. Baptista Fischer, M. D. Svo.
Description des Mammiferes et d' Oiseaux recemmeut decouverts, &c. Par M.
LesBon. Svo. (Supplement aax osuvres de BufTon.)
Faune de Maine et Loire. Par P. A. Millett. 2 vols. Svo.
A catalogue of the organic remains of the county of Wilts. By Etheldred
Benett. 4to.
A systematic catalogue of British Insects, &c. By James F. Stephens. Svo.
Traite sommaire des Coquilles tant fluviatiles que terrestres qui se trouvent
aux environs de Paris. Par M. Geoffroy. 12mo.
The natural history of the rarer Lepidopterous insects of Georgia; collected'
from the observations of Mr. John Abbott. By James Edward Smith, M. D.
2 vols. Folio.
Histoire generale et iconographie des Lepidopteres et des Chenilles deL' Ame-
rique Septentrionale ; par le Dr. Boisduval et M. J^ Le Conte. Tome Ime.
Svo.
Traite de Fauconnerie ; par MM. H. Schlegei, et J. A. O. Van Wolverhorst.
Livs. 1. et 2. Elephant folio.
Ittiolitologia Veronese del Museo Bozziano ora a.nnesso a quello del Conte
Giovambattista Gazola e di altri Gabinetti di Fossili Veronesi. Folio.
Jacobi Christiani SchoefFeri Elementa Ornithologica. 4to. 2d edition.
Versuch einer Naturgeschichte der Krabben und Krebse, &c. Von Johann F.
W. Herbst. 4to., and Atlas folio.
Libellulinre EuropsaR, descriptK ac depictae a Tbussaint de Charpentier. 4to.
An introduction to Lamarck's Conchology. By Edmund A. Crouch. 4to.
Systematische Darstellungder Fortpflanzung der Vogel Europa'smit Abbil. der
Eier. Im Vereine mit Lud. Brehm und G. A. W. Thienemann ; herausgegeben
von F. A. L. Thienemann. 4to.
Traite Anatomique de la Chenille qui ronge le bois de Saule, &c. Par Pierre
Lyonet. 4to.
Jacobi Theodori Klein naturalis dispositio Fchinodermatum. Sciagraphia
Lithologica curiosa sur Lapidum figuratorum nomenclator, olim a celebri J. J.
Scheuchzero, auctus &c. a J. T. Klein. Jacobi T. Klein historia Piscium
naturalis, &c. Cin 1 vol. 4to.)
Vergniigen der Augen und des Gemuths in Vorstellung einer Allgemeinen
Sammlung von Muschlen und Schneckden von Georg Wolfgang Knorr. 6 vols, in
3. 4to.
Ausfiihrliche Nachricht von neuentdeckten Zooliten unbekanntner vierfiisiger
Thiere, &c. Von J. F. Esper. Folio.
Descriptiones et icones Amphibiorum. Auctore Dr. J. Wagler. Folio.
142 [Dkckmber,
lllustjalions of Zoology, &c. By James Wilson. Folio.
Teutsche Oniithologie, oder Naturgeschichte aller Vogel Teutchlaiuls; heraus-
gegeben von Borkhausen, Lichthanier uiid Berker dem Jiingen. Folio.
Descriptions and anecdotes of the Orang-Outangs now exhibiting at the Egyp-
tian Hall, Piccadilly.
Dell' Uccello JVIessicano qraezalt e dei Trogonodi cui appartienne di Carlo L-
Bonaparte.
List of Specimens of British animals in t\x British Museum. Part ls.t. List of
specimens of Briti^ih sponges in the same. Synopsis of the contents of the same.
Description, iiistory, and anecdotes of the Giraffes, now exhibiting in the Surrey
Zoological (Jardens. By J. E. Warwick. 2d edition. Svo.
Report of the Council and Auditors of the Zoological Society of LondicMi, 1832
to ISlb. Report on the farm of Do., at Kingston Hill, for 1832. List of the
Fellows and Members of the same, 1S47. Lis-t of the Animals in the gardens in
Do., 1833 and 1S37. Gardens and menageries of the same delineated. (Quadrupeds
and Birds, 2 vols. Svo.
The Tower Menagerie. Svo.
The learned Societies and printing clubs of the United Kingdoai. By the Kev-
A. Hume, L. L. D. Svo.
The London Catalogue of Books from 1815 to 1846. Svo.
The Book collector's hand-book. Svo. 1845.
Catalogue raisonne d' Oiseaux de P Algerie, par M. Alfred Malherbe.
Catalogue des objects d' bistoire naturelle composant le Cabinet de MM. Yer-
raux, pere et Ills.
Catalogue de tons les objects dans un cabinet d' histoire naturelle en vente a
Lorienne. ^Ito.
Catalogue du Musee Departmental des Antiqiiites de Rouen. 12mo.
Catalogue des genera, ct des especes les plus remarkab les comprenant lacollec-
tione de Coquilles de M. Castellin. Svo.
Catalogue des Crustacees dans le Boulonnais, par M. Bouchard Chanteraux ;
Observations sur le genre Ancyle, par le meme, (in one vol.) Catalogue des
Mollusques a I' etat vivant dans le department du Pas-de-Calais, par le meme.
Svo.
Musee des Thermes et de 1' hotel de Cluny. Notice. 12mo.
The Naturalist's Library. Introduction to Entomology, Vol. 1; Mammalia,
Horses, 1 vol ; Natural history of Dogs, 2 vols ; Fishes of Guiana, 2 vols; Mar-
supialia, 1 vol.; Introduction to the Mammalia, 1 vol.
The Library of Entertaining Knowledge. Domestic habits of Birds, 2 vols. ;
Architecture of Do., 2 vols.: Faculties of Do., 2 vols.; The Menageries, Qua-
drupeds, Svols.; Insect Architecture, 3 vols.
The Natural History of Selborne. By the Rev. Gilbert White ; with notes by
Capt. Brown. 12mo.
Catalogue of the recent Shells in the collection of John Adamson, Esq.
The Dublin University Museum ; Jiine, 1S47.
Report of the Meteorological Committee of the South African Association,
1836 and 1837 ; Annual Reports of Do., 1830—1833 ; Regulations of Do., 1832.
Annual Reports of the Council of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society for 1845
and '46.
Abstract of Proceedings of the Cape of Good Hope Association for exploring
Central Africa. Svo.
Comptes Kendus. Nos. 9, 10, 11. Tome 27.
Isis von Oken. Heft I. 1848
December 5/h.
Bulletin de la Socii^te Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscow. Nos. 3, 4, 1S47.
1, 2, 1848. From the Society.
Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie ; herausgegeben von Karl Th. Mcnke. 1841,
1846. Deposited by Dr. Griffith.
Synopsis of the Flora of the Western States. By John L. Riddell. Svo. Yrhm
the same.
1848.] 143
Manuel d' Entomologie; par M. Boitard. 2 vols. r2mo. From Dr. Leidy.
De Selachiorum et Ganoideorum Encephalo. Auctor Gulielmus Buscii. 4to.
From the same.
Disquisitiones anatomico-comparativ^ de membro piscinm pectorali. Auctor
Carohis Mettenheimer. 4to. From the same.
Prof. Patterson's Address before the Linnean Association of Pennsylvania Col-
lege. From M. L. Stoever, Esq.
Notes on the Geology of Charleston, S. C. By F. S. Holmes. 3 copies. From
the author.
Report on the subject of International Exchanges. By Alexander Vattemare.
From J. L. Dix, Esq.
Hermolai Barbari Patritii Venetii in C. Plinii naturalis historiae libros castiga-
tiones. 8vo. ir)34. From Dr. Morton.
Asiatic Researches. Vols. 1 — 5. 4to. From the same.
Asiatic Researches. Vols. 1 — 5. 4to. From Wm. Hembel.
Dr. Wilson deposited the following:
Journal de la navigation autour du Globe de la Thetis et de 1' Esperanee, pen-
dant les Annees 1824 — '26. Texte. 4to. tomes 2; Planches folio, tome 1.
Voyage au Pole Sud et dans 1' Oceania sur les Corvettes L'Astrolabe et La
Zelee pendant les an. 1837 — '40, Texte 8vo., tomes 9; planches folio, tomes 6.
Voyage antour du monde sur la fregate la Venus, pendant les an. 1836 — 39.
Texte 8vo. tomes 9, planches folio, tomes 4.
Histoire naturelle des Perroquets, (pour faire suite aux deux vols, de Levail-
lant.) Par le Dr. A. B. Saint Hilaire. Folio.
Exposition methodique des genres de I'ordre des Polypiers ; par J. Lamouroux.
4to.
Histoire naturelle des lies Canaries; par MM. Webb et Bertholet. Tomes 4to.
8, folio, 1.
Traite elementaire de Conchyliologie. Par C. P. Deshayes. 8vo.
Histoire naturelle des Oiseaux d' P2urope; par Pierre Boitard. 4to.
Traite elementaire de Paleontologie. Par F. J. Pictet. 4 vols. 8vo.
Histoire des Coquilles qui vivant aux environs de Paris. Par Biard. 12mo.
The Orj ithologist's Text Book. By Neville Wood, Esq. 8vo
The Naturalist's Library. Natural history of the Birds of Great Britain. By
Sir W. Jardine. 4 vols. 8vo.
Deeenihcr 12?/i.
Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. New series. VoL
3. 4to. From the Academy.
The anatomy of the human body. By John and Charles Bell. 3 vols. 8vo.
From Dr. Dawson.
December Vith.
The Ethnological Journal. Edited by Luke Burke, Esq. No6. 1, 2, 3, 4.
June, July, August, and September, 184S. From the Editor, through G. R.
Gliddon, Esq.
/
1849.] 145
January 9th, 1849.
Mr. AsHMEAD in the Chair.
Letters were read from Dr. B. F. Shumard, dated Louisville, Ken-
tucky, November 20, 184S, and Dr. L. P. Yandell, of same date,
severally acknowledging the receipt of their notices of election as
Correspondents.
A letter was read from H. Smith, M. D., dated St. James' Place,
London, 1st December, 1848, proposing exchanges of Reptilia with
the Academy, and transmitting a list of those in his possession. Re-
ferred to the Curators.
Prof. H. D. Rogers stated that his views of the formation of moun-
tain ridges by the upheaving of the crust of the earth I'rom subterranean
causes, had been amply confirmed in a tour to Europe, which he
recently made for that ])ur])ose.
Dr. Leidy offered the following observations on the existence of the
intermaxillary bone in the embryo of the human subject:
The immortal Goethe, I believe, was the first to point out the existence of the
OS intermaxillare in the human subject, but it has only been observed in an
abnormal condition, or where there has been an arrest of development in con-
nection with some cases of hare-lip; and the period of life in which it is found
as a distinct piece, and its exact limits, have not yet been accurately determined..
The universality of the presence of the os intermaxillare in all animals below
man, its presence as a distinct piece in an abnormal, condition in man, always
defined by a lateral fissure which characterizes it as the incisive bone, and the
uniform existence of a transverse fissure behind the incisive alveoli of the os
maxillare superius of the human foetus at birth, have led many anatomists to
suspect its normal and independent existence in the embryotic condition of man
at an earlier period than it has been sought for.
As the negro in his anatomical characters is not so far removed from the
embryological condition as the white, it is to be presumed that the intermaxillary
bone would remain longer distinct; and under such an impression I have several
times desired medical students, from our Southern States, whose opportunities of
investigating the anatomy of the negro are frequent, to make this a subject of
inquiry. Such an opinion cannot be considered unworthy of attention, when it
is recollected that Tschudi mentions the existence of a true os interparietale, as
a constant condition, in certain branches of the aboriginal inhabitants of Peru,
the Chinchas, Aymaras and Huancas.
Recently having had an opportunity of examining several human embryos, in
one of them I was fortunate enough to detect the intermaxillary bone as a dis-
tinct and independent piece. This embryo measured one inch and eleven
lines from heel to vertex, arid I presumed it to be about nine or ten weeks old.
In it ossification had already advanced in the superior maxillary and inter-
rROCEED. ACAD. NAT. SCI. OF FHILAPELPHIA. — VOL. IV. XO. VII. 21
H6
[January,
maxillary bones sufficientiy to £:ive them a determinate form, and their appear-
ance, when magnified, is represented in the figures 1 and 2, which were taken
from the specimens through the aid of the camera lucida.
Fi-. 1.
Fig. 2.
b--
Fig. ] represents the superior maxillary and intermaxiMary bones, much mag-
nified, of a human embryo. The diawing was taken from the right side through
the aid of the camera lucida, which reverses its position, a. superior maxillary
bone; b. intermaxillary bone; c. line of articulation between the two bones;
d. falatine process; e. alveolar groove.
Fig. 2 represents the antero-inferior surface of the sepnrated intermaxillary
bone, much magnified. (From the left side, but reversed by the cameio.) a. ascend-
ing or nasal process; 5. articulating surface for the superior maxillary bone ;
c, incisor alveoli.
The greatest breadth of the two bones in apposition is one line and two-thirds;
the greatest height, being at the ascending or nasal process, is one line. The
two pieces present a facial portion, consisting of the ascending or nasal process
and part of the body of the bones ; an alveolar ridge and groove and a palatine
process projecting backward from the superior maxillary bone. They are easily
separable at this period, and the articulation passes through the alveolar ridge, at
a point corresponding to the separation between the incisor alveoli and the canine
alveolus, and extends transversely inwards behind the incisor alveoli, and verti-
cally upwards, dividing the nasal process into two nearly equal portions. On
the posterior surface of the nasal process the articulation is at the bottom of a
comparatively deep and wide groove, which, however, does not appear to be part
of the lachrymal canal, as the latter appears afterwards and external to the former
groove. The preparations exhibiting these interesting points which prove the
existence of the same law, throughout the animal kingdom, governing the forma-
tion of the upper maxillary bones, I present for the inspection of the members of
the Academy.
In an embryonic skeleton in the Wislar Museum, measuring three and one
1849.)
147
eighth inches in length, and purporting to be about nine weeks old, which,
however, I think too young, the maxillo-intermaxillary articulation is still
evident at the ascending process, but it does not divide the latter so equally,
being more internal and inferior, apparently from a more rapid development of
the nasal processof the true maxillary bone. Just above the alveolar ridge they
are already auchylosed together.
In another embryo, in the same museum, measuring three and one-fourth
inches in length, the two bones have become firmly united, excepting behind the
incisor alveoli, but the line of original separation is readily traced out, from a
greater degree of thinness and transparency along its course. The nasal process
of the true maxillary bone has so much increased beyond the nasal process of the
intermaxillary bone, that the latter no more ascends to the summit of the former,
but is considerably inferior and internal.
In the fcctal skeleton, measuring five inches in length, all traces of the inter-
articulation have disappeared, except behind the incisor alveoli, which latter
portion, as is well kuQwn, does not usually disappear until some time after birth,
and in some instances is found in the adult cranium.
January 23c^, 1S49.
Mr. Phillips in the Chaifv
A letter was read from the Baroness Berzelius, dated Stockholm,
September 15, 1848, announcing to ttie Academy the decease of her
late husband, the Baron Berzelius, a Correspondent of this Institu-
tion.
January 30M, 1849.
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.
The Auditors reported that they had examined the account of the
Treasurer for 1848, and had found it correct.
The Monthly Report of the Corresponding Secretary was read and
adopted.
The resolution offered by Dr. Leidy, at the last meeting for business,
was then taken up, that the following Article of the By-Laws be
amended :
'■'■Chap. 6th, Art. 1. There shall be seven standing committees,
viz. — the Auditors, to consist of three members; the Mineralogical
and Geological Committee, and the Zoological Committee, to consist
of seven members each; the Publication, Library and Botanical Com-
mittees, and the Committee on Physics, to consist every one of five
members, whose term of service shall be one year. And all these,
except the Auditors and Publication Committee, shall be elected at
the last meeting of January in each year."
So as to read thus :
"There shall he fifteen Standing Committees, viz.: 1. The Ethno-
logical Committee ; 2, the Committee on Comparative Anatomy and
14-8 [January,
General Zoology ; 3, Committee on Mammalogy; 4, ou Ornithology ;
5, on Herpetoloffy and Ichthyology ; 6, on Conchology ; 7, on Ento~
viology ; 8, on Botany; 9, on Palceontology; 10, on Geology
and Mineralogy; 11, on Physics: 12, on the Library: 13, on
the Proceedings; 14, the Auditors; and 15, the Publication
Committee ; each to consist of Mrce members, whose term of service
shall be one year. And all these, except the Auditors and
Publication Committee, shall be elected at the last meeting in January
of each year."
The amendment was adopted.
The Society then proceeded to an election for the Standing Com-
mittees, in accordance with the above amended By-Lav/. The follow-
ing members were elected:
COMMITTEES FOK. 1849,
1 . Ethnology.
S. G. Morton, J. S. Phillips,
Charles Pickering.
2. Comparative Anatomy and Physiology.
Joseph Leidy, S. G. Morton,
Edward Hallowell.
3. Mammalogy.
J. S. Phillips, Joseph Leidy,
S. W. Woodhouse.
4. Ornithology.
Edward Harris, John Cassin,
William Gambel.
5. Herpetology and Ichthyology.
Edward Hallowell, Robert E. Griffith,
J. K. Townsend.
G. Conchology.
Robert E. Griffith, T. A. Conrad,
Henry C. Lea.
7. Entomology and Crustacea.
S. S. Haldeman, Robert Bridges,
Wm. S. Zantzinger.
8. Botany.
Robert Bridges, Wm. S. Zantzinger,
Gavin Watson.
9. PalcEontology.
T. A. Conrad, Richard C. Taylor,
Thomas B. Wilson.
1849.] H9
10. Geology and Mineralogy.
J. Price Wetherill, Samuel Ashmeacl,
William S. Vaux.
11. Physics.
Thomas C. Percival, . . Samuel Powel,
Robert Kilvington.
12. Library.
Robert Pearsall, A. L. Elwyn,
John Lambert.
13. Committee on Proceedings.
S. G. Morton, Wm. S. Zantzinger,
Joseph Leidy.
ELECTION OF CORRESPONDENT.
M. Jules Verreaux, of Paris, was elected a Correspondent of the
Academy.
February 6tk, 1849.
Mr. Phillips in the Chair.
A letter was read from the Regents of the University of the State
of New York, dated Albany, 31st January, 1849, acknowledging the
receipt of late Numbers of the Proceedings.
A letter addressed to Vice President Morton, from J. B. Dana, Esq.,
dated New Haven, January 26, 1849, desiring the Academy to unite
with other Institutions in petitioning Congress to increase the edition
of the Scientific portion of the U. S. Exploring Expedition M'orks.
Referred to the following Committee: Mr. Cassin, Dr. Wilson, and
Dr. Leidy.
Also a letter from Dr. C. T. KenWorthey, dated Petersburg, Va.,
February 2, 1849, requesting information in regard to making collec-
tions in Zoology, and tendering his services for such purpose during
his stay in South America, which country he is about to visit.
A Memoir by Dr. Morton was rea,d, entitled "Additional Observa-
tions on a new living species of Hippopotamus," intended for publication
in the Journal. Referred to Mr. Phillips, Dr. Hallowell, and Dr.
Gambel.
February ISth, 1849.
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.
Letters were read :
From the Secretary of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences,
dated Munich, acknowledging the receipt of the Journal and Proceed-
ings, and transmitting the Publications of that Institution.
150 [February,
From Prof. J. Cobb, dated Louisville, Kentucky, February 6th,
iS-iO, acknowledging the receipt of his notice of election as Corres-
pondent.
From Dr. Rereiult, dated Dantzig, 1st October, 184-8, accompanying
a copy of the first Number of his work on Fossil Remains found in
Amber, this evening presented, and requesting exchanges of North
American fossils of the same description for those of Europe.
J\Ir. Cassin presented a Catalogue of the Vttlturidcr and Strli;idrp in
the Collection of the Academy, intended for publication in the Pro-
ceedings. Referred to a Committee, consisting of Drs. Wilson, Gambel
and Townsend.
Professor Agassiz made some observations on the remarkable
resemblance of the existing North American Fauna and Flora to that
of the Tei-tiary period of the Old World.
February 2Qth, 1849.
Dr. B. H. CoATES in the Chair.
Mr. Cassin read a paper entitled " Descriptions of new species of
the genera A^ydnh and Sycnbius, specimens of which are in the Col-
lection of the Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia. ' Referred to a Com-
mittee, consisting of Dr. Wilson, Dr. Gambel, and Dr. l^ridges.
]\lr. Conrad read a paper entitled " Descriptions of new fresh-water
and marine Shells," which was referred to Mr. Phillips, Dr. Griffith,
and Dr. Gambel.
Mr. Cassin read some " Notes of an examination of the families
Vulturid.T; and Strigida^ in the Collection of the Acad. Nat. Sci. of
Philadelphia." Referred to the Committee on the previous paper of
this evening.
Dr. Hallowell presented a communication entitled " Notes of the
post-mortem appearances of a Cynocep/uilus? which died in the Mena-
gerie at Philadelphia." Referred to Drs. Leidy, Keller and Gambel.
February 27 f/i, 1849.
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.
The Committee on Mr. Cassin's " Catalogue of the Vulturidse and
Strigids in the Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia," reported in favor of publication.
[This paper will be found at the end of the present number, and is the com-
mencement of a series of similar catalogues of the families in the Ornithological
collection of the Academy, which it is the design of the Committee on that
department to prepare for publication as soon as possible.]
1849.] _ 15 J
The Committee on the following paper by Dr. Hallowell, reported
in favor of publication,
JVotes of the fost-morteTn appearatices of a Cynocephaius ? which died in the
3Tenagerie at Philadelphia.
By Edward Hallowell, M. D.
Head. — Brain not examined.
Thorax. — There are three lobes to the right lung and three to the lel't. They
present a reddish-brown colour, mottled with grey, and are crepitant, except at
the base of the lower lobe of the right, which is firm and resisting to the touch.
The surface of both lungs is studded with tubercles, deposited beneath the pleural
covering. But few are observed in the lobes of the left, or the upper lobes of
the right, but they are thickly agglomerated in xhelou-est lobe of the latter, which
is filled with them ; they are of a light yellow colour, from one line and less to
nearly a line in diameter, firm to the touch, and imbedded in a hepatized tissue.
The mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi, traced to the smallest
ramifications of the latter, does not present any remarkable degree of redness,
being rather pale than otherwise. The bronchial glands are enlarged and tuber-
culous ; the largest is to the right of the trachea, and measures six lines in its
greatest extent; on cutting into it, a quantity of white cheesy matter makes its
escape. Mucous membrane of the oesophagus pale. The heart is small, measur-
ing one inch four lines in length, by one inch (Fr.) in breadth. The pericardium
contains about a teaspoonful of citron-coloured serosity. The auricles are
moderately distended with dark-coloured blood; a solitary tubercle about the
size of a pin's head is observed at the entrance of the vena cava into the right
auricle.
Ahdomen. — The liver has four distinct lobes and a smaller lobule; it is of a
light brown colour above, dark green beneath, except in the interspaces between
the lobes; it presents numerous tuberculous deposits upon its upper and under
surface, of a larger size than are usually met with in the liver — the largest upon
the under surface measuring five lines in diameter : on cutting into several of
them they are found to be filled with tuberculous matter, of a yellowish colour
tinged with green. The spleen is very greatly enlarged, measuring three inches
three lines in length, by one and three-quarters in breadth ; it is of a pale reddish
colour mottled with white, having its surface throughout studded with tubercles ;
the central portion, on cutting into it, presents the dark-coloured appearance
usually observed in the spleen, and four or five nodules of tuberculous matter;
upon the periphery of the organ the deposit appears to exist in the form of infil-
tration, extending four lines within its substance at its posterior extremity. The
stomach does not differ materially in shape from the human, and when laid open,
measures four inches (Fr.) from one extremity to the other; there is a well
marked pylorus ; the oesophagus enters the stomach about midway between the
pylorus and the opposite extremity; its muscular fibres are very apparent ; it
contains a quantity of greenish looking fluid, having a disagreeable
odour; the mucous membrane is pale throughout, and does not
appear softened, presenting no trace whatever of inflammation ; no tubercles are
152 [February,
observed upon its surface. The small intestine is five feet six and a half inches
(Fr.) in extent; it has no valviila; conniventes, neither does it present any glands
of Peycr, nor are any solitary glands observed; the intestine, slit up its entire
length, is perfectly pale, both upon its external and iinier surface, and no soften-
ing of tlie mucous membrane is noticed; it contains a quantity of greenish fluid;
no yellowish matter is observed at ils upper extremity; it contains no tnbcrcles,
and there are no ulcerations. The large intestine is two feet two and a half
inches in extent; there is a distinct ccecum, but no appendicula vermiformis; it
contains a quantity of greenish-looking fluid, similar to that in the small intestine ;
the mucous membrane throughout is quite pale, and appears to be healthy; held
up to the light the mucous follicles are very distinct, but are not very abundant,
and are more irregular in their outl.ne than those of the human subj<^ct ; they are
surrounded by a dark-coloured border, and several dark points are observed
within tlie circumference of the greater number, (in some of them there are as
many as six.) Mesenteric glands, move or less tuberculous, and yet the animal
does not appear greatly emaciated ; the disease appears to be more fully developed
in these glands than in any of the other organs ; one of them is much enlarged,
measuring Iburteen lines by thirteen in size; adherent to it is another, thirteen
lines by ten; these glands are filled with a white homogenous matter, of the
consistence of thick cream; no marks of inllammation are found to exist in any
part of the body, except in the lowest lobe of the right lung, where the tubercle*
are thickly agglomerated, the tissue of the organ being firm and resisting to the
touch. Both kidneys are tuberculous. They are sixteen lines in length by ten
in breadth; upon the convex margin of the left, near its anterior extremity, is a
deposit three lines in diameter, resisting to the touch, ami elevated considerably
above its surface; it is composed of numerous small white bodies; other tuber-
culous deposits, of various sizes, from that of a grain of sand to a line or more
in diameter, are observed upon the surface, for which portion of the kidney they
appear to have a predilection. Bladder healthy.
The Committee on Mr. Conrad's Description of new Shells reported
in favor of publication.
Descriptio)is of new frcsli water and marine Shells.
By T. A. CoNEAD.
The following new fresh water shells from Georgia w"re kindly loaned mc for
description by J. Hamilton Couper, Esq. ,
LNIO.
U. secariformis. Suborbicular, thick, compressed; valves slightly convex;
umbo llattehed, marked with obtuse, narrow, divaricated plaits; plaits on the
lower half of the valves obscure and interrupted; umbonial slope rounded; pos-
terior slope with strong oblique plaits towards the apex ; beaks eroded ; epidermis
black; within white; cardinal teeth large, direct, profoundly sulcated. li: \\.
Inhabits Flint River, Georiria.
U. stagiialis. Widely elliptical, ventricose, rather thin; towards the posterior
1849.]
153
extremity very thin and fragile ; anteriorly regularly rounded ; posteriorly some-
what pointed, with an acutely rounded extremity; basal margin regularly curved ;
summits prominent, eroded ; posterior margin very oblique and nearly straight ;
epidermis ochraceous and olivaceous; rays green, not very distinct on the
middle and anterior side, but more so posteriorly, some rather broad, others
linear ; posterior slope dark coloured, rayed ; within white and highly iridescent
posteriorly; cardinal teeth much compressed and oblique, double in each valve;
lateral teeth very slightly curved, finely granulated. Sj.
Inhabits mill ponds ; Ogeechee River, Georgia.
U. Ogeecheensis. Elliptical, thin, inflated ; posterior side somewhat pointed,
extremity subangular ; valves slightly contracted from beak to base; summits
rather prominent, decorticated, slightly undulated; epidermis ochraceous with
interrupted green rays, some of them broad ; within white, highly iridescent
posteriorly; cardinal teeth oblique, compressed; lateral teeth rectilinear. 3.
Inhabits Ogeechee River, Georgia.
Allied to the preceding, but has a lighter coloured epidermis with more distinct
rays, is proportionally longer; the cardinal tooth in the left valve is longer and
less lobed, and the lateral teeth are straight, without granules, and less oblique
than in the preceding species, which is a larger shell.
U. oratus. Widely elliptical, ventricose, gaping at both ends; posterior gape
wide; anterior extremity rather acutely rounded; posterior margin sinuous,
extremity subangular ; basal margin forming a nearly regular curve ; summits
prominent; umbo and beak eroded; epidermis ochraceous, polished; cardinal
teeth compressed, oblique ; lateral teeth straight ; within white, inuch stained
with waxen yellow. Z\.
Inhabits Flint River, Georgia.
This shell has the polished epidermis of U. cariosus, but is without a ray. It
is longer in proportion than that species with very different cardinal teeth, which
are much nearer parallel with the margin above : the shell also gapes far wider
in the only specimen I have seen.
U. rosaeeus. Widely elliptical, ventricose above; posterior margin obliquely
truncated, slightly sinuous; extremity subangular or acutely rounded ; epidermis
ochraceous and dark brown ; rays indistinct, frequently broad, but composed of
fasciculi of lines; surface with fine radiating wrinkles ; within deep rose-purple;
cardinal teeth prominent, oblique, compressed, trifid or 3 teeth in the left
valve. 3i.
Inhabits Savannah River.
Allied to U. ochraceus. Say.
U. eontrarius. Elliptical, moderately thick; valves somewhat flattened or
plano-convex ; umbo and beak not prominent, much eroded ; umbonial slope
acutely rounded; posterior margin straight above, truncated, direct; epidermis
deep ochraceous, with linear radiating wrinkles, and obscurely rayed about the
umbo; within pale flesh-colour stained with waxen yellow ; cardinal teeth direct,
thick, sulcated, not very prominent ; lateral teeth reversed, or the double tooth
in the right valve. 3 1-5.
Inhabits the Ogeechee River.
22
154" [February,
U. nncleopsis. Obtusely subovate, slightly oblique, thick, not ventricose ;
umbonial slope rounded ; posterior slope with a few obscure plaits ; posterior
nnargin subtruncated ; basal margin slightly tumid near the middle ; epidermis
ochraceous, with a series of green spots along the umbonial slope ; posterior
slope obsoletely striated ; within bluish white ; cardinal teeth thick, direct, single
in the right valve. Ij.
Inhabits Etowah River.
U. limatuliis. Siibelliptical, convex ; posterior side somewhat pointed; um-
bonial slope angular; posterior slope subcarinated in the middle; posterior
margin obliquely truncated; extremity truncated, direct; basal margin regu-
larly rounded; beaks not prominent, eroded; epidermis highly polished, dark
brown and ochraceous, obscurely rayed ; within flesh colour or pale salmon ;
cardinal teeth oblique, compressed, double in each valve ; lateral teeth long,
slightly curved. 2.
Inhabits Savannah River.
U. aratas. Trapezoidal, thick; valves flattened on the sides, slightly con-
tracted, marked with irregular arched, obtuse, interrupted folds, extending from
the beaks noai^ly to the base; umbonial slope angular; posterior slope plicated;
beaks not prominent, profoundly eroded ; ligament margin elevated; posterior
extremity truncated obliquely inwards; basal margin contracted; epidermis
nearly black; within white, with a purple margin; cardinal teeth direct, very
thick, sulcatcd ; lateral teeth slightly arched.
Inhabits Flint River, Georgia.
Allied to U. Sloatianus and trajiezoides. Lea.
JMaruarttana, Sc/ium,
M. Elotoaensis. Oblong-ovate, thin and fragile, widely contracted from beak
to base; umbonial slope ventricose, with a plano-convex or flattened surface;
ligament margin rather elevated; posterior submargin slightly concave; umbo-
nial slope angular posteriorly; beaks eroded; posterior extremity angular;
margin rounded towards the base; basal margin subrectilinear ; within bluish
and purplish, iridescent; cardinal tooth in the right valve rather long, oblique,
compressed, curved, prominent; in the opposite valve the tooth is widely bifid,
the posterior lobe pyramidal.
Inhabits Etowah River.
Allied to M. Raveneliana, Lea.
Melania.
M. calatura. Ovate-oblong, turreted ; volutions 6, with longitudinal ribs and
unequal prominent revolving lines, subnodulous where they cross the ribs ; the
ribs on the body whorl do not reach the middle ; the colour ochraceous and
brown; aperture narrow, elliptical ; labium with interior brown bands; superior
part of columella somewhat callous.
Inhabits Savannah River.
Melania perangulata. Subulate; volutions 9 or 10, with an acutely carinated
angle on all except the body whorl, which is subcarinated ; on each whorl of the
spire is a revolving granulated line above the carina; colour olive brown.
Inhabits Savannah River.
1849.] 155
Melania 7iebidosa. Elongate conoidal ; volutions 6 or 7, with revolving raised
lines ; whorls of the spire carinated below the middle, above which they are lon-
gitudinally ribbed, and have 2 or 3 revolving granulated lines ; granules com-
pressed ; aperture widely elliptical ; colour ochraceous, with brownish-black
stains.
Inhabits Savannah River.
Melajiia percarinata. Elongate conoidal ; volutions of the spire with a cari-
nated line below the middle, and a revolving granulated line above ; body whorl
with a granulated revolving line near the suture, and 3 carinated lines, the superior
one largest, the lower one fine ; colour dark olive brown.
Inhabits Savannah River.
Melania symmetriea,. Subulate ; whorls 9, slightly convex, with longitudinal
slightly curved, narrow ribs, interrupted near the suture by a revolving granu-
lated line; ribs on the body whorl not extending as far as the middle; margin of
labrum profoundly rounded; colour ochraceous and black.
Inhabits Savannah River.
Near the apex, two or three volutions have a fine granulated carinated line.
The folloviing neio and interesti7ig Shells are from, the coasts of Loiuer California
and Peru, and were 'presented to the Academy by Dr. Thomas B. Wilson.
SOLECARDIA, Con.
Shell bivalve, equivalve ; hinge with 2 diverging cardinal teeth, and a linear
oblique cartilage pit between; cardinal plate profoundly grooved on each side of
the teeth; muscular impressions 2, small, rounded, remote from the margins,
particularly from the base ; pallial impression entire.
S. ehurnea. Oblong oval, equilateral, ventricose, thin ; extremities nearly
equally rounded; basal margin arched; valves white, shining, minutely sha-
greened, towards the base minutely rugose, with fine impressed radiating lines;
concentric lines towards the base finely waved, indenting the margin. 1 2-10:
8-10.
In this singular bivalve the pallial impression shows no junction with the
adductor impressions, but joins the extremities of the cardinal plate. The mus-
cular impressions are as distinct on the exterior as on the interior.
Petricola.
P. sinuosa. Subtriangular ; inflated anteriorly; profoundly sinuous pos-
teriorly ; ribs radiating, prominent, acute, except towards the anterior margin,
where they are replaced by closely-arranged lines ; basal margin profoundly
sinuous ; within brown, cavity of umbo white ; cardinal teeth prominent, 2 in
one valve, and one broad one in the other. 8-10 : 6-10.
Family Anatenidce.
Cyathodonta, Cc7i.
An inequivalved bivalve ; hinge with a broad, not very projecting, cartilage
fosset, which is carinated near the margin ; muscular impressions rounded, indis-
tinct ; pallial impression with a large rounded sinus.
I5() [February,
C iinditlata. Subovate, inequilateral, very thin and fragile, with obliquely
concentric undulations, profound on the anterior side, and suddenly becoming
obsolete towards the posterior extremity, which is truncated and direct; posterior
slope of the deeper valve obscurely tricarinated ; cartilage pit robust; valves
with minute, very closely arranged, granulated radiating lines. 12-10: 1
nearly.
Family Pholadida.
Pholadopsis, Con.
Inequivalved ; right valve produced posteriorly, left valve overlapping the
opposite ; cartilage situated on a projecting callus.
P. ■pectinata. Ovate, very thin and fragile, profoundly gaping posteriorly;
profoundly ventricose anteriorly ; valves with elevated waved laminae terminating
near a profound sinus, which extends from beak to base ; right valve undulated
near the posterior end, reflected, margin pectinated ; both valves have concentric
lines.
Parapholas, Con.
P. bisitlcata. Ovate-oblong ; anterior accessory valves or deposit strong,
shining, gibbous on the margin of aperture, and having obscure decussated striae,
the transverse ones a little raised; anterior side of the larger valves with nume-
rous prominent crenulated radii; a slightly oblique sulcus extends from beak to
base, and a slightly impressed line runs from the beak to the posterior end of the
closed portion of the base ; between the two impressed transverse lines the valves
have closely-arranged, rugose, longitudinal laminae, and posterior to these the
lamina; are remote and elevated. 2^.
Penitella.
P. Wilsonii. Ovate-oblong, very thin, profoundly ventricose ; valves with a
furrow from beak to base ; the papyraceous anterior valves very wide ; anterior
valves with numerous oblique waved laminrr, and radiating acute ribs; ligament
margin sinuous; posterior side with concentric distant undulations ; two small
accessory valves behind the beak, which are reflected posteriorly; membrana-
ceous appendage with a sinuous or concave margin where it joins the shell, and a
deep annular groove anterior to the middle. 2^.
Triton-.
T. perforatus. Subpyriform ; volutions 5 or 6 ; ribs revolving, flattened,
slightly prominent, wide and narrow alternately, with narrow interstices and an
occasional revolving line ; angle of body whorl tuberculated ; spire scalariform,
the angle of each whorl with a tuberculated rib or carina; color cinereus ; epi-
dermis brown, rough, hairy, longitudinally ribbed; aperture wide; margin of
labrum sinuous above, profoundly ribbed ; ribs about half an inch long, on an
ochraceous submargin ; columella with white folds, and narrow, dark brown
interstices; beak bent, umbilicated. 3 8-10: 2J.
Oliva.
O. propatnla. Ovate-oblong, slightly gibbous towards the base; colour pale
ochraceous, marked with a few longitudinal zigzag brown lines, and with darker
transverse hair-like lines, and a few spots ; rohimella patulous, deeply sulcated
inferiorly; deposit at the base carinated in the middle. 2J: 1 1-10.
1849.]
157
The Committee on Mr. Cassin's Descriptions of new species of
Nyctale and ^ycobius, reported in favor of publication.
Descriptions of New Species of the genera Nyctale,Brehm.,and Sycohius, Vieill ;
specimens of which are in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.
By John Cassin.
Genus Nyctale, Brehm. Handb. Nat. Vog. Deuts. p. 111.
Nyctale Harrisii, nobis.
Front, face, nuchal collar, and under surface of the body yellowish white, or
buff colour.
Spot between the eye and the bill, and a broad occipital band, black, — the latter
covering the greater part of the hind head.
Feathers covering the ear, black.
Throat with a few black feathers, and many of the feathers of the ruff on the
front neck conspicuously tipped with black.
Upper surface of the back and wings deep reddish-brown ; wing coverts with
conspicuous round spots of white ; all the quill feathers also irregularly marked
and spotted with white on the edges of both webs ; scapulars largely edged with
white and buff.
Upper tail coverts brown, spotted with white. Tail black, with about three
pairs of rounded white spots on every feather. Tarsi thickly feathered to the
toes, and with the whole under surface of the body buff colour.
Total length of skin, from tip of bill to end of tail, about 7i in.; wing, 52 ;
tail, 2f inches.
Hab. South America ?
The specimen now described was obtained from Mr. J. G. Bell, Taxidermist,
of New York, who has no accurate recollection of its locality, but is of the opinion
that it came from South America.
I have named this singular and beautiful little species in honor of Mr. Edward
Harris, of Moorestown, N. J., Chairman of the Ornithological Committee of this
Academy, and a distinguished naturalist.
Genus Sycobius, Vieillot.
Syeohius scutatus, nobis.
% Upper part of the head and neck, broad pectoral band and under tail coverts
bright crimson ; the crimson of the breast uniting on the sides of the neck with
that of the head.
Throat and ears black, — which colour forms a large gular patch extending to,
but scarcely including the eyes.
All other parts of the body black.
9 Broad pectoral band and under tail coverts crimson ; all other parts, includ-
ing the head, black.
Total length of skin, from tip of bill to end of tail, about 55 inches; wing, 3f;
tail, 2i inches.
Hab. Western Africa.
158 [February,
Two pairs of the species now described were brought to this country by Robt.
MacDowell, M. D., SuPireon attached to the colonial government of Sierra Leone,
who collected them in Western Africa.
It bears a greater resemblance to the Sycobius rubricollis, (Swainson,) Vieill.
Ois. chant, pi. 43, than to any other species which I have found described; but
from this and all others it may readily be distinguished by its under tail coverts
being crimson, and also by its broad pectoral band of the same colour.
The Committee on Mr. Cassin's "Notes on the Vulturidte and
Strij^idae in the Collection of the Academy," reported in favor of pub-
lication.
Notes of an Kxaminatioii of the family Vulturidas, in the coUection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
By John Cassin.
1. Gyp» fiilvus, (Gm.)
Under this name, either Ornithologists have confounded several distinct spe-
cies, or the species itself assumes an unusual variety of characters. There are
now exhibited in the collection of the Academy, sixteen specimens of Vultures,
which have been described as at least four species; but as they all bear more or
less intimate relationship to the Gyps fulvus, (Gm.) of Europe, their claims as
distinct species have been but partially recognized, and a question seems to be,
whether the birds so described, which I may observe, are, for the greater part,
from widely different localities, really present characters sufficient to entitle
them to specilic distinction, or only such as may be attributed to age or season,
or to what naturalists have rather vaguely called variety.
I have long held as a principle, that however small a peculiar character may
be, if it is regularly and constantly reproduced in the generation of an animal,
or in other words, is uniformly and with certainty transmitted from parent to
offspring, that animal is entitled to be regarded as a distinct species, and is differ-
ent from any other.
The transmission of character can be, of course, most satisfactorily ascer-
tained in the natural habitation of the species, but if a series sufficiently exten-
sive, or any considerable number of specimens, invariably present a peculiar cha-
racter, the student in a museum may assume, quite justly, that he has sufficient
evidence.
In the present case the number of specimens is not sufficiently large to warrant
a conclusion, but they appear to present uniformly different characters enough to
induce the opinion that the following are specifically distinct : Gyps fulvus^
(Gm.;) Gyps Kolhii, (Daud.;) Gyps indicus, (Temm.;) Gyps tejtinrostris,
Hodgson.
2. Gyps indicus, (Temm.)
This species is in an extraordinary state of confusion.
Mr. Temminck describes and figures a Vulture in PI. Col. i., liv. 5, pi. 26,
supposed by him to be the " Vultur indicus, Lath.," which name and authority
he gives at the head of his article, and in the text of same vol., liv. 72, art.
V. imperialis, alludes to it as the same as Vultur leuconotus, Gray. 111. Tnd. Zool.,
1849.] 159
pi. 15, which differs so entirely from M. Temminck's plate, that the latter must
have considered it as either the young or adult of his species. But it appears
that V. leuconotus, Gray, is the adult of Vultur bengalensis, Gm., and it also
appears that M. Temminck's plate does not represent the last named species in
any known stage of plumage, consequently his text and plate refer to different
birds.
Col. Sykes in "Catalogue of Birds, observed in the Dukhun," Proc. Zoo. Soc,
London, 1832, p. 77, gives " Vultur indicus, Lath., Temm., PI. Col. 26," as an
abundant species, and the remark is inserted that " Col. Sykes' specimens are no
doubt referable to M. Temminck's species."
Mr. H. E. Strickland, in Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., xiii., p. .34, presumes
Vultur leuconotus, Gray, to be the same as Vultur indicus, Temm. ; and in same
volume, p. 205, mentions Y. indicus, Scop, and Lath., and V. indicus, Temm., as
though he meant two species.
Mr. E. Blyth, in <' Remarks upon the birds presented by Mr. Hodgson, to the
British Museum," same journal, xx., pp. 315, 387, insists that "Vultur indicus,
Scop, and Lath., is Gyps tenuirostris, Hodgson," so that whenever he speaks of
Vultur indicus, (as in same journal, xiii., p. 115,) he means, of course, Gyps
tenuirostris, Hodgson.
M. C.J. Sundeval, in same journal, xviii., p. 459, speaks of V. indicus, Temm.,
as a species similar to V. fulvus, but different from V. bengalensis, and evidently
is of opinion that V. indicus is distinct from either. He states, too, that he saw
none near Calcutta, which were yellowish-brown, and therefore " presumes that
the so coloured Vultur indicus, never, or rarely, occurs near Calcutta."
Mr. J. E. Gray, in Catalogue Rap. Birds in Brit. Mus., inserts "Vultur indicus,
Temm.," as a synonyme for the Gyps fulvus, Gm.
All the four specimens labelled " Vultur indicus," in the Rivoli collection, are
also labelled as coming from South Africa. These specimens comprise two young,
one male probably adult, and one female, also probably adult. The young
certainly bear a much greater resemblance to M. Temminck's plate than do any
others in the collection ; hence I am inclined to the belief, that Vultur indicus,
Temm., PI. Col. 26, is an African bird, and, as stated in the preceding article,
a distinct species.
What " Vultur indicus, Scop, and Lath." may be, is more than I can tell from
the descriptions, but at any rate, I see no reason to cavil at Mr. Blyth's conclu-
sion ; the descriptions of both Scopoli and Latham, and especially the figure in
Sonnerat's Voy. India, ii., pi. 105, do appear to me, however, quite unsatisfac-
tory.
3. Sarcorampkus grypjius, (Linn.)
Naturalists and travellers seem to have decided that the male of this species is
the larger. If this is true, it appears to be the only instance in which such is
the case in the Rapacious birds, and is a singular exception to the general rule
that the female is the larger in this order.
4. Cathartes aura, (Linn.) ,
British and American naturalists consider this name as applicable to the bird
figured by Wilson, Am. Orn. pi. 75, fig. 1, and Audubon, B. of Am. pi. 151; but
some continental European authors have applied it to the Cathartes jota, Molina,
which is understood to be the same as Vultur atratus, Bartram Travels, p. 289,
figured by Wilson, Am. Orn. pi. 75, fig. 2, and Audubon, B. of Am. pi. 106.
160 [February,
The former are correct, and the latter appear to have been led into error by the
Ftatement of Buffon who figures the C. jota in PI. Enl. 187, and states in the text
PI. Knl. i, p. 136, that it is called " ouroua ou aura." Daudin, Traite d'Orn. ii. p.
19, under C. aura, cites Biiffon's plate. Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 2, describes the C.
jota under the name of Cathartes aura, and also cites Buff. PI. Enl. 187. Vieillot>
in Ois. de I'Am. Sept. pi. 2, figures C. jota, and in his text cites Vultur aura, Linn,
as a synonymc, though he also figures the true C. aura, Linn , pi. 2, bis. and gives
its correct name.
M. D'Orbigny, in Voy. dans I'Am. Merid. Ois. p. 31, although he describes and
figures the C. aura by its proper name, yet quotes C. jota, «* Ch. Bonap.," and
Vultur atratus, Wilson, Orn. Am. ix. pi. 75, fig. 1, as synonymes, which is an
error, as he would readily have ascertained by referring to Wilson's figure as quot-
ed by himself.
There is moreover a further difficulty. It seems desirable to know whether
Liniineus described from North or South American specimens, as the Prince De
Wied has described the North American bird as a species distinct from the C. aura,
Linn., under the name of Cathartes septentrionalis, De Wied ; — the original descrip-
tion I have not seen, but it is copied at length in Tschudi's Fauna Peruana, Orn.
p. 74.
It is probably now quite impossible to ascertain from what part of America the
specimens described by Linnaeus were actually brought, but fortunately the diffi-
culty last stated, as well as all the former, is easily settled without such know-
ledge.
As synonymous with Vultur aura, Linnaeus himself in Syst. Nat., 12th edition,
i., p. 122, cites Catesby, Carolina 1, pi. 6, and Sloane's Jamaica ii., pi. 254, both of
which are clearly the same bird as that figured by Wilson and Audubon, under the
same name, so it would appear sufficiently evident that whatever other species may
inhabit America, the common bird of North America is the true C. aura, Linn.
I beg leave to add, that that excellent observer and accurate naturalist Mr. George
Ord, expressly states, in Am. Orn. ix., p. 99, " The Vultur which Sir Hans Sloane
has figured and described is undoubtedly the Vultur aura," that is to say, it is the
same as the species figured by Wilson.
The figure of the head in D'Orbigny's Voyage dans I'Am. Merid., pi. 1, fig. 3,
appears to me to be that of the true C. aura, Linn., or the same as the North
American species, and the same as that described by Spix, Av. Bras. 1, p. 2,under
the name of Cathartes ruficollis, Spix, which is, therefore, a synonyme.
5. Cathartes Burrovianus, Cassin.
This is a species described by me from a specimen brought from Mexico, and
is the smallest of all known Vultures. The Rivoli collection contains one speci-
men of this bird, which is more adult than the specimen described.
This may be the species which is alluded to by Pennant, in Arctic Zoology, (as
quoted by Mr. Ord,) who say* that the Turkey Vulture of the West Indies is
•' far inferior in size to that of North America."
The plumage of the specimen in the Rivoli collection, is clear black, like that
of the specimen previously in the collection of the Academy ; the secondaries hav-
ing slightly palter margins, but with no mixture or edging of brownish which pre-
vails in the plumage of all the specimens of C. aura which I have seen. The
12 inches
L8
IC
8k
li
2h
IC
o
((
184.9.] 161
feathers on the neck, instead of forming a pcrlcctly circular, or nng-like rati, as
in C. aura, in the present species, extend decidedly upwards on the back of the
neck ; in the specimen here alluded to, almoit to the occiput. The following are
the measurements of the two species.
C. aura, ( Linn,,' C. Burmviiiniis, Caesin .
Total length from tip of bill to end of tail
(mounted specimens), 30 inches.
Wing from flexure to tip of
longest primary, 23 "
Tail, 12 "
Tarsus, 2| «
Bill from gap direct to tip 2i "
6. Catkartes jota, {MoVina.)
I am not without suspicion that the bird described by the Abbe Molina, in Es-
say on the Natural History of Chili, p. 245, (M. Gruvel's French translation,) is
not the same as the Vultur atratus, Burtram, Travels, p. 289.
There are in the collection of the Academy three specimens which are clearly
the latter, being the same birds given by Wilson and Audubon ; one of these w'as
presented by Mr. Audubon, another was obtained in Florida, and presented by Dr.
McEuen ; the third belongs to the Rivoli collection, but there is a fourth speci-
men w-hich is materially different. It belongs to the Rivoli collection and
is without label.
This last specimen is not only much smaller than the former, but it has the head
quite smooth and not carunculated or rugose, as in the common species of North
America. In fact its head resembles that of the C. aura, (Linn.,) more than it does
the C. atratus, (Bart.,) and is covered by such a comparatively clear and smooth
skin that I can readily suppose it to be coloured in the living bird, which would
be strictly as described by the Abbe Molina, or at least as his French translator
says for him, p. 246, " sa tete est sans plumes, couverte d^une peau ridee de
couleur ro/tsse." Mr. Audubon, Orn. Biog. ii., p. 52, describes his bird as "the
head having a hlach, rugose, carunculated skin, sparsely covered with short hairs
and downy behind," which is precisely the case in the three specimens alluded to,
but I quote Mr. Audubon's description, because he, as well as the Abbe Molina,
probably described from recent specimens.
The one specimen here alluded to is as above stated smaller than either of the
others, as will appear by the following measurements.
Mr. Audubon's specimen. Smaller Bpecimen.
Total length from tip of bill to end of tail 25 inches 19i
Wing from the flexure to tip of longest primary 17 " 15i
Tan 7^ " 7
7. The family Vulturidac has been arranged apparently in a manner only pro-
visional according to the Natural System, by Mr. Swiinson, Lardner's Cab. Cy.
Birds, i. p. 280, and ii. p. 205.
Notwithstanding such high authority as Mr. Swainson, I am disposed to think
the Gypinae (of my catalogue) the subtypical group, and the Sarcoramphinae
appear to me to present characters sufficient to warrant the conclusion that they
are the true Rasorial Vultures.
In confirmation of my opinion of the Sarcoramphinae, I may refer to the well
23
162 [February,
known fact that the spccirs of Cathartcs arc amcng;st the most confidaiit and
familiar of birds, and that such disposition seems also to extend to Sarcoramphus.
In a note to " Remarks on the Birds observed in Upper California," by Dr.
William Gambcl, in Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philada. new series, ((Juarto) Vol. i.
p. 25, he mentions having seen at Valparaiso a specimen of the Condor so com-
pletely domesticated that it was allowed to roam the city at large, and so entirely
docile that it offered no resistance to being handled, and would even permit the
caresses of children, or their attempting to get upon its back. " In fact," he con-
tinues, " I think I have never met with any bird which exhibited more tameness
or greater confidence in man than this large Condor."
After first premising that in all matters relating to Natural History I am a
strict circularian of the school of MacLeay, Vigors and Swaiiison, I beg leave
to present the following as my views of the classification of the subfamilies of
Vulturidee.
1. Typical, Vulturin<T.
2. Subtypical, Gypinar.
3. Natatorial, Gypaetinae.
4. Grallatorial, Neophrinae.
.'5. Rasorial, Sarcoramphin?p.
8. The collection of this Academy contains, probably, all the known Vultures.
The only exceptions being, first, the species labelled " Gyps toiuiiroslris, Hodg.?"
it is possible may not be that bird; and second, a bird figured in Brown's Illus-
trations of Zoology, pi. 1, London, 177G, which is Falco ambustus, Gm., and
Vultur ambustus (Gm.) of Latham, and said to inhabit the Falkland Islands, is
not in the collection. 1 suspect, however, that the latter is not truly a Vulture,
though it is difficult to determine from the plate above cited.
There are exhibited in the collection of the Academy sixty-eight specimens of
Vultures, which represent nineteen species, including as species the Gyps indicus,
(Temm.) G. Kolbii, (Daud.) and G. tenuirostris, Hodg.
The Committee on Dr. S. G. Morton's paper, entitled " Additional
observations on a new species of Hippopotamus," reported in favor o(
publication in the Journal of the Academy.
ELECTION OF MEMBERS AND CORRESPONDENTS.
Francis Curney Smith, M. D., and Prof. William E. Horner, ol
Philadelphia, were elected Members, and the following gr-ntlemen
elected Correspondents :
Henry W. Ravenel,. Fsq., of Black Oak, South Carolina,
iMyddleton Michel, M. D., of Charleston, South Carolina.
i'uncdion.— Vo\ I . aralus, p. 154, 16lh line •'rom lop, icad ('. plciiroplioius.
1849.J 1G3
DONATIONS TO MUSEUM
In January and February.
January 9tk.
A mounted and very beautiful specimen of an albino Cervus Virginianus,
From Wayne county, Pennsylvania. Presented by Dr. T. B. Wilson.
Three Motacilla, 2 species ; oneBudytes; three Phasianus ; one Rhanphoceles.
Nine specimens, 8 species, of birds egi^s, S. Africa; one do. S. America; one
do. India; 8 species of bird's nests, England. Deposited by Dr. T. B. Wilson.
Carpal bones of Apteryx Oweni. Presented by Dr. Wilson.
Three casts of crania of a large species of Ourang from Gamboon, W. Africa.
Presented by the Bristol Institution, through Dr. T. B. Wilson.
Twenty-two shells from Australia, of the genera Chiton, Struthiolaria, Tel-
lina, Bulimus, Cardium, Trigonia, Myochama, and Clavagella. Eighty-seven
shells from Californiaand Peru, of the genera Venus, Cytherea,Chama, Cardium,
Spondylus, Amphidesma, Area, Donax, Nytilus, Anomia, Mytilicardia, Mactra,
Pholas, Parapholas, Petricola, Anatina, Sanguinolaria, Mysia, Pectunculns,
Ranella, Murex, Purpura, Oliva, Cassis, Cancellaria, Conus, Pyrena, Ovuia,
Triton, and Coronula. Presented by Dr. Wilson.
Numerous small and rare British shells, and a stone with Orbicula adhering,
comprising 18 species dredged up on the English coast, and 3 species Helix.
Presented by Mr. McAndrew, of England, through Dr. Wilson.
Fifteen fossil shells from the Miocene of France, and a group of fossil fish
from the tertiary of France. Presented by M. Ed. Verreux, of Paris, through Dr.
Wilson.
A fossil fish from Oberstein. Presented by Mr. Weissmuller, of Paris, through
Dr. Wilson.
Specimen of labarynthine Coal, from England. Presented by the Bristol
Institution, through Dr. T. B. Wilson.
Fine specimen Solaster papposa, Pembrokeshire; and two specimens Sphinx,
one species; Metopsilis, one species; Smerinthus, one. From Pembrokeshire,
S. Wales. Presented by Mr. Edward Wilson.
January 16th.
Two specimens of Blennius punctatus, from Cape May, New Jersey. From
Mr. Theoph. Beasley.
February Gth.
Nine species Helix, one Helicina, one Physa, three Pupa, five Cylindrella, one
Succinea; from Florida and Cuba. Presented by Dr. A. A. Gould.
FU'ty specimens, twenty-two species of Shells from Scotland, of the following
genera: Pecten, Mactra, Venerupis, Modiola, Alasmodonta, Nassa, Cardium,
Venus, Trochus, Cytherea, Natica, Bulla, Psammobia, Lima, Nerita, Lottia.
Received from Wm. Gourlie, Jr., of Glasgow, through Dr. Watson, in exchange.
Ten species of Shells, from Cape May. Seventy-three specimens, twelve spe-
cies, Crustacea, from Cape May, of the following genera: Platyonichiis, Lupa,
Ocypode, Gelasimus, Hippa, Pagurus, Palaemon, Caprella, Amphithoe, Stenosoma,
Sphreroma. Presented by M. E. Griffith.
Four specimens Libinia dubia, and one of Platyonichus, from Beesley's Point,
N. J. Ei'dit specimens, six species of Birds, from Great Egg Harbor, as follows :
Turdus, Calidris, Fringilla, Charadrius, Tringa. Presented by Mr. Samuel Ash-
mead. T 1 ■ 1 I 1 I -
Five specimens, two species, of Ammodytes and Lebias— and the head ol
Carcharias. Cape May : three Sertularia, three Cirrhipeda, and three Annelida,
from Cape May. From M. E. Grifl=ith.
164. [February
Foiirleeii well coiiilitioned sk.ns of Manimalia, as follows : Caviaaguta, — var.
Stentor riifus, Cebiis nioiiacluis, Kriodon liypoxaiitlius, Kerodon moco, J)idel-
phis Azairp, Didelphis cancrivora, (lulo barbaia, do., var., Felis mitis,
Canl« Azura', Felis jairuarondi, var. rufus, Procyon cancrivora, Simla /
Keceived in exchanj^e from M. Moricand, Geneva, Switzerland.
Fine specimen, in spirits, of Lachesis mutus, Demarara. Presented by iMr.
Wm. Hembel.
February I3th.
Two fine specimens of Columbite, Haddam, Connecticut. Presented by Prof.
Johnston, of ^liddjetown, Conn.
Risiht half of inlerior maxilla of Castor fiber, from Marl of New Jersey. Pre-
sented by Mr. Charles T. 15udd.
Fehnianj 20t7i,
^Caprimulgus Xuttalii, And., and Colaptes Ayresii, And., fine specimens; from
the irpp(!r Missouri. Presented by Mr. J. J. Audubon.
DON A T I 0 N S TO LIBRARY,
l.\ Janiaky ani> February, 1819.
J an nary '2d,
Indicis generum A[aIacozoorum primordia: conscripsit A. N. Ileermannsen.
fascic. 1 — 9. 8vo. From Mrs. Lucy W. Say.
Verzeichniss der Conchylien welche sich in der Sammlung von IL E. Anton.
4to. The same.
Enumeratio Molluscorum Siciliae. Auctore R. A. Philippi. Ito. Vol. 1. The
same.
Historia Molluscorum Sueciae; a Sv. Nillson. 8vo. The same.
Beskrivelse af nogle nye Slangearter, ved J. Th. Reinhardt. -Ito. From Dr.
S. G. IMorton.
Fragmens d'anatomie sur I'organisationdes Serpens, par G. L. Duvernoy. 8vo.
The same.
Friedrich Tiedemann von den Duvernoyschen, Bartholinschen oder Cowper-
schen Druscn des Weibes, &c. 4to. From the same.
Observations on Belemnites and other fossil remains of Cephalopoda, disco-
vered by Mr. R. N. Mantell in the Oxford Clay in Wiltshire. By G. A. Mantell,
Esq., LL. D. 4to; From tne author.
On the structure of the maxillary and dental organs of the Iguanodon. By
G. A. Mantell. Ito. From the author.
January Ot/i,
American Journal of Science and Arts. 2d series. No. 19. From the
Editors.
A statigraphical account of the section from Alherfield to Rockcn-end on the
S. W. Coast of the Isle of Wight. By Wm. Henry Fitton, M. 1). Svo.and Chart.
From the author.
Dr. Wilson deposited the following:
L<is von Oken. Heft v. 1848.
Phycoloijia Britannica. By Wm. Henry Harvey, M. D. Part 'JS. Svo.
Hlustrations of British Mycology. By Mrs T. J. Hussey. Part 20. 4to.
Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By Edward Doubleday. Part 22. 4to.
Zoology of the voyage of the Samarang. No. 3. 4to.
History of British MoUusca. By Prof. Forbes and S. ITanley. Part P. Svo.
Catalogue of organic remains of the Permian rocks ol Northumberland and
Durham. By Wm. King.
1849.]
1G5
Concholosla iconica. By Lovell Reeve. Part 68. 4to.
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. No. 16. 8vo.
Illustrations of the Birds of Jamaica. By Philip H. Gosse. Part 8. 8vo.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Vol.2. New series. No. 11.
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, and ol the Museum of
practical Geology. Vol. 2. Pts. 1 and 2. 8vo.
A history of British Birds, indigenous and migratory. By W. Macgillivray.
3 vols. 8vo.
Voyages dans TAmerique Meridionale par Don Felix de Azara : publies par
C. A. Walckenaer. 4 vols. 8vo. Atlas 4to.
North American Sylva : by F. A. ^lichaux: Supplement by Thos. Nuttall.
Vol. 2. Part 2; and Vol. 3. Part I. 8vo,
Library of Useful Knowledge. Sheep, their breeds, management and diseases.
Same work. The Horse, (Wm. Youatt.) 8vo.
Carol! Linnei Fauna Suecica : editio altera auctior. 8vo.
An account of the interior of Ceylon and of the Inhabitants. By John Davy,
M. D. 4to.
Travels in Hungary. By Robert Townson, LL. D. 4to.
P. S. Pallas, M. D. Elenchus Zoophytorum. Svo.
Catalogue of tne Books, &c.in the Library of the Geological Society of London:
Do. of the works in Medicine and Natural History contained in the Radcliffe
Library.
West of England Journal of Science and Literature. Nos. 1 — .5— (in one vol.
8vo.)
Introduction to Botany, By Priscilla Wakefield. 3d edition. Svo.
Descriptions and tigures of Petrifactions found near Bath. By John Walcott,
Esq. Svo.
Introduction to the natural history and classification of insects. By Priscilla
Wakefield. Svo,
January IG^A.
The Vegetable Kingdom. By John Lindley, Ph. D. &c. Svo. Deposited by
Dr. Griffith.
Hortus CoUinsonianus. By L. W. Dillwyn. Svo, From the author.
Materials for a Fauna and Flora of Swansea and the neighbourhood. By L. W.
Dillwyn. Svo. From the same.
Smithsonian contributions to knowledge. Vol. 1. Ancient Monuments of the
Mississippi. By E. G. Squier, and E. H. Davis, M. D. 4to. From the Smith-
sonian Institution.
Manual de Geologia: extractado de la Lethaea Geognostica de Bronn.; por
And. Man. del Rio. Folio. From Mr. Conrad.
Tabacologia: hoc est Tabaci seu Nicotianae descriptio : par J. Neandrum
Bremanum. 4to. Deposited by Dr. Griffith.
Casparis Barhei Res Brasiliae. Editio secunda. 12mo. From the same.
Angeli Sali; Saccharologia, &c. 12mo." From the same.
The following were deposited by Dr. Wilson:
Nouveau systeme de Mineralogie: par J. J. Berzelius : traduit du Swedois.
Svo.
Tableau de la distribution methodiiiue des especes minerales suivie dans le
cours de Mineralogie en 1833. Par M. Alex. Brongniart.
Cosmos, essai d'une description physique du monde, par Alex, de Humboldt.
2 vols. Svo.
Principles of Physics and Meteorology. By J. Miiller.
Revue Zoologique. No. 9. 1S4S.
Comptes rendus. Tome 27. Nos. 12 — IS, et index du Tome 26. 4tn.
February Gt/t.
Histoire naturelle des principales productions de I'F.nrope meriilionale, &c.
Par A. Risso. Tome 4. Svo. (mollusques.) Mrs. L. "W. Say-
166 [Fi-nrcUAHY,
Galorio des Mollusquo^, ou catalogue des mollusques et coquillcs du museum
de Donai. Par M. M. Potiez et Michaud. Tomes 1 et 2, et Atlas. 8vo. From
the same.
Complement de I'histoire naturelle des Mollusques de la France de J. P. R.
Dniparnaud. Par A. L. Gaspanl Michaud. Ito. From the same.
-Monograph of the lossil Squalida- of the United States. By Robert W. Gibbes,
^^. 1). 4to. From the author.
Felruary I3tk.
Report on the Geology of South Carolina. By M. Tuomcy. Ito. From the
State of South Carolina.
Die Bernstein und de in ihm befindlichen. Pllanzenreste der Vorwelt von
Prof. H. R. Gooppert und Dr. G. C. Berendt. Folio. From Dr. Berendt.
Neueste Schriften dor Naturforschrnden Gesellschaft in Danzij;. Vol. I. Part 'J.
4to. From the Society.
Gelehrte Anzeigen, herausgegeben von iSIitgliedern der f. bayer. Acad, der
WisscAischaften. 1847. Parts 24, 25. 4to. From the Academy.
Bulletin der Konigl. Akad. der Wissenschaften. 1817. Nos. 8 — 35. 4to. From
tlie same.
Abhandlangen der Mathematisch-Physikallschen Classc der Konig. Bayer.
Akad. der Wissench. Vol. 5. Part 1. Ito. From the same.
The following were deposited by Dr. Wilson:
Thesaurus Conchyliorum. By G. B. Sowerby, Jr. Part 9." Svo.
Illustrations of British Mycology. By Mrs. T. J. Hussey. 4to. Part 21.
Zoologia typica. Rv Louis Fraser. Parts 12 and 13. Folio.
The Genera of Birds By George R. Gray. No. 10. Ito.
The Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By falward Doubleday. No. 23. Folio.
Annals and jNIagazine of Natural History. Vol. 2. Second series. No. 12.
History of British Mollusca and their Shells. By Prof. Forbes and S. Stanley.
Part 12. Svo.
Contributions to Ornithology. 8vo. No. 2. 1818. CSir W. Jardine.)
Conchologia iconica. By Lovell Reeve. Part G'J. 4to.
Illustrations of the Birds of Jamaica. By Philip H. Gosse. Svo. No. 9.
Phycologia Britannica. By Wm. Henry Harvey, M. D. No. 36.
List of specimens of Birds in the collection of the British Museum. Part 2.
12mo.
The Ornithologists' Guide to the Islands of Orkney and Shetland. By Robert
Dunn. Svo.
An elementary treatise on Mineralogy. By Wm. Phillips, 5th edition; by
Francis Alger. Svo.
Panzoologicomineralogia, or a complete history of Animals and Minerals. By
Robert Lovell. r2mo.
North American Sylva. By A. Michaux. Supplement by T. Nuttall. Vol.].
Part 2. Svo.
Febnianj 2Qth.
Reports of the Proceedings of the Geological and Polytechnic Society of tin-
West Riding of Yorkshire, 1817. From Henry Denny, Ksq.
Twenty-eighth Report of the Leeds Philosophical Society. From the same.
Catalogue of the IJnios, Alasmodontas and Anodontas of the Ohio and its
Northern Tributaries, adopted by the Western Acad. Nat. Sciences of Cincinnati.
From the Academy.
Second Annual Report of the Regents of tho University of the State of New
York, on the condition of the Cabinet of Nat. History. January, 1810. From the
Regents.
Resf-archos critical and experimental upon the capillary circulation. By Ben-
nett Dowler, M. D. From the author.
Or. Wilson deposited the following:
Phycologia Britannica. By Wm. H. Harvey, iSI. D. No. .37. 8vo.
1849.]
167
History of British Mollusca. Cy Prof. Forbes and Sylvuuus llanley. A'o. 13.
8vo.
Annals and Magazine of Nat. Hist. Vol. 2. New series. No. 13.
Illustrations of the Birds of Jamaica. By Philip H. Gosse. No. 10. •
Comptes rendns. Tome 27. Nos. 19, 20.
Illustrations of Indian Ornithology. By T. C. Jerdon. No. 4. 4to.
Illustrations of British Mycology. By Mrs. T. J. Hussey. No. 22. 4to.
Conchologia iconica. By Loveil Reeve. Part 70. 4to.
The genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By Edward Doubleday. Part 24. 4to.
Jac. Theo. Klein Stemmata Avium. 4to.
J. Theo. Klein Ova Avium. 4to.
Ornithologische Gallerie. Von C. F. Dubois. Nos. 1 — IG. Svo.
Beitrilge zur Ornithologie Griechenlands von H. G. von der Muhle. Svo.
Die Wirbelthiere Europa's von A. Graf. Keyserling und Prof. J. H. Blasius.
Part 1. Svo.
Monographia Heliceorum viventium. Auctore Dr. Lud. Pfeiffer. Fascic. 1 — 7.
Svo.
Synopsis methodica MoUuscorum quae in Musaso Menkeano adservantur. Auc-
tore C. Theo. Menke, M. D.
MoUuscorum Novw Hollandiaj specimen scripsit C. Theo. Menke. 4to.
Musaeum Senckenbergianum. Vols. 1 and 2, and Vol. 3. Nos. 1 and 2. 4to.
Catalogue systematique et raisonne des curiosites de la nature et de I'art, qui
composent le cabinet de M. Davids. 3 vols. Svo.
Traite elementaire de Mineralogie. Par S. F. Beudant. 2 vols. Svo.
Prodromo della Mineralogia Vesuviana di T. Monticelli. Svo., and Atlas Svo.
Recherches sur I'osteologie et la myologie des Batraciens a leursdiflereus ages.
Par Ant. Duges. 4to.
Iconologie de I'organe de I'ouie : par S. T. Soemmering. Traduit de Latin par
A. Rivallie. Svo., and Atlas folio.
Description figuree de I'oeil humain, traduit de I'ouvrage de S. T. Sccmmering.
Par A. P. Demours. 4to.
Mem.oire sur I'organisation des Cirrepedes. Par G. J. Martin St. Ange. 4to.
The Nervous System of the Human Body. By Charles Bell. 4to.
Nachtriige zur Classification der Saugethiere und Vogel. Von J. J. Kaup.
184-9.] 169
March 6th, 1849.
Dr. Patterson in the Chair.
Dr. Gambel read a continuation of his " Remarks on the Birds of
Upper California," intended for publication in the Journal. Referred
to Mr. Cassin, Dr. Wilson, and Dr. Townsend.
Dr. Gambel also read a paper intended for publication in the Journal,
entitled, " Notes on the Pidgeons, with descriptions of new species,"
which was referred to Mr. Cassin, Dr. Wilson, and Mr. Harris.
Professor Agassiz made some remarks on the distinctions between
the fossil Crocodiles of the green sand of New Jersey, described by
Drs. Harlan and Morton, and characterized that of Dr. Harlan as a
distinct genus under the proposed name of Bottosaurus.
March 13th, 1849.
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.
Dr. Leidy presented a communication from Professor Haldeman, in-
tended for publication in the Proceedings, describing new species of
Cryptocephalus, &c., in the collection of Dr. J. L. Le Conte. Referred
to Drs. Zantzinger, Griffith, and Watson.
Dr. Keller read a memoir entitled " On Ciliary cells of some marine
naked Mollusca, in embryo ;" which was referred to a committee con-
sisting of Drs. Leidy, Goddard, and Hallowell.
Professor Agassiz made some observations upon the Crocodilus
clavirostris of Morton, and characterized it as a distinct genus under
the proposed name of Sphenosaurus. He also referred to the remains
of an immense fossil Chelonian, in the collection of the Academy, and
found in the green sand of New Jersey. Being allied to the Colosso-
chelys of India, Professor Agassiz proposed for it the name of
Atlaatochelys Mortoni.
Dr. Leidv made some remarks on the intimate structure of the so-
called cartilages of the Cephalopoda, and pointed out their strong re-
semblance to bone.
March 11th, 1849.
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.
The Committee to whom was referred Professor Haldeman's descrip-
tions of new species of CryptocepJialus, &.C., reported in favour of pub-
lication in the Proceedings.
PROCEED. ACAD. NAT. SCI. OF PHILAEELPHIA. — VOL. IV. NO. VIII. 24
170 [April,
Cryptoeephalinantm Boreali-ameiicac Jiarrvostt, cum apecisbits novix miisei
lecoHtiaiU.
Auctorc S. S. Haldkman.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS.
C. OUTTATUS. Laete rufus : capite flavo-maculato : pronoto subtiliter sparse
punctiilato, caiialiculato ; mart;ine angusto, maculis 2 basal, flavis : el. nigris,
profuude puiictato-striatis, singulo maculis llavis -1-2-2-1 positis : pygidio punctate,
apice utrinque macula flava. 2 lin.
C. si'ARSua. Rufus, capite pallido, muculis 3 rufis : pronoto margine antico
lateralique lato, maculisque 2 basalibus pallidis: el. pallida, sutura guttisque
paucis obscure rufis : ant. apice tarsisq fuscis. 3i lin.
C. AUHCLS. Rufus ; pronoto valde convexo, punctulato ; margine flavo, maculis
2 basal, confuse flavis: el. flava punctato-striata ; vittarum 2 nigr. vestigiis.
3 lin.
C. SIMPLEX. Rufo-brunneus ; pronoto subtiliter punctato, lateribus maculis 2
basalib. flavis ; el. flavis, punctato striatis; sutura, epipleuris, punctoque humcrali
nigerrimis : antennis pedibusq laete rufis. 2J lin.
C. riJMiLus. Supra flavcscens, pronoto sparse minus subtiliter punctato,
macula discoidali rufa : elytra profunde punclato-striatis : subtus saturate rufus,
ped. pallidioribus. 1 lin.
C. LiNEOLATUs. Saturate rufus, pronoto punctato: lateribus, maculis 2 basal.
flavis : el. profunde punctato-striatis, vittis 2 flavis, apice convunctis, exteriori
irregulari. li lin.
C. viTATus. Rufus, supra flavus ; pronoto punctato, macula rotunda medio,
vittaq utrinq submarginali brunneis : el. punctato-striatis; sutura, vitta lata ver-
Bus marginem, alteraq inter media abbreviata atro-brunneis. 2 lin.
C. GiBBicoLLis. Habitu omnino C. venusti, at major : pronot. gibbosum, vix
punctulatum, limbo semicirculari. Long. 3, lat. 2 lin.
C. iNSERTus. Pallida nifus ; pronot. polito, punctulato, apice lateribusq mar-
gine angusto flavo, basi vix maculato : el. profunde seriatim punctatis ; margine
angusto, vittisq 2 latis confluentibus confusis nigerrimis ; tarsis nigris : antennis
apice fuscis. 2 1.
C. ALBICANS. Laete rufus : pronoto obsolete punctulato, apice, lateribus,
maculisq 2 basal, obsolete flavis : el. seriatim punctatis; sutura, vittisq 2 obscure
brunneis vel nigris; tarsis fuscis. 23 lin.
C. AMAxrs. Supra flavus : pronoto laterib. obsolete punctulato ; vittis 4 laete
rufis : el. profunde seriatim punctatis sericbus perporia approximatis, interstitiis
alternatim nigricantibus ; subtus niger, ped. rufis, gcnubis flavis. IJ lin.
C. FiTLviPENNis. Niger: ant. breviusculis, palpisq rufus: pronoto punctulato:
el. profunde seriatim punctatis, aurantiacis : pysydio punctato. 2 lin.
C. DiSTiNCTUs. Niger, nitidus : capite punctato, ant. basi fusco : pronoto con-
vexo, obsolete sparsim punctulato: el. seriatim punctatis, fascia subbasali humeros
attingente, maculoq apicaii flavis : pygidio carinato, punctato. 2 lin.
C.LEVIS. Violaceo-nigcr, nitidus: ore antennisq pallide rufis : pronoto laevi-
gato : el. seriatim punctatis, punctis minutis. \ lin.
C. puNCTATUs. Nigricans, supra flavu-, brunneo variegatus, punctis impressis
1849.] 171
brunneis : antennis fuscis, articulorum basi flavescente : pronoto basi tenuiter
nigro: pygidio punctulato, apice flavo ; femoribus flavo-annulatis. 1 lin.
C. RiiGicoLLis. RufuSjelongatulus:fronte scabro-punctata, orbitis flavis: pronoto
longitudinaliter ruguloso, lateribus grosse punctatis, flavescentibus : elytris flavis,
indistincte rufo-nebulosis, punctato-striatis, punctis rufis, approximatis. 2 lin.
PACHYBRACHIS.
P. CARBONAKTrs. Niger, disperse punctulatus : labro et antennarum basi brun-
neis : pronoto dense et distincte punctato, punctis parvis : elytris grosse punctatis,
externe irregulariter punctato-striatis. Long. U lin.
P. MORosus. Niger, confertim scabro-punctatus ; subtus punctatus, albido-
sericeus : fronte plana : humeris prominulis, politis: pygidio confertim punctulato.
2 lin.
P. iNFAusTus. Niger, rugose punctatus : capite punctato ; labro, maculisque
indistinctis flavis : pronoto confertim punctato, punctis parvis : elytris irregulariter
punctatis; lineolis elevatis ; maculis parvis flavis : femoribus intermedi macula
flavaapicali. 1^ 1.
P. soBEiNus. Niger, punctatus : prothorace disperse punctato, flavo, brunneo-
variegato: capite, pedibus, pygidio, abdominis marginibusque flavis: elytris vix
seriatim punctatis, flavo lineolatis. 1^1.
P. MOLLIS. Niger, punctatus: capite pedibusque flavis: pronoto flavo, maculis
3 nigris : elytris seriatim punctatis, fascia subbasali apiceque flavis : abdomine
flavo-marginato. 1| lin.
MONACHUS.
M. ATER. Niger, nitidus: labro et antennarum basi flavescentibus : pronoto
laevi, cyanescente : elytris indistincte seriatim punctulatis. 1| lin.
M. AFFiNis. Cyaneus, laevis: labro, clypeo, antennis, pedibusque, dilute
rufis : elytris distincte seriatim punctulatis. 1 lin.
M. AURiTTLS. Cyaneus, nitidus : labro, clypeo, fronte, antennis, pedibus, pros-
terno, pronoti lateribusque^ai'i* ; pronoto impunctato : elytris distincte seriatim
punctulatis. Long. § lin.
The Committee on Dr. Gambel's " Remarks on the Birds of Cali-
fornia," reported in favour of publication in the Journal.
The Committee on Dr. Gambel's "Notes on the Columbidae in the
collection of the Academy," reported in favour of publication in the
Journal.
The monthly Report of the Corresponding Secretary was read and
adopted.
On motion it vi'as Resolved, That a new edition of the By-Laws of
the Academy be printed, and that a Committee be appointed to super-
intend the same. Committee, Dr. Zantzinger, Mr. Vaux, and Dr.
Bridges.
172 [April
^pril 3d, 1849.
Mr. Phillips in the Chair.
Letters were read : —
J^rom Dr. Thomas Horsfield, dated Library of East India House,
London, March 8, 184-9, notifying the Academy of the transmission,
by order of tlio Directors of the East India ('ompany's Museum, of pias-
ter casts of Himalaya fossils, to rej)lace those which had been broken
in a former transportation ; together with a list of the same.
From the Secretary of the same Company, dated February 16, 184-9,
to the same effect.
From the Assistant Secretary of the Directors of the British Museum,
dated February, 22, 1849, returning acknowledgments to the Academy
for the donation of a cast of one side of the inferior maxilla of
Mylodon.
From the Geological Society of London, dated Somerset House,
November 2, 1848, acknowledging the receipt of Part 2, Vol. 1, New
Series of the Journal of the Academy, and of other publications.
From Henry W. Ravenel,Esq., of Black Oak, South Carolina, dated
March 14, 1849, acknowledging the receipt of his notice of election as
a Correspondent.
From Dr. Mydleton Michel, dated Charleston, S. C, March 20,
1849, also acknowledging the receipt of his notice of election as a
Correspondent.
^piil lOt/i, 1849.
Professor Haldeman in the Chair.
A letter was read from James E. Fitzgerald, Assistant Secretary ot
Directors of ]?ritish Museum, dated March 2, 1849, acknowledging the
receipt of the Proceedings of the Academy for July to October, 1848.
A communication was read from ISIr. E. George Squier, U. S.
Charge d'Allairesto Central America, expressing his desire to attach to
his suite, on behalf of the Academy, a person competent to prosecute
scientific researches in that country, especially in (Jeology, Botany,
Zoology, &.C. ; and offering to such person every facility tliat his olli-
cial position could command.
Professor Meigs read a memoir entitled " Observations on the repro-
ductive organs and on the fcutus of the Delphinus Nesarnak.'' Keferred
to Drs. Leidy, Hallowell, and Grilhth.
On motion the Corresponding Secretary was requested to make some
inquiries of Mr. Squier, respecting the character of the position which
would be occupied by the person proposed to be attached to his
mission.
1849.]
173
April 2ith, 1849.
Mr. Phillips in the Chair.
The Committee to whom was referred the following communication
from Dr. Keller, reported in flxvour of publication in the Proceedings.
On Ciliary cells in some maritie nahed Molhtsca, in embryo.
By WiLHF.Lii Keller, M. D.
In following the development of the ova of different species of EoHs, of the
Acteon viridis, and of a little mollusk lately found and described by Mr. Agassiz
under the name of Cantops Harvardianus, I often noticed in the surrounding
transparent zona, which is falsely considered by authors generally as the white
of the egg, one or two, seldom more, small moving bodies, which were first ob-
served by Professor Volkmann,* who considered and described them as animals.
The circumstance that the motion is more a rythmic jumping, not very un-
like to that of the moving corpuscles of the sperm, and the observation that
it always occurs in the same degree of perfection, and only in those eggs in
which the cilia at the cephalic end of the embryo have attained their highest
development, caused me to think that those moving bodies might be nothing more
than detached ciliary cells of the embryo itself, an opinion which I afterwards
found advanced in a note by Professor Charles Vogt,t in his treatise on the devel-
opment of the Acteon viridis. To solve this question seemed to me important
enough to try the experiment of isolating some of the cells from the animal.
Before I describe the cell itself I will mention its development, and connection
with the animal. So soon as the eggs of the above named animals are laid, they
begin immediately the process of division, and when. this process has so far ad-
vanced that the yolk globules are so small that they seem to have disappeared,
ciliary motion appears at the edges of the yolk. The embryo, so soon as the
cilia are formed, rotates sometimes to the right side, sometimes to the left, and
changes the direction so soon as there is the least impediment opposed to it. The
rapidity of the motion varies; I counted seventy rotations in a minute. The next
change in the embryo is real cell formation. There appear cells towards the in-
ferior end, which I consider as liver cells ; and which are mother cells, contrary
to Professor Vogt's opinion; two cells in the head, the ear cells containing three
cells, and a ring of cells provided with long cilia around the head. In the mean
time the other cilia are disappearing. The embryo is now no more unconsciously
rotating, but the whole body is stretched out, and the only motion observed in it
is performed by the long cilia, which are seen folded together like a fan, or
playing like the wheel of rotiferous animals. This motion changes very often
and seems to be entirely under the control of the animal itself, notwithstanding
the animal does not show any formation of nerves, as it only consists of cells at this
period, and there is no fibrous structure to be perceived, so that the embryo
of these higher animals shows, at least apparently, voluntary motion without a
nervous system like the lowest orders of the animal kingdom. By some pressure
• Versuch einer Monographie des Tergipes Edwardsii," read before the Acad-
emy of St. Petersburg, Feb. 9th, 1844. The author calls these cells Cosmella
hydrachnoides, and considers them as an instance of spontaneous generation.
fRecherches sur I'Embryogenie des Mollusques Gasteropodes par M. C. Vogt,
prssenteea a I'Academie des Sciences le 2 Mar. 1846.
17-1. [April,
the ring; formed of the mentioned cells appears more distinctly, and by crushins^
the animal with some care the cells may be isolated, ami they will be seen to be
entirely identical with the animals described by Volkmann under the name of
Cosmella hydrachnoides. They are round cells with one or two nuclei, having
always four very long cilia, which are united in pairs and then fuse together in
the cell wall. The motion is a slow rythmical jumping, produced by alternating
contraction and expansion of the cell by which the cilia, if not called otherwise for
distinction, are made to act like the motion of a whip. But this power of the cells
producing the movement, must cause the latter to be considered as something
entirely different from ciliary motion, and, in fact, it appears as if a great many
different motions were understood under this term, the real nature of which have
not yet been studied.
If we are led sometimes by first observations to the theory of generatio
ffiquivoca, as the facts here presented have done, repeated and more close obser-
vation brings us from this extraordinary theory always back to the old laws
Omne vivum ex ovo. The supporters of the generatio a-quivoca have certainly
lost in the separation of these cells from tlie number of animals, as much as by the
discovery that the so-called spermatozoa are but the changed nuclei of cells,
formed in the male genital organs of animals.
As regards the particular movements in organic formations independent of the
nervous system, and even for a certain time independent of the mother animal to
which they belong originally, we have, at the present time, not less than four.
1. The motion of corpuscles of sperm. Transformed nuclei of cells.
2. Ciliary motion, roundish or cylindrical, perfect cells of epithelium on
free surfaces, with a number of cilia, which are in constant motion independent
of the cell.
3. The Chromatophores of the Sepia. They cover the animal and produce by
their constant contraction and expansion, the beautiful colours which it presents.
For which reason, Rudolph Wagner, who first observed this interesting phenome-
non, called them Chromatophores?
4. The fourth is a simple cell with four long hair-like appendages, as I have
described them. Here the cells contract and the appendages are by this property
set in motion. This form has only been observed till now in embryos, whilst
the first one belongs only to full grown animals, the ciliary motion is to be found
at any age, and the chromatophores only after the animal, which is provided with
them, has come to its last type.
The Committee on Prof. Meigs' Memoir, entitled " Observations on
the reproductive organs, and on the fetus of theDelphinus Nesarnak,"
reported in favour of publication in the Journal of the Academy.
The Monthly Keport oi' the Corresponding Secretary was read and
adopted.
Dr. Lcidy having stated that Prof. Agassiz was very desirous of
havinfT a drawing and engraving made in Boston of the skull of a
Manatus, in the cabinet of the Academy, on motion of Dr. Ehvyn,
Art. 1, Chap. viii. of the B3'-Laws was suspended for one month,
in order to comply with the request of Professor Agassiz.
ELECTION.
Thomas Pennant Barton, Esq., of Philadelphia, was elected a
^Member of the Academy.
1S4.9.] 175
DONATIONS TO MUSEUM,
In March and Apeil, 1849.
MarchUh.
Four specimens of native Copper from Lake Superior. Presented byMr.W. L.
Newbold.
The " Des Murs" collection of Bird's eggs, containing 3449 specimens, com-
prising 1281 species, 1041 of which are named. Also the Gould collection of
Australian Birds egijs, containing 976 specimens, 295 species of which are named
and S unnamed. Deposited by Dr. Wilson.
Mirch 13tk.
Stellate mass of Sulphuret of Iron in Lias, from England. Presented by Dr.
Wilson.
Twenty-five minerals from Hungary. Presented by Mr. Theodore F. Moss.
Two eggs of Struthio camelus, from Algoa Bay, Africa. Presented by Mr.
Jno. Watson through Dr. G. Watson.
April 3d.
Thallasseus regius, Gamb. ; T. acuflavida; Sternula frenata, Gamb. Presented
by Dr. Heerman.
Xema Bonapartii ; Callipepla elegans, male and female, (C. Douglassi;) Podi-
ceps Californicus ; P. Dominicus ; Fringilla Gambelii; Tardus olivaceus, 2 spe-
cimens ; T. minor, 4 specimens; T. Wilsonii; and a bird from the Marquesas
Islands. Presented by Dr. Gambel.
Bulimus Laurentii; os penis of Meles Labradorica ; Sertularia, 3 species; from
California. From the same.
Actinia marginata, from Newport, R. I. From Miss E. C. Morris.
Thirty-four specimens of Shells of the genera Turbo, Haliotis, Trochus, Conus,
Patella, Fusus, Buccinum, Triton, from Algoa Bay. Presented by Mr. J. Watson
through Dr. Watson.
Six casts in plaster of portions of the Maxillas and teeth of Basilosaurus
cetoides. In exchange from Dr. J. C. Warren, of Boston, throuiih Dr. Wilson.
The following were received for exchange from the Australian Museum, through
Dr. Charles Nicholson, of Sydney, N. S. W., viz: —
Thirty-three specimens of Birds of the genera, Aquila, Jeracidea, Corvus,
Strepera, Struthidea, Oreica, Chlamydera, Pomatorhinus, Ardea, Sericulus,
Platycercus, Psephotus, Pezoporus, Trichoglossus, Tropidorhynchus, Acantho-
genys, Ptilotis, Meliphaga, Malurus, Pardalotus, Poephila, Amadina, Fringilla,
Geopelia, Columba, Vanellus, ^Hiaticula, and Podiceps. Two Reptilia, viz.,
Cyclodus flavigularis, Wagler, and Gramatophora ; 328 shells, viz., 137
fresh water and terrestrial, and 148 marine, from Australia, 10 do. New Zealand,
and 36 do. from South Sea Islands ; 150 Australian Insects, and two crania of
Australian aborigines, male and female, from Moreton Bay.
April lOtk.
Four teeth and a vertebra of a Carcharodon, 19 other teeth of Squalid.^, 3 ver-
tebrae of fish, portion of beak of Coelorhynchus ?, portions of palatine teeth of two
species of Myliobates, large and perfect specimen of Exo^yra costata, cast of
chamber of a Nautilus ?, 2 specimens of Mesodesma, 1 Ovula, 3 Isocardium, 2
Venus, 8 Teredo, 4 Area, 1 Cucullaea, and 33 other shells; 3 Belemnites, and a
fine specimen of Phosphate of Iron; 1 Scalaria, 1 Saleiiia, tooth of Equus Ameri-
canus, and fragments of fossil wood, all from Burlington county, N. J. Presented
by Dr. Charles T. Budd.
Mounted specimen of Ornithorynchus paradoxus. Presented by Captain W.
Michael through Dr. Ruschenberger, U. S. N.
Eleven serpents, of the genera Hydrophis, (from the Canton River,) Coluber,
176 [April,
Pondiophis, and Buiigaris ; also a Gecko from Anger, Java. Presented by Dr.
Ruschenbersrer.
Skin of Miistela erminea. From the Rev. Mr. McFarland.
Muscicapa Cooperi. From Mr. S. Ashmead.
Spinelle from Monroe, N. Y., Zircon from Rossie, N. Y., Pyrope from New
York. From Mr. W. S. Vaux.
April nth,
Triton dorsalis, numerous spr^cimens ; Salamandra orythronota, S. symmetrica,
and Coluber vernalis, from Catskill, N. Y. Presented by Mr. S. Ashmead.
Coluber vernalis. From Dr. Watson.
Cyprinus auratus, from Fairmount Dam, large and fine specimen. From Mr.
J. Duiidas.
A fine slab of flexible sandstone, 15 by 30 inches, mounted, from England.
Presented by Dr. Wilson.
DONATIONS TO LIBRARY,
In March and April, 1849.
March Gtk.
Denkschriften der Allgemeinen, Schweizerischen Gesellschaft fiir die ges-
ammten Naturwissenschaften. Vol. 1. Nos. 1 and 2. -Ito. From Professor
Afiassiz.
Neue denkschriften der Allsjem. Schweizerischen Gesellschaft fiir die gesamm-
ten Naturwissenschaften. Vols. 1 — 9. 4to. From the same.
Momoires de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchatel. Vols 2 and 3. 4to.
From the same.
Herbarium diluvianum collectum a Johanne Jac. Scheuchezo, M. D. Folio.
From Prof. Frazer.
Ninth Geological Report of the State of Tennessee. By Gerard Troost, M. D.
From the author.
Plantae Findlerianne Novi-Mexicana; : an account of a collection of plants made
chiefly in the vicinity of Santa Fe, by Aug. Findler. By Asa Gray, M. D. 4to.
From the author.
Hierozoicon, sive bipertitum opus de animalibus S. Scripturae, auctore Samuele
Bocliarto. Folio, 167-5. Deposited by Dr. Griflith.
Report of the select committee on the memorial of William T. G. Morton,
asking compensation for the discovery of the anaesthetic property of Sulphuric
Ether. From the author.
March 13.'/i.
Dr. Wilson deposited the iollowing:
Voyage dans I'Amerique Meridionale, execute dans les annees 1826, '33 : par
M. Alcide D'Orbi^ny. 9 vols. 4to.
Crustaces de la Meditterraiit-e et de son littoral : par Polydore Roux. 9 Livs.
4to.
Exploration Scientifique de L'Algerie pendant les annees 1840, '41 et '42;
Articulata, Nos. 19—24; Botany, Nos, 7—11 ; Mollusca, Nos. L5— 22 ; Geology,
No. 1. 4to.
Traite elementaire de Conchyliologie; par G. P. Deshayes. No. 9. Vol. 1.
8vo.
Manuel de Mammalogie; Par. R. P. Lesson. 12mo.
Histoire Naturdle des principales productions de I'Europe Meridionale, &c.
Par A. Risso. •'5 vols. 8vo.
Voyage en Sardaigne : par le Col. A.D. la Marmora. 2J edition. 2 vols. 8vo.
and Atlas folio.
Expedition scientifique de Moree. Par M. Bory de St. Vincent. 4 vols. Ito.
and Atlas folio.
184.9.] 177
La Menagerie du Museum National d'histoire naturelle. Par MM. Lacepede
et Cuvier. Folio.
The London Athenaeum for January, 1849.
March 2Qtk.
Reliquiae conservatae from the primitive materials of our present globe, with
popular descriptions of the prominent characters of some remarkable fossil En-
crinites. By George Cumberland. 8vo. From Miss Elizabeth C. Morris.
Notice sur la formation Keuperienne dans le Jura Salinois ; par Jules Marcou.
From the author.
Calcutta Journal of Natural History, conducted by John McClelland. No. 8.
January, 1842. From the Editor.
Reports and abstracts of the proceedings of a Committee for investigating the
coal and mineral resources of India, to May, 1S41. Folio. From the same.
April 3d.
American Journal of Science and Arts. 2d series. No. 20. From the Editors.
Index Molluscorum Grcenlandiae : auctore H. P. C. Miiller. From Mrs. L. W.
Say.
Das Thierreich, von D. L. F. Froriep. Fart 5, Mollusca. r2mo. From the
same.
Enumeratio Molluscorum Regni Siciliag. Auctore R. A. Philippi. Vol. 2.
4to.
Verhandlungen der Russich-Kaiserlichen Mineralog. Gesellschaft zu St.
Petersburg, 1847. 8vo. From the Society through C. Cramer, Esq.
Constitution and By Laws of the National Institute, 1849. From Professor
Johnson.
Dr. Wilson deposited the following:
Contributions to Ornithology, for 1848. By Sir William Jardine. Part 3.
List of specimens of Dipterous insects in the collection of the British Museum.
Part 1. 12mo.
De Linnaeaceis, seu de Gasteropodis pulmonatis quae nostris in aquis vivent.
Scripsit F. H. Trochel, Ph. D. 8vo.
Kupfertafeln zur Naturgeschichte der Vogel, von F. H. Von Kittlitz. Nos. 1,
2, 3. 8vo.
The Zoological Miscellany. By John E. Gray. pp. 1 — 48. 8vo.
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. No. 17.
Phycologia Britannica. By William H. Harvey, M. D. Part 38.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Vol. 3. 2d series. No. 14.
Conchologia iconica. By Lovell Reeve. Part 71. 4to.
Illustrations of British Mycology. By Mrs. T. J. Hussey. Part 23. 4to.
The genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By Edward Doubleday. Part 25. 4to.
Illustrations of the Birds of Jamaica. By P. H. Gosse. Part 11. 8vo.
Musaeum Senckenbergianum. Vol 3. No. 3, and Supplement to Vol. 1. 4to.
Narrative of a Journey in the interior of China 1816-'17. By Clarke Abel.
4to.
The Voyage of Governor Philip to Botany Bay. 4to.
An expedition of discovery into the interior of Africa. By Sir J. E. Alexander.
2 vols. 8vo.
A companion to the London Museum and Pantherion. By W. Bullock. 15th
edition. 8vo.
Reise um die Erde dursch Nord Asien und die beiden Oceane in 1828, '29, '30,
ausgefiihrt von Adolph Erman. 2 vols. 8vo.
The following were presented by Dr. Wilson :
Manuel d'Ornithologie. Par C. J. Temminck. 2d edition. Part 3.
The Animal Kingdom. By the Baron Cuvier, with additions by E. Griffith.
Vols. 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, and Index 1 vol. 8vo.
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Nos. 81, 82, 83.
Dr. William Gambel presented the following works:
Genera etspecies plantarum vocabulischaracteristicis definita, (De Wolf.) Svo.
Flora Americae Septentrionalis. By Frederick Pursh. 2 vols. Svo. Second
edition.
178 [April,
Sutnma Plantarum quae hactenus innotuerunt methodo Liiinaiana per genera et
species descripta, &c., a Fulgentio Vitman. 7 vols. 8vo.
Flore Franc/aise, par MM. de Lamarck et de CandoUe. 3d edition. 4 vols.
8vo.
Richardi Relhan Flora Cantabrigiensis. 3d edition. 8vo.
April lOth.
Index Molluscorum praesentis cevi Musei Principis Christiani Frederici. Auc-
tore H. Beck. From Mrs. L. W. Say.
Observations on the genus Unio. By Isaac Lea. Vol. 4. 4to. From the
author.
On the intimate structure and history of the articular cartilages. By Joseph
Leidy, M. D. From the author.
Sylva Sylvarum, or a natural history in ten centuries: written by the right
Hon. Francis Lord Verulam ; published after the author's death by VV. Rawley,
D. D. 9th edition. Folio. Deposited by Dr. Griffith.
Adam in Eden, or Nature's Paradise. By William Coles. Folio. From the
same.
Flora dietetica. By Charles Bryant. 8vo. From the same.
The Companion for the Orchard. By Henry Phillips ; new edition. 8vo. From
the same.
Dr. Wilson deposited the following : —
Isis von Oken. Nos. 6 and 7, for 1848. No. 9, for 1849.
Revue Zoologique. No. 10 for 1818.
Comptes Rondus. Tome 27, Nos. 21 — 26; Tome 28, Nos. 1, 2, 3.
The London Athenceum. February, 1849;
Reise nach Brasilien in den Jahren 1815 bis 1817; von Maximilian Prinz zu
Wied-Neuvvied. 2 vols. 4to, and Atlas folio.
Voyage autour du Monde sur la Coquille dans les an : 1822 — '25. Botanique,
tome 1 ; Historique, tome 1 ; Hydrographie et Physique, tome 1. 4to.
Anatomie dc I'Homme. Par Jules Cloquet. 10 vols. Folio.
Sur les functions du cerveau et sur celles de chacune de ses parties. Par F. T.
Gall. G vols. 8vo.
Elemens d'Anatomie Gen^rale ; par P. A. Beclard. 8vo.
Experiences sur le systeme nerveux, par P. Flourens. 8vo.
Recherches experimcntales sur les proprietes et les functions du systeme ner-
veux dans les animaux vertobres. Par. P. Flourens. 8vo.
De la Physiologie du systeme nerveux, et specialement du cerveau. Par M.
Georget. 2 vols. 8vo.
Traite des Membranes ; Par Xavier Bichat ; nouv. edition par M. Magcndie.
Bvo.
Recherches Physiologiques sur la vie et sur la mort. Par X. Bichat; nouv. ed.
par M. Magendie. Bvo.
Traite d'Anatomie descriptive ; par X. Bichat. 5 vols. 8vo.
Anatomie generale, appliquee a la Physiologie et a la Medecine. Par X.
Bichat.
Essays on the Anatomy and Physiology of expression. By Charles Bell. 2d
edition. 4to.
A short description of the human muscles. By John Innes. 12mo.
A compendium of the Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology of the Horse. By
B. W. Burke. 12mo.
Manual of the Physiology of Man. By P. Huten. Translated from the French.
By Joseph Togno. 12mo.
Engravings of the arteries, illustrating the anatomy of the human body. By
Charles Bell. 8vo.
A system of Anatomy and Physiology, with the comparative anatomy of
animals. New edition. 3 vols. 8vo.
Narrative of the U. S. Exploring Expedition. By Charles Wilks, U. S. N.
6 vols. Imperial 8vo.
The wonders of Geology. By G. A. Mantell, L. L. D. 2 vols. 12mo.
A Dictionary of Archaeic and Provincial words, &c., from the 14th century.
By James Halliwell. 2 vols. 8vo.
184.9.] 179
May ibth, lS+9.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
Dr. Leidy read '' Some remarks on the fragments of the Tapirus
Americanus fossilis, deposited in the collection of the Academy by the
late Dr. William M. Carpenter, of New Orleans." Referred to a
committee consisting of Drs. Hallowell, Morton, and Keller.
May 22d.
Mr. Ashmead in the Chair.
A letter was read from the Edinburgh Geological Society, dated
Leith, April 30th, 1849, acknowledging the receipt of recent numbers
of the publications of the Academy.
Dr. Leidy read a paper by Prof. Haldeman, intended for publication
in the Journal, describing new species of Coleoptera of the family
Cryptocephalina? ; an abstract of which paper was published in the
number of the Proceedings for March and April, 1849. Referred to
the former committee, viz., Drs. Zantzinger, Griffith, and Watson.
May 21th.
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.
The Committee to whom was referred Prof. Haldeman's paper, read
at last meeting, reported in favor of publication in the Journal.
The Committee appointed to superintend the printing of a new edi-
tion of the By-Laws of the Academy, reported that 250 copies had
been printed, and were ready for distribution.
The resignation of Dr. William Gambel as Recording Secretary, and
as a member of the Publication Committee was read. Dr. Gambel
having left Philadelphia for California, where he proposes remaining
for one or two years. On motion the same was accepted, and the election
to supply the vacancies deferred until the next meeting for business.
ELECTION.
Bernard Henry, M. D., U. S. N., and Henry Belknap, Esq., were
elected Members of the Academy.
June 5th.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
A letter was read from the Lyceum of Natural History of New York,
dated April 24th, 1849, acknowledging the receipt of late numbers of
the Proceedings.
The Chairman announced the receipt of a letter from Dr. Gibbes, of
PROCEED. ACAD. NAT. SCI. OF PHILADELPHIA. — VOL. IV. NO. IX. 25
180 [June,
Charleston, S. C, mpntioiiiiig the discovery of a large quantity of
Mammalian remains on the banks of Ashley river in that State, com-
prising numerous extinct genera.
June \1th.
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.
Dr. Keller exhibited a calculus of considerable size, taken from the
bladder of a whale. He stated that calculi were frequently found in
this animal, and occasionally in large numbers. Dr. Keller promised
a full analysis of the present and other specimens of calculi in his pos-
session, to be laid before the Society at a future meeting.
A communication was read from the Secretary of the American
Philosophical Society, acknowledging the receipt of the last number
of the Proceedings of the Academy.
June 2Qih.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
The Committee to whom was referred Dr. Leidy's remarks on the
fragments of the fossil Tapir, deposited in the collection of the
Academy by the late Dr. Carpenter, of New Orleans, rejiorted in
favor of publication in the Proceedings.
Tayirus Americatms fossilis.
liv Joseph Leidy, M. D.
There are three of these fragments ; one of them, being the crown of the fourth,
left, permanent premolar of the inferior maxilla, was found near Opelousas,
Louisiana, and was described by Dr. Carpenter, in Siiliman's Journal,* so early
as the year 1842. It does not differ from the same tooth in the recent Tapirus
Americanus. The other two fragments, consisting of the left half of an inferior
maxillary, and the posterior portion of the left superior maxilla, were found on
the banks of the Brasos river, near San Fillipe, Texas, and were described by
Dr. C, in Siiliman's Journal, f in the year 1846.
The two fragments did not belong to the same individual, as Dr. C supposed,
from their having been " found within a few feet of each other." The superior
fragment belonged to an older individual than the inferior one, as is indicated by
the condition of the teeth. They also differ in the character of their fossilization,
which would make one think they could hardly have been found so near together.
The superior fragment has a white chalky aspect, is soft, rather friable, and is
readily cut with a pen-knife; whilst the inferior fragment is hard, compact, with
a brown polished surface, and does not so readily yield to the edge of the knife.
• Am. Jour, of Sci. and Arts. New scries, V^ol. 1. No. 2, p. 217.
fVoI. xlii., p. 3J0.
1849.] ISl
The superior fragment contains the three true molars and the last premolar.
The seventh, or most posterior molar, is fully protruded and well developed, and
the summits of its transverse eminences are worn sharp by trituration on their
anterior snrface. The penultimate molar has the enamel of its transverse emi-
nences worn through, leaving two transverse irregularly outlined surfaces of ex-
posed dentine. The antepenultimate molar, as usual in accordance with its order
of development, is smaller, and more worn than the premolar preceding it. Its
two transverse eminences are worn to their base, and the dentinal surfaces of each
communicate by a narrow isthmus. The posterior premolar is but a little more
worn than the penultimate molar. In comparing these teeth with those of two
adult crania, of the recent Tapirus Americanus, in the Academy's collection, [
find that although they almost correspond in their antero-posterior measurement,
yet transversely they are somewhat larger, as may,be observed by the following
table :
Tapirus Americamcs fossilis.
Molars. Giealcst Iraiisvprae diameter. Antero-posteriur diameter.
7th 1.1-5 . . . . 1.1
6th .... 1.2 .... 1.
Olii • « • • J. • X • • • • •«?
4th ... . 1.1 .... .8
Recent T. americanus, adult.
7th .... 1. .... .9
6th . . ^ . 1.1. . . . 1.
5th ... . .95 85
4th ... . .95 85
The malar process of the fossil fragment is considerably more elevated above
the margin of the alveoli than in the recent specimens ; thus in the former, from
the margin of enamel on the neck of the penultimate molar to the mular process
at its posterior part where it enters into the composition of the orbito-temporal
fossa, it measures 1..3 in., whilst in the latter, from corresponding points, it
measures only .65 in. In the former also, the process curves upwards and out-
wards, whilst in the latter it forms a curve outwards, moderately upwards and
downwards.
It also projects on a line posterior to the anterior transverse eminence of the
last molar, and not at the dividing line between the sixth and seventh, as in the
recent crania.
The floor of the orbit is considerably more elevated than in the recent speci-
mens, being 1.9 in. above the enamel margin upon the neck of the penultimate
molar; in the other being 1.1 in. only.
The depth of the orbital fossa, as forrned by the orbltar process of the maxillary
bone, has been the same in both the fossil and recent animal ; but the outer
edge in the former is elevated into a smooth rounded ridge, which either formed
the inferior edge of the orbit, or else bounded an external smooth groove about
two lines in depth and width, along the line of the maxillo-malar suture in the
recent cranium ; while in the latter, the edge of the orbit is formed by the malar
bone, and presents no groove internally alons; the sutures, except at its anterior
part, just external to the entrance of the infra-orbitar canal. The malar articu-
lating surface in the fossil, is therefore not only external to, but several lines
182 [June,
below the external edge of the orbitar process of the maxillary bone. This sur-
face is also directed a little more outwards, as it proceeds backwards, than in the
recent crania.
The line of the malar articulation would cause the head to appear somewhat
broader opposite the temporal fossae, and the elevation of the malar process, and
of the orbit, would probably make the posterior part of the face appear higher in
the fossil than in the recent animal. But the differences which I have pointed
out, especially the generally vertical increase of diameter of the superior maxil-
lary bone in the fossil specimen, may probably be dependent upon the advanced
age of the individual, and the excessive development of the roots of the molars,
which is a common occurrence in some animals, after the body of the tooth has
been nearly worn down, as in the horse, &c.
The left half of the inferior maxilla has the condyle, all the margin of the bone
below and posterior to it, and the coronoid process, broken off. As observed by
Dr. C, it belonged to an individual "just attaining to adult age," as is indicated
by its being about to lose the last of the temporary teeth, to be replaced by the
third permanent premolar, which latter, in the specimen, is exposed from the
former having been broken away. The sixth molar, or last true molar, is not
wanting, as supposed by Dr. C, but has not yet protruded from the jaw. The
roots only of the canines exist in the specimen. The incisors, except a fragment
of the root of the right internal one, as well as the exterior of the alveoli are
broken away; traces only of the alveoli of tlie lateral or most external incisors
exist. I can observe no difference of character between the specimen and the
recent jaw, except that the ridge occupying the interspace between the first pre-
molar, and the canine, is not so strongly curved as in the latter, making them a
very little, but to an unimportant degree, further apart.
We have also in the collection of the Academy, the crown of a tooth ofTapirus
Americanus fossilis, deposited by Dr. M. W. Dickeson, and found by him near
Natchez, Mississippi. It is an inferior molar of the left side, apparently the
third temporary molar. Its transverse eminences are worn to their base. Its pro-
portions, and the fact of its being found associated with remains of Equus Ameri-
canus, Mastodon, Sec, are sufficient to justify the opinion that it is fossil, and
belonged to the same species as the inferior maxilla just spoken of.
Dr. Harlan, in his Fauna Americana,* has described the superior left molar
tooth of a Tapir found in Kentucky, which he ascribes to a new species under the
name of Tapirus mastodontoides. Upon comparing his description with the fossil
fragments, and the recent specimens, I think there are not distinctive chai-acters
enough in it to distinguish it as a different species from the recent one, for the
greater obliquity of the transverse eminences of the crown, and the slight varia-
tion in the form of the disks occasioned by attrition, appear to me to be nothing
more than individual peculiarities.
•p. 234.
1849.] 183
The monthly report of the Corresponding Secretary was read and
adopted.
The Academy then, in accordance with the resolution adopted at
the last meeting for business, proceeded to an election for a Recording
Secretary and a Member of the Publication Committee, to supply the
vacancies occasioned by the resignation of Dr. Gambel, with the fol-
lowing result : —
Recording Secretary. — Theodore F. Moss.
Member of Publication Committee. — Dr. Robert Bridges.
July 3d.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
Letters were read : —
From William Jameson, Esq., dated Quito, May 1st, 1849,
announcing that he was preparing for the Academy another collection
of Plants from the Andes, more extensive and varied than that pre-
viously sent, and in which he designed to group the species, so as to
illustrate in some degree the modifications produced by elevation.
From Dr. Michel, of Charleston, S. C, dated June 25th, 1349,
stating his intention to furnish to the Society, some additional remarks
on the reproduction of the Opossum, " having recently confirmed his
opinion expressed in a former communication to the Academy, that
this Marsupial, like the Kangaroo, described by Owen, has no placental
connection whatever."
From the Librarian of the British Museum, dated 1st June, 1849,
returning acknowledgments for late numbers of the Proceedings.
From Edward Blythe, Esq., dated Calcutta, April 18th, 1849,
acknowledging the receipt of his notice of election as a Correspondent.
From the Academy of Natural Sciences of Breslau, dated 1 3th April,
1849, acknowledging the receipt of the Proceedings from May to
September 1848,
From M. Verreaux, dated Paris, April 14th, 1849, returning
acknowledgments for his election as a Correspondent.
Dr. Hallowell read a description of a new species of Eryx, (E.
Tnaculatvs) from Madras, with a colored drawing of the same, intended
for publication in the Proceedings, which was referred to Drs. Keller,
Bridges, and Townsend.
Dr. Hallowfll also stated that the Salamander described by him in
the sixth number. Vol. IV., of the Proceedings, (Sulamandra luirubris,)
was from the Sandwich Islands, and not from Upper California; the
error having arisen from a false label attached to the bottle containing
the specimen.
184. rjuLY,
July 1 0//i.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
A letter was read from Professor Eschricht, dated Copenhagen, June
7th, 184-8, acknowledging the receipt of his notice of election as a
Correspondent, and proposing exchanges of the publications of Danish
Societies for those of the Academy.
A letter was read from the Rev, Thomas S. Savage, dated Sumter-
ville, Alabama, June 2()th, 18 if), addressed to Dr. Hallowell, and en-
closing an interesting communication on the Driver Ants of Western
Africa, intended for publication in the Proceedings. The latter was
referred to the following committee : Prof. Ilaldeman, Dr Leidy, and
Dr. Hallowell.
July 3l5/.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
The Committee to whom was referred Dr. HallowelL'.s description
of a new Eryx, from Madras, reported in favor of publication in the
Proceedings.
Description of a species of Eryx, from Madras.
By Edward Hallowell, M. D.
EryX mactdatus.
Description. — Head of moderate size, depressed, covered with scales, larger in
front; rostral plate large, triangular ; a single nasal plate on each side; nostril
small ; thirteen labial plates margin the upper jaw ; pupil vertical, eye sur-
rounded by a circular series of plates ; iris brownish red ; neck of same size as
head posteriorly ; body thicker in the middle, becoming somewhat slender
towards the tail ; scales small, carinated ; a row of single plates under the tail,
followed by others which are bilid ; tail short, truncate, (mutilated ?)
Color. — Light brown above, with numerous spots of the same tint but darker ;
abdomen light slate color.
Observations. — This beautiful reptile was pointed out to me so long ago as
1810, by the late Dr. Harlan. It was brought Irom Madras, in the neighborhood
of which it was found upon a sandy soil. It appeared to be perfectly harmless.
The drawing was taken during life by Mr. Richard, and is* remarkable for its
accuracy. The above short description is made up from it, the notes which were
written during its life having been mislaid. It, however, is so good that a de-
scription of any kind is almost unnecessary. The entire length was about one
foot and a half. I have long hesitated to publish a description of this animal,
coming as it does from a part of the British possessions so well known as Madras
but having recently observed in the Annals and J^Iagazine of Natural History,
several species of reptiles described by Mr. Gray as new from the same locality,
not being found in the British Museum, and dilfering so entirely as it does from
any figure of Eryx hitherto published, I have ventured to present it to the Acad-
emy with the name I have given it.
^■^
ERYX KIACUUTUS.
1
1849.] 185
The Committee on Dr. Keller's analysis of a calculus from the
bladder of a Whale, reported in favor of publication in the
Proceedings.
Chemical Analysis of a Calculus from the bladder of a Whale.
By William Keller, M. D.
Whalers report that it is not unusual to find a number of calculi in the bladder
of the whale. These calculi are about the size of a hen's egg, on the surface very
smooth, and of a white color. On breaking them they are seen to be formed of con-
centric layers, from the thickness of a sheet of paper to that of a quarter of an
inch; the chemical composition throughout being very nearly the same. Mr. Saul
MuUer and myself took for analysis different layers, and found them of the same
composition. The chief constituent of the calculus is the double phosphate of
ammonia and magnesia. The quantity of ammonia could not be directly ascer-
tained, passing off at the summer temperature. But it will be seen that the
quantity of phosphate of magnesia found, will answer to the quantity of ammonia
and water found necessary for the formation of the double phosphate.
The pulverized stone was first exposed to the heat of a water bath, to ascertain
the quantity of water; heated with ether and alcohol to find the quantity of fat; then
dissolved in nitric acid, the residuum incinerated, the loss was organic matter and
uric acid, while the residuum was silicic acid. Thequantity of magnesia was ascer-
tained as ammoniaco-magnesian phosphate, the phosphoric acid as phosphate of
iron. The carbonic acid, the quantity of which was very small, was found by
the apparatus of Will and Fresenius. The rest of the component parts were in
such small quantities that they could not be weighed : they were iron, lime,
chlorine and soda. The ammonia and water were ascertained by calculation.
Analysis.
Found,
P. O5
27.21
MgO
15.75
Fat
0.39
U
2.66
SiOj
2.18
HO
32.17
CO,
0.05
Calculated.
P2O5
27.21
MgG
15.75
NH^
6.08
HO
44.59
Fat
0.89
U
2.66
SiOs
2.18
CO 2"
0.05
80.41
Traces of NaO, CaO, FeO, CI. 98.91
1849.] 1S7
DONATIONS TO MUSEUM,
In May, June and July, 1849.
May \st.
Specimen of Tropidonotus leberis, from Montgomery Co., Pennsylvania.
From Dr. Watson.
Several specimens of a fruit, popularly called Snake-nut, from Demerara.
From F. X. Gartland.
Seventy-one specimens of British Lepidoptera. From Mr. Hagedorn, of Phila-
delphia, through Mr. Percival.
Dr. Morton deposited thirty Peruvian Crania, from the ancient cemetery of the
Temple of the Sun, near Lima, being a collection made by Mr. Wm. A. Foster,
now of Lima. Also an ancient Egyptian cranium from the Necropolis of Mem-
phis, whence it was brought by Dr. Huffnagle, of Calcutta.
May 15th.
The following fine collection of Skeletons and Crania, including sixteen of the
former, and ninety-six of the latter, was presented by Dr. Paul B. Goddard;:
Skeletons. — Phoca vitulina, Delphinus delphis, Dasypus septemcinctus, Dasy-
procta acuta, Pteropus , Dicotyles torquatus, Macacus , Scalops cana-
densis, Ara , Psittacus , Lutris , Rhamphastos , Phoenicopterus
, Ibis , Chamasleo, and Alligator Mississippiensis.
Crania. — Rhinoceros (2), Elephas, Phoca, Delphinus (4), Tapirus, Equus, Sus
(10), Canis (10), Ursus (3), Felis (2), Simia (9), Lepus (6), Ccelogenys, Hydro-
chaerus, Fiber (2), Hystrix (3), Hydromys, Didelphis (2), LHtra (3), Castor (2),
Condylura, Camelus, Scincus (4), Arvicola, Mephitis (3), Cervus (6), Bos (2),
Geomys (2), Mustek (5), Myrmecophaga, Dasypus (2), Chelonia (3).
Also a cast of the cranium of Delphinus calvertensis. Presented by the same.
May 22d.
Two specimens of Ophiosaurus ventralis,from Beaufort, S. Carolina. Presented
by Mr. James Read.
Numerous specimens of impressions of Fossil Plants from the coal fields of
Hazleton and Beaver Meadow. Presented by Mr. Samuel Powel.
The following additional collection in Comparative Anatomy was received
from Dr. Goddard, viz. : The scapula, humerus, four vertebrae and two petrous
bones of the Whale ; cranium of Rhinoceros ; four do. of Bos ; two do. of Equus ;
one do. of Capra ; two do. of deformed Ovis ; one do. of Alligator ; thirty do. of
Birds ; three do. of Fish ; exoskeleton of Diodon ; nine Shark jaws ; two bones of
Mastodon ; and a cranium of Lepidosteus.
June 5th.
Fine and large specimen of Malachite, from Berks Co., Pennsylvania. Depo-
sited by Mr. Samuel Powel.
Two species of Lepidodendron, and one of Stigmaria. Presented by Mr. H,
Hazzard.
June 12th.
Skin of Pelecanus fuscus. From Mr. Harrison.
Very fine specimen, of large size, of Sulphate of Iron from Elba. From M.
Verreaux, of Paris, through Dr. Wilson.
Two specimens of Palacmon spinimanus, two of Pseudocarcinus Rhumphii,
Eriphia sonagra, Goniopsis ruvicola, Gelasinus vocans, from Brazil. Presented
by Dr. Wilson.
J2C71C IQth.
The following collection was received from William Thompson, Esq., of Bel
fast, Ireland, in exchange, viz. : Two species of Lepus, in skin ; one of Mustela
26
188 [July,
erminia, (summer pelaj^e,) from Ireland; and numerous specimens of the follow-
ing genera of Shells, Crustacea. Echinodermata, &c., viz.: Ostrea, Teredo
Pholas, Saxicava,Limneu«, Planorbis, Dentalium, Aplysia, Bulla'a, Doris, Chiton
Eolis, Acta'on, Notodelphys, Chclura, Limnoria, Halarachne, Octolcothrium
Pagurus, Adanisia, Tristoma, Cecrops, ITalichondria, Spongilla, Grantia,
Macropodium, Inachus, Hyas, Eurynomc, Xantho, Cancer, Carcinus, Portunus
Pinnotheres, Corystes, Pagurus, Porcellana, Galathea, Astacus, Crangon, Panda
lus, Palajmon, Pyenogenum, Cecrops, Homarus, , Comatula, Ophiura, Cri
bella, Soleaster, Asterina, Goniaster, Echinus, Echinocyamus, Spatangus, Amphi
dolus, Cucumaria, Genus, Thyone, Holothuria, Sipunculus, Uraster, Acamarchis
Anguinaria, Alcyoniilium, Alcyonium, Antennularia, Campanularia, Cellularia
Crisea, Cellepora, Discopora, Eudcndrium, Farcimia, Flustra, Hydractinia, Lao
medea, Lepralia, Membranipora, Notamia, Paludicella, Plumularia, Serialaria
Thoa, Sertularia, Thuiaria, Tubulipora, Valkeria, Vesicularia, Virgularia,
Also 144 species of marine Alga, from the Irish Coast.
July \Oih.
Goniaster reticulata; from Maracaibo. Presented by Dr. C. I). Meigs.
Specimen of gray Sulphuret of Copper, from the Schuyler Minos, and Red
Oxide of do., from Washington Mine, New Jersey. Presented by Theodore F.
Moss, Esq.
Leuciscus atronasus, in spirits. From J. D. Sergeant, Esq.
Nest and Eggs of Hirundo rufa. From Mr. J. Stalder.
DONATIONS TO LIBRARY,
In May, June, and July.
May 1st.
Twelve lectures on Comparative Anatomy, delivered before the Lowell Insti-
tute, January and February, 1819. By Jeffries Wyman, M. D. From the
author.
Researches upon the vital dynamics of civil government. By B. Dowler,
M. D. From the author.
Echinidae, recent and fossil, of South Carolina. By E. Ravenel, M. D. From
the,author.
Eloge historique de Jean Frederich Blumenbach. Par M. Flourens. From
Dr. Morton.
De Epidermide humana. Auctor Alphonsus Wendt. From the same.
Afferunter nonnulla ad Amiam calvam (Lin.) accuratius cognoscendam. Auctor
Henricus Franque. From the same.
Bibliotheque Zoologique et pala^ontologique. Par Louis Agassiz. Folio.
From the same.
Dr. Wilson deposited the following : —
Conchologia iconica. By Lovell Reeve. Part 72. 4to.
History of British MoUusca. By Prof. Forbes and S. Stanley. Part 14; 8vo.
Phycologia Britannica. By Wm. H. Harvey, M. D. Part 39. 8vo.
Illustrations of the Birds of Jamaica. By P. H. Gossc. Part 12.
The Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By Edward Doubleday. Part 26. 4to.
Illustrations of British Mycology. By Mrs. T. J. Hussey. Part 24. 4to.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Vol. 3. New Series. No. 15.
The Natural History of Ireland. Vol. 1. Birds. By Wm. Thompson, Esq.
8vo.
The Naturalist's Repository. By E. Donovan. 5 vols. 8vo.
i'C-t Abhandlungen aus dem gekiarte der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von
dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Vcrcin in Hamburg. Vol. 1.
Voyage of the Blonde to the Sandwich Islands in 1824, '25.
1849.] 189
Bulletin de I'Academie Royale des Sciences de Belgique. Vols. 1 to 11, Vol.
12, part 1, Vol. 13, part 1. 8vo.
Madras Journal of Literature and Science. Nos. 1 to 18.
May 8tk.
^ The American Journal of Science and Arts, New Series, No. 21. May, 1849.
From the Editors.
Comptes rendiis. Tome 28. Nos. 4, 5, 6. Deposited by Dr. Wilson.
The London Athenaeum. March, 1849. From the same.
May I5th.
Phrenologien bedomd frau en Anatomisk standpunkt. Af Prof. A. Retzius.
From the author.
Peruvianernas Craneiform af A. Retzius. From the same.
In systema nervorum sympatheticum Gadi lotaj Lin. observationes. Scripsit
0. E. A. Hjelt. From Dr. Morton.
Notice sur deux especes de Brachiopodes du terrain palasozoique de la Chine.
Par L. De Koninck, D. M. From the same.
Memoir of Dr. Thomas Charles Hope. By Thomas Steuart Traill, M. D.
From the same.
Additional observations on a new living species of Hippopotamus, of Western
Africa, (H. Liberiensis.) By S. G. Morton, M. D. From the same.
Indicis geaerum Malacozoorum primordia. Conscripsit A. N. Heermannsen.
No. 10. From Mrs. L. W. Say.
Experimental Researches in Electricity. 22d series. By Michael Faraday.
4to. From the author.
Ueber die vorbedingungen zur entstehung einer Chronologic bei den ^Egyptern
und die Moglichkeit ihrer Wiederherstellung als einleitung zur Chronologic der
^gypter. Von R. Lepsius. 4to. From the Author.
Report by the Superintendant of the Coast Survey, on an application of the
galvanic circuit to an astronomical clock and telegraph register in determining
local differences of longitude, &c. From Prof. A. D. Bache.
June 5th.
°" Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Nos. 39 to 42, July 1848
to March 1849. From the Society.
A lecture on the mechanical industry and the inventive genius of America. By
Walter R. Johnson. From the Author.
History and transformations of Corydalus cornutus. By S. S. Haldeman. In-
ternal anatomy of the same. By Joseph Leidy, M. D. From the Authors.
June 12th.
Dr. Wilson deposited the following : —
The London Athenaeum, January to December, 1848. The same for April,
1849.
History of British MoUusca. By Prof. Forbes and S. Stanley. Part 16.
Revue Zoologique. No. 11 for 1848.
Phycologia Britannica. By W. H. Harvey, M. D. Part 40.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Vol.3. New Series. No. 16.
Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. Von. A. P. A. Wiegmann. Herausgeg : von Dr.
Erichson. No. 5 fo'r 1847, and No. 2 for 1848.
Memoires presentes a I'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg.
Vol. 6. No. 2. 4to.
The Zoology of the Voyage of the Samarang. No. 4. 4to.
Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer oderwenig gekannter Conchylien. Von
Dr. R. A. P'hillippi. Vol. 3 Part. 4.
Illustrations of British Mycology. By Mrs. T. J. Hussey. Part 25. 4to.
Comptes Rendus. Tome 28. Nos. 7— 13.
Isis von Oken. Nos. 8 and 9 for 1848.
190 [July,
The genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By Edward Doiibleday. Part 27. 4to.
Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie. Von Karl Thco. Menke, M. 1). und Dr. L.
rfeilfor. Jan.— Dec. IS 19, Jan.— July 1848,
Illustrations of the Birds of Jamaica. By P. H. Gosse. Part 13.
Zoolo^ia Typica. By Louis Frazer. Part 11.
Reise um die Erde durch Nord-Asien und die beiden Oceane in dem Jahren
1828, '29, '30. Von Adolph Erman. Vol.1. Svo.
Uiitersuchungen ubiT Trilobiten von Dr. Ernst Beyrich. 4to.
Die bis jetzt bekaiinten arten aus der famille der Regenwiirmer. Von W.
Hoffmeister. 4to.
Symbohp ad Erinacei Europrri Anatomen. Auctore Mauritius Sembert. 4to.
Icones Physiologicaj. Auctore Rudolpho Wagner. 4to.
Zoographia Kosso-Asiatica. Auctore Petro Pallas. 3 vols. 4to. Icones 6
fascic. Ito.
Lehrbuch der Anatomie der VVirbelthiere. Von Dr. R. Wagner. 2 vols.
A general synopsis of Birds, and Supplement. (J. Latham.) 8 vols. 4to.
Index Ornithologicus. Auctore Joanne Latham. 2 vols. 4to.
The Naturalist's Library. Ichthyology, Vols. 2, 4, 6. Entomology, Vols. C
and 7. Mammalogy, Vols. 7 and 8. 12mo.
Malacologia Monensis. A catalogue of the mollusca inhabiting the Isle of
JIan. By Edward Forbes. Svo.
A synoptical table of British organic remains. By Samuel Woodward. Svo.
Getruen darstcUung und be?chreil)ung der Thiere die in der arzneimittellehre
in betracht kommen in systematischen folge herausgeg. Von J. F. Brandt und
J. T. C. Retzeburg. 2 vols. 4to.
Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur la gestation des Quadrumanes.
Par G, Breschet. 4to.
Abbildung und beschreibung merkwiirdiger Siiugethiere von Dr. Weigmann.
Nos. 1 and 2, 4to., and Atlas folio.
Recherches sur les animaux fossiles. Par L. De Koninck, D. M. Part 1.
Cours sur la generation, I'ovologie et I'embryologie, fait au Museum d'histoire
naturelle en 183C, par M. Flourcns. 4to.
Analecten fiir Vergleichunde Anatomie. Von Dr. Mayer. 4to.
Beitriige zur kenntniss des Norddeutschen Oolithgebildes und dessen Verstein-
erangen. Von Fr. C. L. Koch und W. Duiiker. 4to.
Icones Zootomicac. Von Rudolph Wagner. Folio.
Delectus Florae et Faun-x Brasiliensis. Auctore J. C. Mikan. Parts 1 — i.
Folio.
June Idt/i.
Sixty-second Annual Report of the Regents of the University of the State of
New York. Svo. From the Regents.
The progress of Ethnology. By J. R. Bartlett. Second edition. Svo. From
Dr. S. G. Morton.
American Ethnology. By E. G. Squier. From the same.
Catalogue of the plants of Cincinnati, collected by T. G. Lea. From Mr. J. M.
Lea.
Jit/y 3d,
Report of a Geological Reconnoisance of the Chippewa land district of Wiscon-
sin and the Northern parts of Iowa. By David Dale Owen. Svo. From
Mr. J. Sergeant, jr.
The History of IMexico. By Abbe D. Francesco Cjavigero. Translated from
the Italian by Charles Cuilen, Esq. 2 vols. 4to. From Dr. R. Bridges.
The Natural History of Ireland. By William Thompson, Esq. Vol. 1. Birds.
8vo. From the Author.
Note on the Teredo Norvegica, Xylophaga dorsalis, &c., combined in destroy-
ing the submersed wood work at the harbor of Androssan, on the coast of Ayr-
shire. By W. Thompson. From the same.
Note on the effects of the hurricane of Jan. 7tb, 1S39, in Ireland, on some birds,
fishes, &c. By W. Thompson. From the same.
1849.] 191
The Crustacea of Ireland, order Decapoda. By W. Thompson. From the
same.
Note on Pagurus Prideauxii. By W. Thompson. From the same.
Note on Argulus foliaceus Jur. By W. Thompson. From the same.
On the species of Stickleback (Gasterosteus, L.) found in Ireland. By W.
Thompson. From the same.
On a new genus of Fishes, from India. By W. Thompson. From the same.
On Ova, believed to be those of the large spotted Dog fish, (Scillium catulus, L.)
From the same.
On some snow crystals observed on the 14th of January, 1838. By W. Thomp-
son and R. Patterson. From the same.
Comparison of the periods of flowering of certain plants in the early spring of
18-16, in the Botanic Garden of Belfast, and the Jardin des Plantes at Paris. By
W. Thompson. From the same.
On a minute Alga which colors Ballydrain Lake, in the County of Antrim.
By W. Thompson. From the same.
Note on the occurrence at various times of the bottle-nosed Whale (Hyperodon
Butzkopf Lac.,) on the coast of Ireland, &c. By W. Thompson. From the
same.
Report on the Fauna of Ireland. Div. Invertebrata. By W. Thompson. From
the same.
On an apparently undescribed species of Lepadogaster, and on the Gobius
minutus Miiller, and Cyclopterus minutus Pallas ? considered as the young of C.
lumpus, Linn. By W. Thompson. From the same.
July lOiA.
American Journal of Science and Arts. New series. No. 22. July, 1849.
From the Editors.
Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. Von A. P. A. Wiegmann; Herausgeg. von Dr.
Erichson. No. 6, for 1847. Deposited by Dr. Wilson.
Comptes Rendus. Vol.28. Nos. 14, 15, 16. From the same.
London Athenaeum, for May, 1849. From the same.
Isis von Oken. No. 10, for 1848. From the same.
Revue Zoologique. No. 12, for 1848. From the same.
United States Exploring Expedition. Atlas to Zoophytes, by J. D. Dana.
Folio. From the same.
On the Composition of the Schuylkill Water. By M. H. Boye, M. D. [^From
the Author.
Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia. Vol. 3. Nos. 1 and 2.
From the Editors.
Monographie des Erotyliens. Par M. Th. Lacordaire. 8vo. From the Au»
thor.
1849.] 193
August 7th.
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.
The Chairman read the following letter addressed to him by Dr. C.
D. Meigs, dated New Haven, Connecticut, Aug. 4th, 1849, relating
some experiments which he made to ascertain the effects of deep-sea
pressure on the uterus of the Cetacea; and which resulted in confirm-
ing the views which he expressed in his paper on this subject, publish-
ed in the last number of the Journal of the Academy, (New Series,
Vol. I. Part 3.)
" Yesterday, (May 3d,) I obtained permission to use the custom house boat, a
small sloop, to go out into the sound for the purpose of trying my experiment on
the effect of sea-pressure on the uterus.
I was fortunate in having as companion for the excursion, Mr. Theodore W.
Werner, of the Coast Survey, a gentleman who is occupied in this part of tlie
country, and was for a long time one of Mr. Haslar's assistants. I had a gum-
elastic bag, shaped very much like the uterus in question. It was fitted with a
smooth neck, or goidot, stopped with a velvet cork that fitted accurately.
Mr. Werner was of opinion that the cork would not escape, but rather be
driven in; in which he coincided with yourself and others. The wind being
light, we could not find water over 9^ fathoms.
Mr. Werner calculated that the pressure at 60 feet below the surface would be
over 1000 pounds.
We threw the sloop in stays, and hove the dipsy overboard, which carried the
uterus to the bottom. It came up with the cork undisturbed ; a second and third
trial were followed by the same result. On the fourth trial, having inflated the
uterus, and adjusted the cork very lightly, it came up, having lost the stojiper.
Now, you will please observe, that the experiment was a very fair one, for as
the throat of the bottle was tied to the dipsy line, the cork necessarily looked
downwards, and if floated at all, it must float towards the throat of the bottle.
I threw it over again, and by the time it reached the bottom, the cork was
driven out with violence, and the whole of the air came rushing to the surface, so
as to make me think, when I saw it coming from below, that a Dolphin was shoot-
ing upwards to the surface.
Mr. Werner was very much gratified with the result, and I assure you I was
not less so ; and I conclude that it justifies me in the rationale I have given of the
(Economical purpose of the double cervix of the Cetacean female."
The Publication Committee announced the publication of Part 3,
Vol. I., New Series of the Journal of the Academy.
August 14///.,
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
A paper entitled " On several new Hymenoptera, of the genera
Ampulex, Sigalphus, Chelonus and Dorylus, by S. S. Haldeman," was
read and referred to a Committee consisting of Drs. Leidy, Zantzinger
and Keller.
The Chairman read an extract of a letter from Maximilian, Prince
PROCEED. ACAD. NAT. SCI. OF PlIILADELPHIA. — VOL. IV. NO. X. 27
19+ [Aug.
(le VVied, accompanying the copy of Dr. Riippcll's work on the Fauna
of Abyssinia, announced at last ineetinu;.
On motion, it was Resolved, That the Puhlication Cominittoe hp
authorized to present to the Prince de Wied, Part 2, Vol. VIII., First
Series, and Parts 1, 2 and 3, New Series, of the Journal of the Academy.
August 21 st.
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.
The following letter from Miss M. H. Morris, of Germantown, dated
July 21st, 184'9, was read by the Corresponding Secretary.
" I have delayed proposing a name for the Cecidomyia, that feeds in the culm of
the wheat, because I wished my communication to be accompanied by a complete
series of specimens Irom the eg^ to the perfect fly; but since 1843, it has not
appeared in this neighborhood in sufficient numbers for me to trace it through
its several changes : I am therefore obliged to offer the name of C. culmieola,
Q3 an appropriate one, with a brief history of its habits, as I have eeen it, and
trust I may be more fortunate in future in procuring specimens for exami-
nation and description.
The insect deposits its eggs early in June, on the grain, in or over the germ,
while the grain is in the soft or milky state. The eggs remain unhatched until
the grain germinates, but when the plant has grown about three or four inches,
the worm may be seen, with the aid of a strong magnifying glass, feeding above
the top joint, in the centre of the culm, where it remains until it has arrived at
maturity. Should this occur before the culm has become hard, the worm eats its
way through the joints, inside of the straw, and makes its escape at the root,
ascends the straw on the outside, where it attaches itself firmly, and awaits its
change; the outer skin becomes the puparium. In the pupa, or tlax-seed state,
it closely resembles the C. destructor, and has heretofore been mistaken for that
species.
Should the culm of the wheat become prematurely hard before the worm has
finished feeding, as is often the case, the insect will remain imprisoned for life,
passing through its changes inside the straw, and there perish without the power
to escape, ualoss some accidental passage be made for it. I have liberated hun-
dreds with my pen knife, and thousands make their escape after the grain has
been reaped and carried into the barn.
When the insect is thus unnaturally retarded, the time of its perfect develop-
ment is uncertain; and I have found them on the straw, and in spiders webs, in
and near a barn, from June until September. This destructive insect may there-
fore be carried in the straw from one country to another, as well as in the grain."
Letters were also read :
From the Secretary of the Royal Academy of Sciences, of Brussels,
accompanying the donation of the numbers of the Bulletin of that So-
ciety, annoimced this evening, and soliciting an exchange of publica-
tions, which was accordingly ordered.
From ISI. Lacordaire, dated Liege, April 20, 1S4-9, returning ac-
knowledgments for his election as a Corresponding Member, announc-
ing the receipt of the Proceedings of the Academy presented to him
18*9.] 195
in return for a copy of his late work, in two volumes, " Monographie
des Phytophages," and also proposing an exchange of Coleoptera of
North America for those of Europe.
From M. Fischer de Waldheim, dated Moscow, 1st May, 1849, ac-
knowledging the reception of his notice of election as a Correspondent.
Mr. Cassin called the attention of the Society to the specimen of Anas Rafflesii.
King, (Jard. and Selby 111. Orn. n. s., pi. 23,) presented this evening by E. Pi-
late, M. D., of Opelousas, La. This, Mr. C. stated, is the first instance of the
capture of this species within the limits of the United States, to the fauna of
which it is an addition of the highest interest.
Dr. Pilate, who obtained the present specimen in the neighborhood of his resi-
dence, represents it as the only one which has come under his observation. To
this gentleman, who is ardently devoted to the study of Ornithology, the Academy
is highly indebted for this valuable specimen.
August 2Stk.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
The Committee to which was referred the paper of Dr. Savage, on
the Driver Ants of West Africa, reported in favor of its publication in
the Proceedings of the Academy, with some additional observations by
the Committee, suggested by the specimens sent by Dr. Savage with
the paper.
The Driver Ants of Western Africa.
By Thomas S. Savage, M. D.
These remarkable and interesting insects have been, till quite recently, with-
out their place in our systems of Natural History. Occasional, but very imperfect
notices have been given from the time of Smeathman and Afzelius to the present,
of one or two annoying features in their economy; but till now^, no regular de-
scription either of their entomological character or habits.
In 1845, the author of this article, after a series of observations, sent, in com-
pliance with a promise, a detailed account of their habits, with numerous speci-
mens, to J. O. Westwood, Esq., Secretary of the Entomological Society of
London.*
Mr. W. dissected with that minuteness and accuracy for which he is so remark-
able, individuals of the three classes into which they had been divided, and pub-
lished the results with illustrations, supplementary to the account, in the Transac-
tions of the Society.
The insect in its perfect state, had not then been discovered. Neuters with
larvas and pupae only were sent. The former only, (neuters) it seems, arrived
in a state for examination. This is the more to be regretted, since, soon after send-
ing his account to London, the author left the locality for his health, without the
prospect of returning.
* See Vol. 5, First Part, Transactions of London Entomological Society, for re-
marks of Mr. W., and the account of the habits of the insects, more in detail.
196 [Aug.
The statement (in the account that the insect was without eyes, (/. c. the
neuter,) was confirmed by Mr. Westwood, which fact renders certain features of
their economy the more remarkable.
Mr. Shuckard gives, in the Annals and Mat^azine of Natural History, London,
a new species of the Formicida-, on which he founds the genus Anoinma. To
this Mr. Westwood assigns the Driver of West Africa, and describes it as anew
species under the name of arceus, in allusion to the remarkable habit whicli has
gained for it the significant name of Driver.
Since his comiiiuiiication to the Entomological Society of London, the author
has discovered a second species, which he denominates the Red Driver, a descrip-
tion of which follows that of the black species.
Descriiition. — Family Formicidas {Leach) ; Genus Anomina {Shuciurd).
Species 1. Arcens {Westwood).
Neutr. — Nigra, subnitida ; antennis (articulo basali exccpto), coxis, geniculis,
tarsisque piceis ; capite plus minusve oblongo-ipiadrato, in individuis niaximis
jiostice magis angusto, margine postico emarginato; clypco, inter basin antenna-
rum, bicarinato ; antennis impressionibus duabus iiiserlis, 11-articulatis ; oculis
obsoletis; mandibulis elongatis, gracilibus, falcatis, ante medium dcnlc niajori
alteroque pone medium plus minusve distincto, inlerstitio serrato; maxillis labiis
duobus apicalibus, externoadapicemsetoso; palpis maxillaribusbrevissimis, et. ut
videtur, 3-articulatis ; labio magno carnoso striato, palpis labialibus longitudine
labii 2-articulatis, thorace e segmentis duobus longitudine acqualibuS constanti,
prothorace infero, lateribus dilatatis tamcn supra visis; meso-thorace antice
latiore, meta-thoracc parum comprcsso utrinquc spiracula instructo, apice recte
truncata; abdominis pedunculo elongato utrinque versus basin tuberculo minuto
instructo ; segmento sequenti pedunculo latiori semi-ovali, reliquis parum con-
strictis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1^-5.
Habitat in Africa occidentali tropicali.
In Mus. Westw. Acad, et Nostr.
This species was captured at Cape Palmas, Lat 4^ 26' N., and is to be found
throughout the West Coast; Cape Palmas, however, and a few hundred miles
east and west', being its proper locality.
Species 2. A. rubella, Savage.
Neutr. — Rubra, subnitida ; antennis, coxis, geniculis tarsisque rubris, versus
marginem diaphanis.
Long. coip. lin. 13—4.
Habitat in Africa occidentali tropicali.
In Mus. Acad, et Nostr.
The neuters of A. rubella are lessn umerous than those of urcens, and, gene-
rally, of a smaller size. The mandibles are less falcate and pointed : their habits
the same.
This species I discovered in the Mpongive District, a section of the west coast
on the banks of the Gaboon river, near the Equator.
Hahits. — They are exceedingly ferocious. They have no permanent dwelling
place, but wander about in search of prey. Shallow cavities and crevices in
rocks, are adopted as their temporary habitations. The deepest cavity for this
purpose discovered, did not exceed two feet. The interior exhibits no mechani-
1849.] 197
cal contrivance for the depositing of food, or hatching of eggs ; for these purposes,
spaces between tlie stones, sticks, &c. found within, are adopted.
This absence of mechanical arrangement in their dwellings accords well with
their known predaceous 'habits.
Their sallies are usually made towards night, and in cloudy days. Should they
be detained abroad till late in the morning of a sunny day, they construct for their
protection against the heat, arches over their path, of earth, agglutinated by a
fluid secreted from their mouths. Should their course lie through thick grass or
projecting substances, the arCh will be wanting, or more or less imperfect, de-
pending on the degree of shelter thus afforded.
That this arch is designed to protect them against the heat, may be inferred
from its absence in cloudy or rainy days. Such is their extreme sensitiveness,
that, when exposed to the direct rays of the sun, especially if the heat be increased
by reflection from surrounding surfaces, they expire in the space of two minutes.
Even with the arch, when far from their doniicil, they will retire in the middle
of the day, to the thick grass and there regale themselves in the shade till the
decline of the sun, when their work is renewed with characteristic vigor.
In migrating, protection is afforded to their pupae and young, by an arch con-
structed of the bodies of the larger class, or soldiers. Their mandibles and legs
are so curiously locked and intertwined, that a complete and formidable covering
is presented ; at such times individual soldiers will be seen on the outside, acting
as guards and scouts, while others of the same class are within, apparently per-
forming the part of superintendents and commanders. In case of alarm the arch
is instantly broken, and the soldiers are seen running about in the most confused
and hurried manner, with their jaws extended and antennne working in all direc-
tions, thus presenting a highly angry and ferocious aspect. ShouUl the alarm
prove false, the victory be won, or danger passed, the arch is quickly renewed,
the main column brought again to order, and their march resumed in all the re-
gularity of intellectual, military discipline. Their paths present a beaten appear-
ance, with freedom from all moveable obstructions.
As to their relation sustained to the economy of the community, they may be
divided into three classes. It is the office of the first, or largest, which may be
called the soldiers, to defend the community, attack and disable the prey. Their
mandibles have long and slender points, well adapted to penetrate, and by their
strongly falcate shape, to hold fast the objects of attack.
The second class frequently act as aid^ to the first, but their chief office evi-
dently is, to lacerate the prey and reduce it to a portable condition. Their man-
dibles are flatter than those of the first, sharp, and have their teeth more de-
veloped.
The third are comparatively of very small size, and have their mandibles
developed in a manner similar to those of the second class. These sustain chiefly
the relation of carriers, and, perhaps, wiik (he second class, may be properly de-
nominated laborers. This diminutive size of the laborers is seen also among the
Termites, or White ants, while the soldiers are comparatively of gigantic form.
There is occasionally an interchange of offices among these diffijrent classes, as
when an individual is found inadequate to accomplish his task ; but it is very evi-
dent to an observer, that in general, they sustain the relation to the community
above described.
198 [Aug.
As soon as the prey is disabled, preparations begin for its transportation.
While the class whose duty it is, are laceratiiii; the flesh, and reducing it to a
state proper for removal, others are engaged in clearing a path between the
locality and their domicil ; the whole under the conduct of individuals of the first
class.
This stage of their operations is intensely interesting to the observer. Tlie
facility and rapidity with which these little creatures, without the aid of eyes,
overcome mountain obstacles, is surprising beyond expression ; the greater the difh-
culty the greater their effort and perseverance. One is seen dragging along a straw
or stick many times his own length and size; another grasping, rolling, then
pushing along a stone far exceeding his own weight and bulk, and when his own
power is not sufficient, calling in the aid of others, each knowing thqt a W'ork is
to be done, none idle, and every one doing promptly his part. At first, in the
preparatory stage, there is apparently considerable confusion, the different classes
commingled, running backwards and forwards, and many missing the direct way
to their domicil. l?ut soon the soli'iersaro seen moving about with great activity,
evidently bringing the lines into order. After a while they arrange themselves at
different distances, on both sides of the path. The laborers are then kept within,
in too nearly right lines, one going, and the other returning; while on the out-
side are guards and scouts, intent upon the approach of danger, and ready to give
alarm.
The pupae and prey are carried longitudinally under their body.
Their bite is severe, and difl^ers from that of the soldiers among the Termites.
The latter work their mandibles, which are flat, in a cross direction, like scis-
sors. The former, with mandibles falcate, round and pointed, work them alter-
nately from side to side, penetrating deeper at stroke, till they meet beneath the
flesh. So tenacious is their hold, that frequently it is broken only by a separation
of the head from the body, and even then, the head will often continue to work
its jaws beneath the flesh with undiminished force.
The degree of sagacity manifested by this insect in times of difficulty is very
great. On one occasion, having been driven from their domicil by the applica-
tion of fire, they congregated in vast numbers around and on the body of a neigh-
boring tree. From the lower limbs, about four feet high, hung several chains or
festoons of these insects, their jaws locked and their legs twined, one with
another, till they reached the ground. One of these chains, on my arrival, was
in the act of completion. Ant after ant descended gradually, lengthening it out till
it reached the broad leaf of a plant (Canna coccinea) below. It then swung to and
fro, in a breeze blowing stroncly from the sea, which rendered it difficult for the
terminal ant to secure his hold, and thus complete the desired communication.
After a few unsuccessful trials, another ant of the same class (the soldiers)
ascended the piatit, and taking his stand on the leaf directly under the vibrating
column, fixed his hind claws in the leaf, and raising his body on the apex of his
abdomen, reached forth his fare legs, opened wide his jaws, and closed in with
his fellow from above, thus completing the most curious ladder in the world.
Another fact of great interest : should a stream of water of small extent, inter-
cept their course, they will compass it, but if this be difficult, they will throw
across a biidge of their own bodies, over which the main column marches with
freedom and safety.
Another habit of equal interest may be here stated. A like assertion has been
1849.] 199
made of another species of South American Formicidae, but doubted by some " in-
door '' naturalist or compiler.
The seasons in West Africa are divided into "wet" and " dry," each making
up about half of the year. During the former, violent and continued rains often
occur, which, either directly, or from the rapid rise of the rivers, cause an over-
flow of the low grounds. As the Drivers delight in rather low situations, usually
little above the base of hills, they are often exposed to inundations. In such
emergency, they leave their domicils, throw themselves into a rounded mass, de-
posit their eggs, &c. in the centre, and thus float on the water, till a place of
safety is reached, or the flood subsides. Even in situations beyond this overflow,
so copious and incessant are the rains at times, that they must be deluged for
days in their nests. Under such circumstances, one would suppose that they
would perish. Many undoubtedly do, for all communities of animal existences
are exposed to casualties. But in this case, as throughout the kingdom of nature,
God has most graciously established a system of compensation, illustrating at
once the minuteness of his Providence and his benevolence. As he has endowed
this insect with a high degree of vitality, so has he given to it great tenacity of
life and powers of endurance.
Individuals submerged in water have lived more than 21 hours ; and when de-
capitated, 48 hours ! The head separated from the body, will bite for several
hours after, apparently with as much force as when in all its natural connections.
They are decidedly aggressive in their habits. The dread of them rests upon
every living thing. It is a statement literally true, that "they drive everything
before them, capable of motion." Their entrance into dwellings is known by the
simultaneous movement of rats, mice, lizards, roaches, &c. &c. with which they
may be infested. Even man, styled ^^ Loid of creation," bows to this, a more
numerous foe; for, let the Drivers enter one door and he quickly escapes at the
other.
So intense is the bite by accumulation, that the largest animal, if confined, is
overpowered and destroyed. The dread with which all animals are inspired, of
this diminutive creature, may be inferred from the statement universally made
by the natives on the coast, respecting their largest serpent, the Python natalen-
sis. After disabling its prey by the fearful process of constriction, the Python,
it is said, makes a wide sweep in the vicinity, to see if the Drivers are near ;
should they not be, he returns to the work of engorgement, but if near, he aban-
dons his prey to their more numerous jaws.
Donkeys, on coming to them, crossing the road, will suddenly turn, and throw
their rider to one side, and if urged onward will give a leap far over the line.
Dogs, rather than run the risk of a leap, will compass their track by going a
long distance round.
The smaller snakes, lizards, &c., are disabled very soon after the attack.
This easy victory seems to be accomplished by an early destruction of vision.
The mandibles of the Drivers being long and sharp pointed, penetrate with great
ease the membranes of the eye. Domestic animals being generally confined at
night, are often destroyed by them.
When they enter a dwelling their movements are characterized with a good
degree of order. If they discover prey, they congregate upon it in vast numbers,
when they may be easily destroyed by boiling water.
Their ascent into beds may be prevented by putting the feet of the bedsteads
into vessels of vinegar, or some other uncongenial fluid. This will be successful
200 [Auo.
if the rooms be ceiled, otherwise they will drop from above, bringing along with
them their noxious prey m the act of contending for victory.
For food thoy prefer fresh animal, or insectal matter. The larvae of other
insects, and the youns^ of all animals arc obnoxious to them, hence all heaps of
rubbish, and hiding places of such prey, when occurring in their route, are care-
fully explored. Hence, too, the Drivers, when returning from their predatory
excursions, atford some of the rarest and finest of the smaller specimens of Ento-
mology.
Newly expressed oils are also favorite articles of food, especially the vegetable,
that obtained from the fruit of the Elais guiniensis — the Palm oil of commerce.
The Drivers, thougli often a great annoyance, are not without their uses in the
economy of nature, They tend to keep down the rapid increase of noxious in-
sects and smaller reptiles. They consume much dead animal and vegetable
matter, which, constantly occurring in tropical climates, vitiates the atmosphere ;
and, which is not the least important, they compel the inhabitants to observe
habits of comparative cleanliness in their dwellings and on their premises, as a
filthy town or house is the sure object of frequent visits.
The natives of Africa dread their approach, lor being almost naked, wearing a
narrow piece of cotton around their loins only, they are the more exposed to their
bites ; but more especially, say they, " because they deprive us of two things we
love most, jioullry and sleep.
On the identiUj of Anomma with Dory I us, suggested hy sjiecimeiis whidb Dr.
Savage found together, avd transmitted to illustrate his paper on the Driver
Ants. By the Committee to which it was referred.
In the letter transmitting his paper on the Driver ants to the Academy, Dr.
Savage says, "In the small vial you will find specimens of niMla,\\'kh three
very large individuals, which I consider the perfect insect. Now here is pre-
sented an interesting point of investigation, viz., the true relation of these larger
individuals to the Driver ants." These specimens afford a solution to a problem
which has engaged the attention of entomologists ; namely, the relation of the
Dorylides to the Formicidae, since the large ones alluded to belong to the genus
Dorylus. They are 13 lines long, and seem to be referrable to D. nigricans, and
they had cast their wings.. There is little to indicate an identity of species
between them and ruhella, as these want the holosericeous surfaces. The color
and texture of the head and mandibles agree, however, and the medial and poste-
rior coxne present a narrow excavation superiorly (for the reception of the femora
when elevated,) in place of the conspicuous cup-shaped one in the corresponding
limbs of the male. The mandibles in this sex are slender and have the apex in-
curved, but not falcate, and they are without teeth. The femora are extremely
compressed, and the abdominal peduncle is about as wide as the succeeding seg-
ment.
There are two forms, both of arcr.ns and ruhella, one of which includes the
largest individuals, the mandibles of which are armed with one abrupt, erect,
medial tooth ; the other and more abundant form is variable in size, and the man-
dibles have two slender teeth directed forwards. The labial organs and maxilla?
are alike in both forms of both species. These organs cannot be compared in
' Dorylus,' because, with the mouth, they are entirely wanting; the margins of
the labium and labrum bi/ing solidly united.
1849.] 201
The circumstances attending the capture of these insects are thus stated by Dr.
Savage.
"In the month of April, 1S47, 1 visited the mission of the Am. Board Com. For.
Miss., at Gaboon, 15' north of the equator. Walking out at 7 o'clock on a cloudy
morning, I saw a column of red drivers crossing the path. They consisted of
two lines, as is always the case, one going, the other returning to their domicil.
I stopped some time to compare them with the black species which abounds at
Cape Palmas and that part of the west coast generally. They were not as nume-
rous nor as large as arcens, but equally ferocious and offensive. Their arrange-
ments and movements were the same. I soon discovered within the lines the
large insects in question. I was here taken by surprise, as I had observed
nothing like them in the economy of the Black drivers. The first idea presented
to my mind was, that they were captives, but on observing further, they seemed
to be no unimportant members of the community. Within a distance of about
two rods I discovered ten of this class. I was soon convinced that they belonged
to the drivers, and proceeded to test the truth of the conclusion. I took one or
two from the lines to a distance of six and ten feet. They seemed at once to
miss their companions, and manifested great trepidation, and made continuous
efforts to find a way of return. At last they reached the lines and instantly re-
sumed their places, displaying at the same time decided gratification. Nor were
the lines thrown into any confusion by their entrance, as they would most surely
have been in case of a foreign insect or body. On further watching their motions,
I perceived that they did not continue on with the drivers, but after going a cer-
tain distance returned. This they repeated, going and returning. What office
they performed I could not discover. My time was limited, not permitting me
to trace them to their domicil. It was with regret that I left them ; but from
the observations made, it was evident that they were members of the driver com-
munity. I cannot doubt that they are the perfect state of the insect. Several
natives recognized them as insects that flew about, and into their houses at night.
This is altogether probable when they first attain their winged state. Similar
insects, closely allied to Dorylus, it is known, fly at night into houses at Cape
Palmas, undoubtedly bearing the same relation to arcens or the Black driver."
The facts here stated are sufficient evidence that Anomma Shuckhard 1840, is
another condition of Dorylus Latr. 1802, which must take its place among the
Formic-idas, agreeably to the views of St. Fargeau. For the sake of convenient
reference, we may, with Dr. Savage, regard the larger form of the drivers
(Anomma) as soldiers, the intermediate ones as workers, and the smallest as
carriers .
In the same manner, Shuckhard's view of the identity of Typhlopone with
Labidus is rendered probable, which would require the latter to be placed in the
Formic-idne, to which Mr. Westwood has shown that Typhlopone belongs. Thus
not only will Anomma and Typhlopone be superseded, but the supposed family
of the Dorylidae will be suppressed.*
♦Typhlopone pallipes Ilald., 1844, Proceed. Acad. 2, 54, does not belong to
this gemus, but rather to Amblyopone Er., Arch. Naturg., 1842, p. 260, pi. 5,
fig. 7 : with the characters of which it agrees, except that the mandibles are
toothed from end to end, and the antennae are 12-articulate, instead of 11 as re-
quired by his text, although his figure represents 12. The eves are visible,
although small and indistinct. »>>*^^^^^^^'^^MU4
28
LlBRAR
'202
[Aug.
Tlie chief question remaining to be disposed of relates to the female. The
thorax of the soldiers presents no observable alar cicatrices, and as they arc
•anomalous in their small size when compared with the male Dorylus, we must
search for the normal female in some large unrecognized form.
The specimens named rubella, although distinct from arceiix, resemble it very
closely, even to the details of the oral organs. The form of the labium, as de-
termined by a careful dissection, does not agree with Mr. Westwood's figure.
His representation of the maxilinc (in which he has omitted the mando and galea)
is more accurate. Both species have a posterior lateral spine on the tliorax, and
a compressed sharp spine directed backwards and placed beneath along the middle
of the abdominal peduncle, which has also a small lateral tubercle. In rubella
the sternum is carinated, and has a spine upon each side of the carina, between
the medial co.xas. The head is rather less contracted posteriorly than in arcetis.
The general similarity is sufficiently great to make the two species congeneric ;
*ind if Dorylus nigricans is taken as the male of rubella, it will be difficult to
assign a male to arcoisjTom among the described species of Dorylus. The ab-
dominal peduncle of arcetis is slightly smaller than in rubella, whilst the insect
is rather larger, so that a Dorylus with a small peduncle may be the correspond-
ing male ; and among these D. glabratus S/d-. might be chosen, as it is larger
than nigricans. There is, however, too much discrepancy in the color to admit
such a conclusion without hesitation, arcetis being black. We are, therefore,
inclined to regard Dorylus arcens as a black species with a large peduncle, yet
to be discovered as a male. The last character is possessed by D. planiccps
Ilald. which, although taken at Cape Palmas by Dr. Savage, is too small to cor-
respond with arcens, and its color is lighter than in nigricans.
Dr. Goheen brought specimens oi rubella from Monrovia, a locality 1500 miles
distant from that specified by Dr. Savage.
Explanation of the figures.
Fig. 1, 2, head of Dorylus nigricans, the latter having the mandibles iciuoved
to show the absence of the mouth : 3, half of the head of a soldier : 1, mandible ol a
worker: 5, maxilla, and 6, half the labium, from a soldier of r«ie//a; all magnified.
1849.] ' 203
The Committee to whicli was referred the following paper by Prof.
Haldeman reported in favor of publication in the Proceedings.
On several nevj Hym.eiioptera of the genera Ampiclex, Sigalphus, Chelonus and
Dorylus.
By S. S. Haldeman.
AMPULEX J urine.
§ Discoidal nervure having its origin near the posterior extremity of Romand's
subdiscoidal recurvent nervure (discoidal of Shuckard), it curves forward and ter-
minates in the cubital nervure beyond the 1st transverso-cubital near the middle
of the 2d cubital area.
A. PENSYLVANTCus Hald. Black somewhat glossy, sparsely punctulate ; an-
tennae fuscous; mandibles and tibiae dull rufous, tarsi paler: pronotum with tiie
medial line impressed ; alae hyaline, external third dusky but becoming colorless
towards the apex and centre, basal third varied with pale dusky : metanotum
exarate, with 9 longitudinal ridges, between which there are short transverse
sulci : abdomen polished. 5 lines long, expanse about the same.
Inhabits woods, taken in S. E. Pensylvania in September. On account of the
obliquity of the median recurrent nervure (Romand), the interior angles of the
1st discoidal and 1st cubital are acute, and similar. Radial and cubital nervures
nearly parallel, the latter rectilinear.
SIGALPHUS Latr.
(triaspis Holiday.')
S. TIBIALIS Hald. Dark fuscous : head, disk of the thorax, middle of the 1st
and 2d segments of the tergum, exserted ovipositor, beneath and feet,/a;vo?/5 :
eyes black ; antennae flavous, base and apex pale fuscous ; vertex, a macula
behind the eyes, and the posterior tibiae and knees, fuscous. 2 lines long. S. E.
Pensylvania. The flavous portion of the abdomen extends from the base to the
2d impressed transverse line.
CHELONUS Jurine.
§ Eyes with hairs ; 3 cubital areae, 2d triangular, with the external apex trun-
cate ; abdomen coalite, without sutures.
Ch. basilaris Say. Bost. J. nat. hist. I, 26G. S. E. Pensylvania, in June.
Ch. sobrinus Hald. Black, scabrous : abdomen with a subbasal flavous fascia
interrupted in the middle; surface minutely scabrous with a tendency to become
sulcate towards the base : antennae dark fuscous with the two basal articulations
rufous : palpi and feet pale flavous ; medial femora, and apex of the tibiae pale
fuscous ; posterior coxae, femora and tibiae (except the base of both) dark fus-
cous : tarsi obscure toward the apex, posterior ones entirely so. 2 lines long. S.
E. Pensylvania, in June.
§Eyes with hairs, 3 entire areae, 2d irregular, abdomen coalite with 1 indis-
tinct suture ; metathorax with a spine upon each side.
Ch. lunatus Hald. Black, scabrous, basal third of the abdomen pale flavous;
tergum with numerous longitudinal sulci: mandibles and basal articulation of the
antennae rufous: feet flavous, apex of the tarsi black; exterior half of the poste-
204. , [AiTG.
rior femora and of the tibiae llucl : stigma black, nervures fuscous. 3 liii. lonij.
S. E. Pensylvania, in June.
The abdomen has a single transverse impressed line near the base, beyond
which the flavous color extends in a convex lunar form.
DORYLUS Fahr.
§ Abdominal peduncle hemispherical, nearly the size of the succeeding segment ;
mandibles incurved, antennae short.
D. rvA.yiCEvs .Ilald . Glossy helvolus, fulvous pilose ; wings feintly tinged ; man-
bles, base of antennae, ocelli and feet rufonx : eyes dark and prominent : hair long
upon the head, thorax, apex and peduncle of the abdomen : mandibles wide at
base, but narrowed upon the inside from the middle to the apex, which is well
incurved, with the apex sharp and black. Long. 10, expanse 15, mandibles 1,
antennae 2 lines.
Presented to the Acud. Nat. Sci. by Dr. T. S. Savage, who brought it from
Caps Palmas, W. Africa. The feet are very short and the femora much com-
pressed. The antennae are slender subulate, with 11 articulations, of which the
last is not readily distinguishable, the basal one is about one-third the entire
length.
On leave granted, a paper was ])resented from Prof. S. F. Baird, of
("arlisle, Penn., entitled, " Revision of the North American tailed-
Batrachia, with descriptions of new genera and species," which being
intended ibr publication in the Journal of the Academy, was referred
to a committee, viz.. Dr. Bridges, Dr. Hallowell and Dr. Leidy.
1849.]
205
DONATIONS TO MUSEUM
In Ai.:gi-st 1849.
August 1th.
Very fine specimen of Ardea alba, from Chester Co., Pa. From Mr. William
Ayr, through Dr. Tovvnsend.
Numerous specimens of Anatifa vitrea, in spirits, from Long Branch, N. J.
From Mr. John Cooke.
Scutella (Echinarachnius) trifaria, from the same locality. From Mr. Samuel
Powel.
August 2lst.
Coluber venustus Hal., (C. occipito-maculatus Storer,) with five young, and
Coluber vernalis, from Luzerne Co., Pa. From Mr. Peter Walker through Dr.
Watson.
Mass of fossil Flustra, from Long Branch, N. J. From Mr. Samuel Powel.
Two living specimens of Columba cyanocephala, and several insects, from
Cuba. From Mr. John G. Howard, of Cuba, through Mr. Cassin.
Mounted specimen of Anas Rafflesii King, from Opelousas, La. From Dr.
E. Pilate, of Opelousas, through Mr. Cassin.
DONATIONS T'O LIBRARY
In August 1849.
August 1th.
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. New Series.
Vol. 1. Part 3. 4to. From the Publication Committee.
Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehorig; von Dr. E. Riippell.
Folio. From Maximilian, Prince de Wied.
Circular, prepared by direction of the Secretary of the Navy, in relation to the
Astronomical Expedition to Chili. By Lieut. M. F. Maury, U. S. N. From
Lieut. Gilliss, U. S. N.
Two lectures on the connection between the biblical and physical history of
Man. By Josiah C. Nott, M. D. From the Author.
Reports of the Smithsonian Institution, exhibiting the plans, operations, &c.,
to Jan. 1, 1849. From the Institution.
Proceedings of the American Association for the advancement of Science, at
its meeting in Sept., 1848. From Dr. Gfiffith.
Catalogue of the Library of South Carolina College. From Dr. R. W. Gibbes.
Address delivered at the Anniversary Meeting of the Entomological Society of
London, 22d of Jan., 1849. By William Spence. From Major MeCall.
Dr. Wilson deposited the following: —
The Genera of Birds, by G. R. Gray. Part 48.
The Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By E. Doubleday. Part 28.
Illustrations of British Mycology. By Mrs. T. J. Hussey. Part 26.
The Annals of Natural History. Vol. 3. 2d Series. No. 17.
Phycologia Brittanica. By \V. H. Harvey, M. D. Part 41.
Conchologia iconica. By Lovell Reeve. Part 73.
Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie. Von R. T. Menke, M. D., und Dr. L. Pfeiffer.
Nos. 8,9, 10, for 1848.
The Geologist, for the years 1842 and 1843. Edited by George Moxon, Esq,
Svo.
Lehrbuch der Piiysiologie. Von R. Wagner. Svo. 3 Nos.
206 [Aug.
An Ornithological Index, arrangntl according to the Synopsis Avium of M.
Vjcr.irs. r.y T. B. L. Baker, Esq. 8vo.
Ornitliologischer Atlas der aussereuropiiischen Vogel; von Dr. C. W. Hulin.
Nos. 1 — 0; fortji;esetzt von H. C. Kiister. Nos. 7 — 11. 8vo.
Die Kunst Vogel als Calge zu boreiten, auszustopfen, &c. Von C. L. Brelun.
12nno.
A compenilium of tlic Ornitholoiry of Great Britain. By John Atkinson. 8vo.
Theorie positive de 1' ovulation spontancc, ct de la fiicondation des Mammi-
feres et de I'espece humaine. Par F. A. Pouchet. 8vo. and Atlas. Ito.
Ornitologia Toscana, del Dottore Paolo Savi. 3 vols. Svo.
Les Oiseaux d'Europe ducrites par C. J. Temminck. 2 vols. Svo.
Natiirlichos System der Amjihibien. Von Dr. J. Wagler. Svo. and Atlas.
Agenda Geoiinostica. Von C. C. von Leonhard. 12mo.
A Natural History of the Mammalia. By G. R. Waterhonse. 2 vols. Svo.
A jieneral introduction to the Natural History of Mammiferous Animals, &c.
By W. C. L. Martin. 2 vols. Svo.
Descriptiones ct iconcs Animalium Rossicorum. Auctore J. F. Brandt. Aves.
fascic. 1. 4to.
Description de pliisieurs nonvellcs espijces d'Orthoceratites et d'Ostracites.
Par M. Picot de Lapeirouse. Folio.
D. J. Chr. Schafler's Abhandlungen von Insecten. 3 vols. 4to.
Recherches sur les Ossemens fossiles decouverts dans les Cavernos de la pro-
vince de Liege : par le Dr. P. C. Schmerling. 2 vols, 4to, and Atlas folio.
Recherches sur les Ossemens humatiles des Cavernes de Lunel-Vi jI. Par Af,
de Serres. 4to.
System der Acalephen, von Dr. Fr. Eschscholtz. 4to.
An Introduction to the study of Conchology. By Samuol Brookes. Ito.
Recherches sur la rubefaction des ea'ux et leur oxygenation par les animalcules
et les Alsiues. Par A. et C. Morren. 4to.
Entwickelungsgeschichte der Natter, (Coluber natrix.) Von Dr. H. Rathke.
4to.
Zur Morphologie reisebemerkungen aus Taurien, von H. Rathke. 4to.
Untersuchungen iiber die Bildung und Entwickelung des Flusskrebses von TT.
Rathke. Folio.
Recherches sur I'histoire naturelle et Tanatomic des Limules. Par T. Van der
Iloeven. Folio.
P. S. Pallas, M. 0. >riscellanpa Zoologica. 4to.
Entwickelungsgeschichte des Kaninchen-Eies. Von T. L. VV. BischofF. 4to.
Belcmnites des Terraincs cretaces inferieurs des environs de Castellan, (Basses
Alpes.) Par J. Duval jouve. 4to.
Entwickelungsgeschichte der Cephalopoden. Von Dr. Albert Kiilliker. 4to.
Charakteristik der Schichten nud Petrefacten des Sdcksisch-bohmisclien
Ivieidegebirges. Von H. B. Geinitz. 4to.
Geognostische Beschreibung dos Landes zwischcn der Untern Saar, und dem
Rhine. Von J. Steininger. 2 vols. 4lo and Atlas.
Beitriige zur Pllanzenkunde der Vorvvelt. Von J. G. Rhode. Folio.
.1. T. Klein specimen descriptionis Petrefactorum Gedanensium. Folio.
Chioris Protogaca. Beitriige zur Flora der Vorwelt. Par F. linger. No 1 — 7.
Folio.
Faunnla Indica. Concinnatns a T. Latham et H. Davis. Folio.
Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Von Dr. Miiller ct Or. J.
Henle. 3 Nos. Folio.
August 2\st,
Bullt'tin de FAcadt'-mie Royale des Sciences de Bel<iique. Tome 15. Annuaire
de la meme; Annees ISIG, '17, '49. From the Society.
Florae Columbian.T prodromus. By John A. Brereton, M. D., U.S. A. 12mo.
Deposited by Dr. (Griffith.
Indications of the Creator. By W. Whewell, D. D., 12mo. Vrmw the same.
Dr. Wilson deposited the following:
1849.] 207
The Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By E. Doubleday. Part 29. llo.
Illustrations of Britisli Mycology. By Mrs. T. J. Hussey. Part 27. -Ito.
Memolres prcsentes a I'Academie Imperialc des Sciences de St. Petersbourg.
Vol. 6. No. 3.
The Genera of Birds. By G. R. Gray. Part 49.
Esquisses Ornithologiques. Par M. Du Bus. No. 4. 4to.
A history of British Mollusca and their shells. By Prof. Forbes and S. Stan-
ley. Nos. 17 and 18.
Zeitschrift fur Malakozoolozie, Von R. T. Menke, M. D., und Dr. L. Pfeiffer.
No. 11, for 1848.
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. No. 18.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Vol. 3. New Series, No. 18.
Phycologia Britannica. By W. H. Harvey, M. D., No. 42.
Conchologia iconica. By Lovell Reeve. Part 74.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, with illustrations. Part 2.
Bulletin de I'Acad. Royale des Sciences de Belgique. Tome 12, pt. 1., Tome
14, pts. 1 et 2.
Das Geschlecht der Land und WasserwanzennachFamilien geordnetmit Abbil-
dungen, von J. R. Schellenberg;
The Microscopic Journal. Edited by Daniel Cooper. Nos. 1-24. 8vo.
LiteraturjE Scientije rerum naturalium in Dania, Norvegia et Holsatia, usque ad
annum 1829. Scripsit M. Winther. 8vo.
Der Vogelfang nach seinem verschiedenen Arten praktisch nach der Erfahrung
beschrieben von J. C. Heppe. 2 vols. 8vo.
Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte aller Europaischen Vogcl : von C. L. Brehm.
2 vols. Svo.
Taschenbuch fiir reisende Mineralogen, Geologen, Berg-u-Hiitttenleute durch die
Hauptgebirge Deutschlands und der Schweiz. Von Carl Hartmann. 1 vol. Svo.
and Atlas.
J. L. Frisch Beschreibung von allerley Insecten in Deutsch-Iand, &c. 4to.
Helvetische Entomologie, oder Verzeichniss der Schweizerischen Insekten
nach einer neuen Methode geordnet. 2 vols. Svo.
J. Basteri, M. D., opuscula subseciva. 2 vols, in one. 4to.
Micrographia illustrata. By George Adams. 4to. 2d edition.
Observationes d'histoire naturelle faites avec le Microscope. Par M. Joblet.
2 vols, in one. 4to.
Traite des Petrifications. Par M. Bouguet. 4to.
Ornithologie de Dauphine. Par. H. Bouteille. 3 Vols. Svo.
A Monograph of the Trochilida; or Humming Birds. By John Gould. Part 1.
Folio.
Allgemeines polyglotten Lexicon der Naturgeschichte, von P. A. Nemnich.
8 vols, in 4. 4to.
Versuch einer Naturgeschichte der Eingeweidewiirmer thierischer Kiirper; von
J. A. E. Goeze. 4to.
Caroli Clerck Aranei Suecici. 4to.
Saggio Orittografico orvero osservazioni sopra la terre Nautilitiche ed Ammo-
nitiche della Toscana: dal Padre D. A. Soldani. 4to.
Essai sur les Cryptogames des Ecorces exotiques officinalis. Par A. L. A.
Fee. 4to.
Dr. Sulzer's Abgekiirzte Geschichte der Insekten. 4to.
The civil and natural History of Jamaica. By Patrick Brown, M. D. Folio.
Histoire Naturelle gen. et partic. de tous les genres de Coquilles ; publie par
P. L. Duclos. Genre Olive. 6 livs. Folio.
DelicicE Florce et Faunje Insubrica?. Auctore J. A. Scopoli. 3 parts in two
Tols. Folio.
Naturgeschichte aus den besten Schriftstellern mit Merianischen Kupfern. Folio.
Saggio di Zoologia fossile di Thomaso Antonio Catullo. Folio.
A selection from the most remarkable and interesting of the fishes found on
the coast of Ceylon. By J. W. Bennett, Esq. 2d edition. 4to.
Recherches anat. et morphologiques sur les Mousses. Par W. P. Schimper. 4to,
System der Pterylographie, von Christian L. Nitzsch. 4to.
208 [184.9.
Etudes progressives d'un Naturaliste pendant los annoes 1831 et 1835. Par
Good". St. Hilaire (Ktienno.) Ito.
ZooloLMa Adriatifii; dell' Abate Guiseppp>' Olivi, Ito.
Analos di Cieiici;is Natiirales. (Madriil.) Vols. 1-7. Svo.
Abbildung und Ueschreibung der Fische. Von J. C. lleppe. 8vo.
Abbildiingon natmhistorischer Gegenstiinde. Von J. F. Blumenbach. 8vo.
Genera des Insectes. Par E. Gucrin et A. Pescheron. 8vo.
1849.] 209
September Mh.
Mr. Phillips in the Chair.
A letter was read from J. W. Dawson, Esq., of Pictou,Nova Scotia,
accompanying a communication on the " Wheat Midge," as found in
that country. The latter was referred to Dr. Leidy, Prof. Haldeman
and Dr. Zantzinger.
Also a letter from the Rev. Thomas S. Savage, covering a commu-
nication entitled " Observations on the species of Termitidse, of West
Africa, described by Smeathman as Termes bellicosus, and by Linn^us as
T. fatalist Referred to Dr. Zantzinger, Prof. Haldeman and Dr.
Hallowell.
September Wth.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
On leave granted, the Committee to which was referred Prof. S. F.
Baird's paper, entitled '' Revision of the North American Tailed-Batra-
chia," presented a report, recommending the same for publication in
Part 4, New Series of the Journal, which was adopted.
A letter was read from the Secretary of the Imperial Society of
Naturalists of Moscow, dated May, 1849, accompanying the donation
of Nos. 3 and 4, for 1848, and No. 1 for 1849, of the Bulletin of that
Society.
September 25th.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
A report was presented from the Committee on Proceedings,
in reference to the sales of copies of Say's American Conchology,
effected since 1844, and the purchase made with the proceeds, of
works on Conchology, for the Library, in accordance with the instruc-
tions of the donor, Mrs. Lucy W. Say.
The statement made in the present report and in a previous one in 1844,
exhibited'a total of §85.50 received since 1841, for copies of Say's
Conchology, and a total of $78. .30 expended for works on Conchology
added to the Library. The following is a list of the latter : — Donovan's
British Shells, 5 vols. ; Herrmannsen's Primordia (as far as published) ;
Nillson's Hist. Mollusc. Suecice ; Philippi's Enumeratio Mollusc. Sici-
liae ; Anton's Catalogue of Shells: ; Michaud's completion of Drapar-
naud ; Morelet's Molluscs of Portugal ; Potiez and Michaud's ' Galerie
des Mollusques ;' Risso's Molluscs of Southern Europe ; Beck's index
Molluscorum; Froriep's Mollusca; Mliller's Index MoIIuscorum Gro-
enlandije, and the last volume of the Brussels reprint of Deshayes'
edition of Lamarck.
The Committee to which was referred Mr. J. W. Dawson's commu-
PR'OCEED. ACAD. NAT. SCT. OF PHIT-ADELPHIA. — VOL. TV. NO. XI. 29
210 [Sept.
nicatlon on llie " Wheal Mids:e" of Nova Scotia, reported in favor
of publication in the Proceedings.
Notice of speciinetis of the Wheat Mitlge from Nova Scotia.
By J. W. Dawson.
Tills destructive little creature has, within the last four or five years, extended
its ravagos to Nova Scotia. It made its appearance first in the western counties,
and has gradually extended its limits eastward. It is now found in every part
of the Province, and has, in some districts, caused an almost total abandonment
of wheat culture. The specinnens accompanying; this notice, were reared from
the larva state; and as 1 believe this has not often been attempted with success,
I shall shortly state the means by vrhich they were obtained.
Wiien I first became acquainted with this insect, I procured specimens of the
full grown larvcn and placed them in a phial, with the view of observing their
assumption of the perfect state in spring. None of them, however, appeared,
and 1 subsequently learned that sinailar experiments had been tried without suc-
cess ; the belief among entomologists being, that the larva descends into the
ground to complete its changes. I could not, however, ascertain that this belief
had been confirmed by actual experiment or observation.
To satisfy myself on this point, (obviously of importance in reference to the
means which may be devised for destroying these animals,) I obtained a fresh
supply of the larvce in that motionless and apparently torpid stale in which th'iy
are found in the ripe wheat in autumn. In the month ot November, a few dozens of
these larvae were placed on the surface of moist soil in a flower pot, in which a
carnation was growing. In the course of two days they had, with the exception
of a few which were crushed or otherwise injured, descended into the ground,
leaving their delicate membranous cases on the surface. Their power of burrow-
ing havinsr been thus ascertained, they were allowed to remain undisturbed during
winter, the spot where they had disappeared being covered with a glass shade.
During winter the flower pot was watered as the growth of the carnation re-
quired.
A similar experiment having been tried in another pot, the insects were sought
for in the ground after their disappearance. Very few were found, and these had
still the larva form. They were, however, most flexible and showed some
degree of activity. On being placed on the surface, they endeavoured to burrow,
by means of a worm like motion, and in doing so they seemed to have the power
of fixing the anterior part of the body pretty firmly to the soil. They were
found to have penetrated to the depth of about an inch. It thus appeared that
the stiffness and torpidity of the larvae in the ripe grain, are but temporary, and
that when they fall Irom their place within the chaff scales, upon the moist ground,
and cast their skins, they accjuire the activity and strength necessary lor pene-
trating into the soil, while still in the larva form.
The insects were not again seen until the last week of June, when they began
to appear in the imago state, and as early a> the tenth of July the whole had
emerged. At that date there was no wheat in blossom in this vicinity, but the
development of the insectis had probably been hastened by the warmth and shelter
ol the house. The emergence of the midg<-s aj)peare(l to take place in the eve-
184.9.] 211
ning, but was not actually observed. After they had taken wing, their pupa
cases remained projecting from the ground, and were white and membranous.
When examined by the microscope, they showed the true chrysalis form, the
wings and other external organs being distinctly marked on them.
The remainder of the larva» procured in autumn having been kept dry in a
paper box, have lost their orange color, and appear to be quite dead, moisture
being apparently absolutely necessary to their entering on the pupa stage.
The insects obtained in the above described manner, were of both sexes. The
females agree in their characters with the figures and descriptions of the European
Cecidomyia Tritici.* The males, which I have not seen figured or described,
are distinguished by their smaller size, differently formed abdomen, and longer
and more hairy antenna?.
I am not aware whether the mode of hybernation of the wheat midge or
" weevil," is generally known to farmers in the United States. If not, it is well
worthy of attention, since, by cutting the wheat early, and carefully collecting the
larvas contained in the chaff, and dust separated from the grain, a large propor-
tion of the ensuing year's brood may be destroyed. On the other hand, if the
larva be allowed to be scatteied over the fields or barn yard, a plentiful supply
of " weevils " for the next crop is secured. This method was proposed several
years since by Prof. Henslow, but 1 have not been able to ascertain whether it
has been used extensively in America.
The Committee on the following paper, by Dr. Savage, reported in
favor of publication in the Proceedings.
Obseivatiova oh the species of TeniiitidcB of West Africa, described by Smeathma?i
as Termes hel/icos//s, and by Linnaus as T. fntalis.
By T. S. Savage.
Having read a condensed account and many extracts from the communication
of Dr. Smeathman to the Philosophical Society of London, on the insect in ques-
tion, it seemed to me that no room was left for the discovery of additional facts.
But, residing in the locality of the Termes, I felt a desire to know personally
their economy ; first, from motives of interest in the general subject of Natural
History) and secondly, in order to discover some way of preventing their sup-
posed attacks on our buildings.
As I proceeded, I noticed some mistakes made by Dr. S., or his many copiers,
■which induced me to record my own observations. Of these the following is a
summary.
I would here remark, that I have never seen the original nor entire publication
of Dr. Smeathman's paper; but, what I have seen, is sufficient to show that he
was an acute observer, a man of indomitable perseverance, and accurate to a re-
markable degree. The best account that I have read of his paper, is that of
Edward Newman, Esq.,F. R. S., in his "Familiar Introduction to the History
of Insects." It is free from the mark? of a prurient imagination, and indicates
• Curtis, Journ. of Agric. Society, England.
212 • [Siii-T.
more of a desire to relate tlic simple trutli ia the liistory ol tlic ii;sect, than any
that I have seen. The figures, however, which stand at the head of his account,
are decidedly bad.
The first thing tliut strikes a visitor who is familiar with Adamson's and
Smeathman's observations, when he arrives on the coast of Africa, is the great
sparseness of the Termites' hills. Instead of "acres so thickly covered, as to
appear like the huts of native si-ttiements," his eye may wander over acres v.'iih-
out seeing one ; one cause of this sparseness may have arisen to some extent,
from the introduction of civilization. The visitor usually lands first at the Eu-
ropean or American settlements, where the hills in t'ueir immediate vicinity are
mostly destroyed. This has be^'U done, first, from the notion that the insect
" ate down their dwellings ;" and, secondly, froni tlio superiority of the clay of
which thsy are constructed, which is used for buildin:^ purposes. At no point,
however, between Cape Verd and the Gaboon river, will the stranger remark
them for their numbers.
They more frequently occur on plane and t!at lands; making their appearance
especially soon after the lands have been cleared for planting, at which time trees
are left girdled and prostrate to decay.
The features which first strike the beholder are their great size and form.
These have been well represented by Smeathman, though two hills cannot b;
found exactly alike. Their contour is generally that of a hay-stack — the surfac;
never regular, always marked with protuberances and upward projections, often
not unlike " turrets," as termed by Smeathman.
Sometimes the hill presents the aspect of a mound having been worn down by
the heavy rains, or, if in the vicinity of a village, by children playing upon it. In
such'Cases they may be forsaken.
When they present distinct upward projections, or turrets, they are known lo
be in the process of enlargement. This is always the mode in which these in-
sects increase their domicils. Turrets are projected one after another, and the
intervening spaces filled out, so as to make a continuous surface. Within each of
these turrets is a cavity which leads down as a passage, into the interior of the
hill, or terminates in some other passage, keeping up a free communication
througliout the structure. When hills present in their general outline the form
of a hay stack, they have arrived at their maximum size. Their height in such
cases is from 12 to 15 feet perpendicular measurement, the circumference at
base from ."iO to 60 feet ; at two-thirds the height, or around the base of the
" dome," from 30 to -10 feet.
The materials have for their base, clay, generally strongly tinged with oxide of
iron in the recent state; after exposure to the sun and atmosphere, it takes on a
lisjht color, approaching a dull yellow, in some cases white. There is an admix-
ture, more or less, of other substances incidentally occurring, as gravel, leaves,
straw, &r.
Sometimes the clay presents a dark, slaty aspect, which is incorrectly stated in
books, to be an indication of a different species of insects. This fact is owing to
different colored clays, existing in different localities.
The strength of these structures is incalculably great ; as an evidence of thi8>
Smeathman states that they are often mounted by wild bulls, and four men were
known to stand on one to spy a vessel at sea. But more than this, t/ici/ vovld
Siiftain more iti'd bulls ami men than could pass ill y nwunt them. The particles
184-9.]
213
of clay are ceaiented together by a lluid excreted from the mouth of the insect,
(not as Smeathnian says, by gums elaborated from the different kinds of wood on
which they teed). This, by exposure to the sun and atmosphere, becomes ex-
ceedingly hard and tenacious on the surface, added to which, the action of the
well known principle in mechanical philosophy involved in the arched form of the
structure, gives to it a vast degree of strength. This feature in the economy of
of the Termes fatalis — the strength of the domiciles — is a wise provision in na-
ture. It guards the hills against the heavy, wasting rains of the country, and
enables them to resist the shock of decayed fallir/g trees, which so often occur on
recently cleared grounds. When it is known that it is the practice of the natives
of Africa not to plant the same piece of ground two years in succession, but let it
lie fallow four or five years, and clear up a new spot every year, and as many
trees are girdled and left to decay and fall, the wisdom of this feature will be un-
derstood.
On clearing away the shrubbery and grass around the base of a hill, several
covered ways or clay tubes will be seen leading to neighboring stumps and
decayed logs. These tubes, sometimes 12 inches in diameter at base, gradually
diminish, ramifying, as they proceed outward. If their connection with the hill
be broken, as many holes will be seen, constituting mouths of passages which run
in a sloping direction to a depth of 12 or IS inches under the domicil. These
passages expand into basement rooms, bounded by clay pillars, supporting a series
of arch-work on which rest the " cellular work," " royal apartments," and super-
incumbent interior portions of the structure.
The exterior of the hill consists of a clay wall varying in thickness on the dif-
ferent sides from 6 inches to Ij feet. Throughout this wall there are cavities,
cells and passages, anastamosing and running from the base to the apex, forming
a communication with the " dome." Within, at the base, elevated to a height of
one to tvofret above the >ivrfac(i of the ground, and central in respect to the cir-
cumference of the hill, is the apartment of the king and queen, styled by Smeath-
man "the royal chamber,"' surrounded by many other apartments or chambers,
containing eggs and young of various sizes and stages of growth, all supported by
the arch-work mentioned.
It will be observed, that Mr. Smeathman states that the ''royal apartments "
are on a level with the surface of the ground ; but, iti every case, I have found
them elevated from one to two feet, depending on the height of the structure.
Indeed, at certain seasons, this elevation becomes a matter of necessity in many
localities. Were it otherwise, the royal pair would be in danger of inundation
during the long and violent rains of that country.
Immediately above the royal apartments, extending across and up the sides of
the hill, to about two-thirds their height, are the nurseries " of Smeathman, a
yellow, dry, comb-like, granulated substance, enclosed in moist red clay, so moist
that it can be made by the hands into balls. In this substance are numerous
narrow serpentine cavities, or cells, containing eggs and young in different stages.
Scattered on the surface are perceived, in a recent state, many minute white
globular fungi. Immediately above, and interior to the nurseries, lie the " maiia-
zines" of Smeathman, rising to the height of about a foot. These are a cellular
arrangement of soft clay, filled with a dark-brown granulated substance, supposed
21 ^ [Skpt.
by Mr, S. to W the ''food." It is very moist, and appears to be vegetable sub-
stance, comminuted and reduced to this state by the insect.
Between the royal apartments and nurseries, is the first floor of Smeafhman ;
immediately above the ma^razines, is the second, then comes the "dome," a large
cavity in the upper part of the structure. With the dome there is a communica-
tion by nmriprous passa>;ps with the different parts of the hill, and thus a free cir-
culation of warm air krpt up, giving a uniform temperature to thedomicil. The
principles of philosophy known in the tendency of air to an eijuiiibrium, its ascent
when rarihed, condensation and descent iu coming in contact with a colder me-
dium, thus securing a uniformity of temperature, are all involved in this peculi-
arity of structure.
The statement of Dr. Smeathman respecting the primary size and subsequent
mode of increase of the royal apartments, is a matter of deduction, though wn-
doubtedly correct. In small hills the queen is Ibunrl of corresponding size. As
the hills increase, the size ot the queen and her apartments are known to increase.
The adjacent portions must be taken down to meet this enlargement. This is
true also of otncr portions of the structure. As the outer projections, or turrets,
are sent up from within, and the intervening spaces filled out, a portion of what
was previously the exterior, must be removed to admit of the expansion of the inte-
rior arrangements, the nurseries, magazine?, &c. This change and removal must
be more or less true also, of almost all parts of the domicil.
The community was divided by Smeathman into three orders ; 1st, the workers,
2d, soldiers, 3d, the perfect insects, male and female, or king and queen ; a fourth
order, or state was subsequently noticed by Latreille among another species in
the south of France, at Bordeaux, (Termes lucifigus). It was afterwards observ-
ed in the East Indies, and incidentally noticed by an anonymous writer in manu-
script on a Ceylonese species (Kirby and Spence"s Introduct., 2d vol. .'j.'i p.) This
was the nympha or pupa state of the u-nr/.eis, in which rudimental wings were
observed. The same state was inferred and averred of T. fatalis, by Messrs.
Kirby and Spence, and adopted by compilers. I have never known this inference
to be confirmed by any observer, writing on the African species; but, I am
happy in beinir able to assert the fact from personal observation, and, further-
more, to declare the sa^ne of the soldiers. I have seen both with rudimental
wings distinct. Messrs. Kirby and Spence suppose the piip.-e to be equally active
with their respective larvae, which is not the case; they are exceedingly delicate
and sluggish.
Of these several orders, the laborers are by far the most numerous. They
seem to be susceptible of two divisions — larger and sma/Ur laborers. The latter
exceed the former in numbers, and are found chiefly in the domicil. The work
about the hill, such as constructing, repairing, bearing away the eggs from the
maternal department, &c,, seems to be done by them. Of the larger size, some
few are found in the hill, but they exist in greater numbers in the covered ways,
about and in, the objects of plunder. The mandibles of this division are very
hard and strong, and admirably adapted to the perfornr.ance of what I suppose to
be their part in the community, which is the comminuting of the different kinds
of wood on which they prey, and the reducing of the clay from which their hills
are made, to a portable condition, A like division of labor I have noticed among
the Driver ants of Africa, ( Anomma arcens, and A. rubella) . Messrs. Kirby and
Spence are incorrect when they say (Introduct., 2d vol., p. 40-11,) that "they
1849.] / 215
carry in their mouths a mass of mortar half as Lig as their bodies, leadytemppred,
made of the finer parts of gravel, which, worked up to a proper consistence,
hardens to a substance re.-?f;'iA/t«^ 5/o«r, of which their nests are constructed.''
The amount each insect carries at a time, is so small as to be hardly perceptible
to the naked eye. When the work is done, it presents a minutely granulated
appearance, like that of the "nurseries." Nor is it already "/cM^j^rf^," ready
to be laid. The insect, when it arrives at the place of deposit, stops for an
instant, and retaining his hold on the piece of clay, undergoes a slight tremulous
movement, more perhaps like the spasmodic action of vomiting, when a fluid
being seen tn be ea-cretel from the rnoitik over it, the clay is deposited. This cor-
rects the supposition of imeathman, that the cementing medium was gum obtained
from the trees on which they preyed. The outer surface of the work, when
recent, presents a red, moist, granuhited appearance, but when acted on by the
sun and atmosphere, it appi caches a dull white, or yellow, and is highly indurated,
more so than simple clay dried in the sun can be. It, however, falls far short of
the hardness of stone ; as the hill is penetrated, the clay becomes softer until the
interior is found to be so plastic that it can bemade into balls under the pressure
of the hand. The young of this order are seen of all sizes : the nT/mjihsE oi La-
treille differing from the others apparently in no respect, but that of their rudi-
mentary wings.
Soldiers — Of this order, there seems to be ground for two divisions also, larger
and smaller.
When a breach isjmade in the hill, the smaller soldiers are seen with the labor-
ers in small numbers, and retreat with them to the interior. Then appear the
larger soldiers, whose duty especially it is to defend the community. Their con-
duct, ferocious aspect, &c., have been well described by Smeathman, and need
not be here repeated, It has been said, however, whether by Mr. S. or not, I
cannot state, that in the act of biting, " they never quit their hold even though
they are pulled limb from limb," (Kirby and Spence, Introduct., vol. 2, p. 40.)
This assertion has been correctly made of the Driver ants of Africa, ( Anomma
arcens and A. rubella,) but cannot be of the Termes fatalis. It is the habit of
this insect to let go immediately after biting, and strike as fiercely at another
place, doing this several times in quick succession. The manner in which its
jaws operate, will not admit of a continued hold. Like scissors, (unlike the man-
dibles of the Anomma,) they cross each other, separating the fibres by a clear cut
through.
In about fifteen minutes after the attack of the enemy, the work of reparation
begins by the laborers, who accompanied by a few of the smaller soldiers, and
occasionally a larger, appear in great numbers. In view of the duty performed
by these two orders.it is a surprising factthat both males and females are without
eyes.
These, at particular seasons, leave the hills in vast numbers. " The rains "
as they are familiarly termed in Africa, begin in May, sooner or later, and continue
with some intermissions, until October. During the month of July, and sometimes
extending into August, an intermission takes place under the name of " middle
dries," dividing them into " early and latter rains." At the beo-inninf of these
seasons — " early and latter rains," — the Termes swarm (if it may be so called )
in incalculable numbers. At their exit, so rapid is their ascent, that they present
{he appearance of smoke rising from all parts of the hill. The holes throuo-h
216 [Sept.
which they escape, are temporary, created for this purpose, and closed when the
sv.-armiiiir ceases. During this process, the almos|ihere for many rods distant,
seems to be filled with t.'iem. Hirds are then seen whirlinji and darting throu;j;li
the air in quick pursuit — all ordeisof insect-eating animals, are now on the alert.
Barn yard fowls are seen to jump up several feet from the ground, to catch them
as they descend. Indeed, men as well as brutes, make them their prey. All
tribes of Africans, however, do not cat them. The Grebos, who inhabit
Cape Pal mas, and among whom these observations were made, reject them as
food. Why, it is difFicult to tell, unless it be from the trouble attending their
capture. It is not from any fastidiousness of taste, for they are known to eat
snakes, toads, grubs, beetles, and even putrid moat, with zest. Tribes about fifty
miles to the windward of Cape Palmas, use them as food. To cati-li them, bowls
of water are set on the ground, into which they fall as their wings drop off".
They are then roasted as shrimps, and the larger beetles (goliathi) arc said to be
equally sweet.
The individuals of the two sexes appear to be about the same size when they
issue from the hill, Jiot exceeding half an inch. The largest queen I have ever
seen at the head of a community, measured 43 inches in length.
Messrs. Kirby and Spence state that the queen lives but two years, which is
incorrect. I have observed the yearly increase of hills for fve years or more,
and, when dissected, they have yielded a queen of corresponding size. To say
that a successor to the original one might have been elected, would be gratuitous.
Nothing is known of their habits to warrant such an assertion, while every thing
we do know goes to prove that they live for many years.
It is stated also, that but one queen is ever found in a hill. This, too, is in-
correct. But one is generally found. 1 have known two to occur. They were
contained in the same structure, called by Smeathman "the royal chamber," but
separated by a septum of clay. The hill was of the usual size. It was "dug
down " by a colonist at Cape Palmas, who, knowing that I was investigatmg the
habits of the insect, kindly brought them to my residence. I regretted exceed-
ingly my inability to decide the question which arose to my mind at first sight,
" Is it a case of bigamy ?" The person who discovered them, took no notice, and
was unable to say that he saw even one king. It occurred to me that it might
be an anomaly. I therefore made inquiries at Mont Srnw/n, and thp different
European settlements that I visited, and ascertained that the same thint had
occurred at those points, though it was considered quite unusual.
I am able here to confirm the truth of Mr. Pmcathman's statement, that the
king and queen are permanently enclosed in thf^ir apartment, which has been
doubted by the eminent writer of the article Tenniildie, in the British Cyclopae-
dia of Natural History, (understood to be J. 0. Westvvood, Esq.)
The sentence in which the doubt occurs, runs as follows : "The young queen
of the hive swarms, is followed by a portion of the community; and the female
after swarming, and the loss of her wings, is guarded by the worker ants ; there
is, therefore, so much analogy in these circumstances, that we are almost tempted
to consider that Smeathman must have erred in statin2;that theworking Termites
imprison both the king and queen Termes. Tiiat it should he necessary for the
latter to be carefully guarded, will be very evident ; but why the king in his
helpless and wingless state, (for we consider that the loss of wings is consequent
1849.] 217
upon and not precedent to pairing, should be shut up, seems questionable. We
make these obi^ervations with hesitation, because Latrielle, and Kirby and
Spence seem to adopt, without hesitation, this statement of Smeathman."
I feel it ray duty to notice particularly this doubt, coming as it does from a
source of such high respectability as the present Corresponding Secretary of the
London Ent. Soc, J. O. Westwood, Esq.
It should be remembered that in penning this doubt, Mr. W. was sitting within
doors at Hammersmith, Eng., many thousand miles distant from the scene of Mr.
Smeathman's patient and prolonged observation. Mr. S. states what he Inev} to
he a fact, and, respecting which, I can see no way in which he could be mis-
taken. Mr. W. misapprehends a remark of Mr. Smeathman on their "swarm-
ing," if it can be so called. I do not understand Mr. S. to state that the queen
is accompanied by any other individuals than those of the two sexes — other per-
fect males and females. He says that as vmrJcers are always to be found on the
surface of th6grou7i(i, the king and queen are captured by them, and thus made
to become the heads of new communities. On what foundation this statement
rests, I know not; but must confess that in this part of their economy I think
there exists a lucuna yet to be filled. As to the statement, however, involving
the perpetual imprisonment of the king anti queen, I have no doubt. The facts
respecting the structure of the "royal chamber" sufficiently prove it. Any one
who has seen a fully developed queen, will say that she is incapable of progres-
sion, and the fact that no aperture has been discovered in the " chamber " among
the many hills dissected at different seasons, sufficient to admit of the ingress
and egress of the king, and hardly of the larger class of soldiers, must suffice.
It has been stated also by compilers of Smeathman, that the insect shrinks
from light, which is a reason for their constructing covered ways. But, if it be
remembered that the two orders — soldiers and workers — are perfectly blind, the
assertion must appear to be gratuitous. The true cause of their erection of
covered ways would seem to lie in the fact that the insect is a prey to a vast
number of other insects, reptiles, &c.
Smeathman and others state that Termes bellicosus is the insect which de-
vours dwelling houses, furniture, &c. This also I consider an error. I doubted
its accuracy at the inception of my observations, and made inquiries subsequently
of intelligent observers at Sierra Leone and Montserrado, all of whom confirmed
me in my doubts. The white ants found in our houses, preying on our furniture,
books, &c., are smaller, and larger in projiortion to their breadth than T. belli-
cosus. The soldiers which accompany the laborers and found with them in their
covered ways along the sills, floors and roofs of our houses, differ palpably in
these respects from those of T. bellicosus. I made known my doubts on this
point to my correspondent, Mr. Westwood, of London, proving the truth of my
statement by specimens taken from my own dwellings, but, unfortunately, the
bottles containing them were broken, and I failed of my object. I consider these
house eaters as the T. arborum of Smeathman. One of their nests, indeed, I
found in the roof of my office, and by them great damage was done to the build-
ing, besides many books were destroyed, having been eaten through and through.
Another nest also was found in a small outbihilding ; the insects of these two
nests corresponded to those found in my dwellings, &c., while marked differences
existed between the latter and T. hellicosus. I regret exceedingly that the steps
to prove this opinion have failed in the manner above stated. I hesitate not,
however, to assert it, confirmed as it is by other observers.
30
21S [Sept.
Hills disxecteJ,
First hill opened 22il March, 1S42. General outlines very much like those
of a hay stack ; situated in a valley.
Measurement.
Circumference at base, - - - - - . 34 ft.
" at § height from base, - - - 25 ft.
Height from apex to base on the surface, - - - 13 ft.
'*' " " perpendicular, ... 9 jt.
The work was begun with three men at 20 minutes past 4, P. M., and re-
quired 2a hours to accomplish it.
The material was reil clay obtained about two feet below the surface soil, the
latter being a mixture of sand and decayed vegetable matter brought down from
the surrounding hills. The surface was highly indurated, receiving a slight im-
pression from a single blow of the mattock.
The order first seen was the workers, who instantly retreated on exposure
to the external air. They were succeeded by one, and then another, and then
many of the larger class of soldiers, who, rushing out in great rage with jaws ex-
tended, threatened vengeance on the intruders.
The experiment of permitting them to bite was tried several times, when it
was perceived that a drop of brownish fluid was exuded upon the part. The
sensation was like that of a minute sharp cutting instrument, the jaws moving in
cross direction like scissors.
On breaking several of the upward projections or " turrets," they were per-
ceived to be hollow, leading into the " dome," and the main passages in the walls
down to the basement. These several passages were smooth, as if by being well
worn by constant tread, and it undoubtedly is throucjh them that their food is
brought from below to the "magazines." The first fragment of the hill ex-
posed numerous apparent perforations, from the size of a shot to that of a dollar,
which were increased by every stroke; these were the different passages, run-
ning in every direction and anastomosing with each other, keeping up a commu-
nication throughout the domicil.
The walls seemed to be about twelve inches thick, and contained numerous
cavities or cells of various sizes and shapes, with young in different stages of
growth, extremely white and delicate. They communicated with each other and
with the main passages. The number of young contained in them varied from
twelve to twenty. When several were found in one cell, they were regularly
and closely packed, with their heads converging towards the bottom. The first
idea which this arrangement presented to my mind, was that of pigs in an
autumnal night, stowed in the angle of a " Virginia fence."
Having beaten away the wall of the hill, a layer of light-brown spongy sub-
Btance was seen, its structure irregularly cellular, and enclosed in red moist
clay of corresponding form; the "nurseries" of Smeathman. The cells con-
tained young of different sizes; on the surface were visible numerous scattered
minute white globular bodies, probably fungi. Messrs. Kirby and Spence sup-
pose them to belong to the genus Mucor. But the mucoridei are generated from
decayed animal and stercoraceous matter. Without a microscopic examination,
they seem to me to be assigned more naturally to the Trichocisti, perhaps Tri-
ehia,tkepi?i head fungi, which are known to spring from decayed vegetable
substance. It is highly probable that the material of which these nurseries are
made, is at base ve.-etable matter. Their extent, as thus observed, is from the
1S49.] 219
base to two-thirds the height of the sides of the hill. Centrally to these, and lying
immediately under the floor of the " dome," was a series of cellular work, en-
tirely of clay, filled with a chesnut-brown substance, very moist, having the
appearance of rasped or gnawed wood, and other vegetable matter. These are
Smeathman's "magazines," and " food," which, with the nurseries, constitute
almost two-thirds of the contents of the structure.
Throughout the nurseries were found young in different stages of growth ; those
in the external cells were smaller and mostly without rudimental wings ; those
in the interior cells were larger, with distinctly developed mandibles, and rudi-
mentary wings generally, the pupse of soldiers. The young in the interior of
this cellular work, with a few exceptions, were assuming the yellow color which
marks the head and thorax of the workers and soldiers in their perfect or active
state ; the exceptions were of a pure white.
As the larger passages were opened, a strong current of warm air from within
was perceptible. I attempted to look down the " dome," but was compelled to
withdraw immediately, my respiration being affected, and the glasses of my spec-
tacles coated with a film of moisture ; a strong, peculiar, but not unpleasant, odor
was perceived. It was observed, that the deeper we penetrated, the more numer-
ous became the young, and the more advanced were they in growth.
The structure called the "royal chamber" by Smeathman, was discovered in
position central in respect to the circumference of the hill, and about eighteen
inches above the surface of the ground. Around and beneath it, was a connected
series of clayey cellular work, in which were found the young, as before stated.
The chamber v/z-s of an oblong shape, rounded at the ends and sides; flattened and
thick above and below. It was supported on one side by two pillars, about J of
an inch in diameter; on the other, it was attached to the surrounding clay work.
I accidentally broke open the enclosure, being misled by the statement of Smeath-
man, that it was situated on a level with the surface of the ground. The queen
was discovered, surrounded by a large number of the larger laborers, a few sol-
diers, and some of the more advanced pupae, all of whom were running rapidly
round her, manifesting the greatest perturbation. The queen made great efforts at
progression, constantly turning her head and thorax from side to side, but without
moving in the least her huge abdomen. Her whole length was 4^ inches. The
kin" evidently in great alarm, made repeated efforts to conceal himself under the
abdominal folds of his consort.
On examining further the " royal chamber," a wide cavity was observed run-
ning horizontally along the upper part, or roof, externally, but without any signs
of communication with the interior. On the under surface of the roof, or ceiling,
is a long depression, corresponding in shape to the body of the queen, which gives
her that freedom of motion necessary to the extension of her eggs. This motion
is compound, first in a longitudinal, then transverse direction, alternately elonga-
ting, contracting and widening her body, being marked with short, thick, trans-
verse bands, the skin is thrown into folds, while these bands operate as so many
fixed points, or centres of muscular action, forcing the eggs through their ducts
to the place of exit.
For sometime after exposure, the queen continued (he expulsion of her eggs,
but, not as I am inclined to think, to the usual extent. They were white and
very minute, and left untouched by the workers, who evidently continued in a
state of the greatest alarm.
The floor of the chamber was perfectly plane and smooth, exhibiting not the
slightest impression from the body of the queen. The roof in the centre was
220 [Sept
i of an inch thick ; the lloor about J ; at the line of conjunction about j. Po-te-
riorly in the line of junction, between the roof and door was a small aporfure,
sholteretl from above by a spur of clay runnin;? downwards, which was tliconly
■w-ay discovered of injiress and egress. It could not have admilted an insect iariror
than the soldiers, and even to them, as it then appeared, it must have been a
*' strait !;ate." The king could not have passed, and consequently, not the queen.
It had the appearance of having been repeatedly closed and opened by collections
of clay around it.
That the queen is enclosed for life, is evident from the fact that she is, from
her great size, incapable of progression of herself, or of being transported by any
means within the power of the community.
On clearing away the refuse at the base of the hill, the orifices of the main
pas3a<j;es under the basement were discovered; descending in a sloping direction,
they led to large vacant rooms, made by the pillars supporting the arch-work ; on
which rests the interior of the structure. These pillars, or colimins were of an
irregular, rounded shape, from i to 2i inches in diameter, and stood on the solid
ground about six inches high.
On visiting this hill the next morning, all the passages in that portion of the
wall not dissected, were found well closed with fresh deposits of clay, and also
a continuous layer spread over the remaining central cellular work. This was
done during the night by the surviving members of the comu^unity for their pro-
tection against the cool air of the night, the rain, and hostile insects.
The opening of a hill is the signal for the gathering of all their foes, — ants,
reptiles, &c.; hence the speedy closing of their various entrances, is a step of
primary importance.
Another hill, previously dissected, was, after a time, so far repaired, as to be
externally perfect. On taking it down again, though the cellular work was appa-
rently restored, no queen was found, nor royal apartments; a few^ workers were
all the insects discovered, and they were collected in the cells in the walls of the hill.
Hill 2^.— Opened Feb. 3d, 1817.
Circumference at base 26 ft. 10 in.
Height on the outer surface 8 ft. C in.
A diagonal section was made by a cross cut saw, beginning just below the
upper floor of Smeathman.
The walls were much the thickest on the north side, nearly double those on
the south, measuring li feet through.
It being in a locality where sand and gravel abounded, their materials were
freely mixed with the clay.
The covered ways leading from the base to objects of plunder at a distance,
•were in this case larger and more numerous than any I have seen before. The
main one measured 12 inches in diameter, and gave olf several branches which
proceeded in various directions. These were traced to sticks, stumps and logs,
which afforded them prey.
In this case, the laborers in the hill were generally of the smaller class, while
those in the covered ways and in the stumps were larger, having strong stout
jaws, well adapted to the gnawing of wood. The " royal chamber" was found
raised about li feet above the level of the ground.
mil 2d. — Circumference at base, 50 feet. Height, 1 1 feet.
The notes do not state whether this is the perpendicular height or not. Several
fresh turrets were erected on the top, having a moist, deep red, granular appearance.
1849.] 221
The structure called the " royal chamber," measured externally 10 inches in
length, internally 8 inches. Its heisjht from the level of the ground was 2 feet 8
inches. The length of the queen 4^ inches.
Shrubs, or small trees are frequently seen growing up thiough the hills. Such
trees are never seen dead, consequently are not eaten by the insect.
On leave granted, Dr. John Neill presented an abstract of apaper writ-
ten for the American Journal of iVIedical Sciences, entitled "Observations
on the Occipital and Superior Maxillary Bones of the African Cranium."
A peculiarity in the condyloid processof the occiput was pointed out,
which is not o;pnerally noticed in works on Anatomy. It consists in
a division of the process into two parts by a ridge or groove ; showino-
a tendency in the basi-occipital bone of^he foetal, or young head, to
be permanently retained. This peculiarity occurs oftener in the Afri-
can than in any other head. In this respect there is an analogy to the
lower orders of the vertebrata. The superior maxillary bone of the
African head is also defective in a ridge which is continuous with the
nasal process, and reaches to the anterior nasal spinal in the Caucasian
head. In the African, the lower edge of the anterior nares is flat, and
in thisrespect resembles the fcetal head, and the heads of inferior animals.
On leave granted, Dr Morton made the following observations on
the capacity of the skull in the different races of man.
Observations on the size of the Brai?! in various Races and Fmnilies of Mail.
By Samuel George Morton, M. D.
I have great pleasure in submitting to the Academy the results of the internal
measurements of six hundred and twenty-three human crania, made with a view
to ascertain the relative size of the brain in various races and families of Man.
These measurements have been made by the process invented by my friend
Mr. J. S. Phillips, and described in my Crania Americana, p. 253, merely sub-
stituting leaden shot, one-eighth of an inch in diameter, in place' of the white
mustard- seed originally used. I thus obtain the absolute caparitij of the craiunm,
or bulk of the brain, in cubic inches ; and the results are annexed in all those in-
stances in which I have had leisure to put this revised mode of measurement in
practice. I have restricted it, at least for the purpose of my inferential conclu-
sions, to the crania of persons of sixteen years of age and upwards, at which
period the brain is believed to possess the adult size. Under this age, the
capacity-measurernent has only been resorted to for the purpose of coUaterai
comparison ; nor can t avoid expressing my satisfaction at the singular accuracy
of this method, since a skull of an hundred cubic inches, if measured any number
of times with reasonable care, will not vary a single cubic inch.
All these measurements have been made with my own hands. I at one time
employed a person to assist me ; but having detected some errors in his measure-
ments, I have been at the pains to revise all that part of the series that had not
been previously measured by myself. I can now, therefore, vouch for the accu-
racy of these multitudinous data, which I cannot but regard as a novel and im-
portant contribution to Ethnological science.
I am now engaged in a memoir which will embrace in detail the conclusions
that result from these data; and meanwhile I submit the following tabular view
of the prominent facts.
OOT
[Sept.
TABLE,
Shnwi/ig the Size of the Brain in. cubic inches, as obtained from the internal
measurement of Ci23 Crania of various Races and Families of Man.
RACES AND FAMILIES.
No. of
Sknila
l.argeBl
1, r.
SinHllfJ'
I. C.
Mean.
Meun.
MODERN CAUCASIAN GROUP.
Teutonic Family.
Germans,
JEng-/i.\k,
Anglo -A m c rica n s ,
18
5
7
114
105
97
70
91
82
90
90
90
i-
Pelasgic Family.
Persians,
Armenians,
\ 10
94
75
84
Circassians,
Celtic Family.
Native Irish,
i «
97
78
87
Indostanic Family.
Bengalees, ^-c.
Semitic Family.
Arabi,
i 32
1 »
91
98
07
81
80
89
JsiLOi ic Family.
Fellahs,
\"
96
06
80
ANCIENT CAUCASIAN GROUP.
gj m f Pelasgic Family.
■5 g Grceco-Fgyptians,
£ S Nilotic Family.
^ U I Egyptians,
|.,s
97
74
88
\ •-■■-•
96
68
80
MONGOLIAN GROUP.
Chinese Family.
6
91
70
82
MALAY GROUP.
Malayan Family.
Polynesian Family.
20
3
97
84
68
82
86
83
iss
AMERICAN GROUP.
ToLTECAN Family.
Peruvia7is,
Mexicans,
\ 15.5
\ 22
101
92
58
67
75
79
Barbarous Tribes.
.79
Iroquois,
Lenape,
Cherokee,
Shoshone, i^c.
).1G1
1
J
101
70
84
NEGRO GROUP.
Native African Family.
American-born Negroes.
Hottentot Family.
(V2
12
90
89
83
65
73
68
83
82
75
?S3
Alforian Family.
Australians,
} ^
83
63
75
1849.] 223
The measurements of children, idiots and mixed races are omitted from this
table, excepting only in the mstance of the Fellahs of Egypt, who, however, are
a blended stock of two Caucasian nations,— the true Egyptian and the intrusive
Arab, in which the characteristics of the former greatly predominate.
No mean has been taken of the Caucasian race* collectively, because of the very
great preponderance of Hindu, Egyptian and Fellah skulls over those of the Ger-
manic, Pelasgic and Celtic families. Nor could any just conective comparison be
instituted between the Caucasian and Negro groupe in such a table, unless the
small-brained people of the latter division (Hottentots, Bushmen and Austra-
lians) were proportionate in number to the Hindoos, Egyptians and Fellahs of
the other group. Such a computation, were it practicable,- would probably re-
duce the Caucasian average to about 87 cubic inches, and the Negro to 78 at most,
perhaps even to 75, and thus contirmatively establish the difference of at least
nine cubic inches between the mean of the two races.*
Large as this collection already is, a glance at the Table will show that it is
very deficient in some divisions of the human family. For example, it contains
no crania of the Eskimaux, Fuegians, Californians or Brazilians. The skulls of
the great divisions of the Caucasian and Mongolian races are also too few for
satisfactory comparison, and the Sclavonic and Tchudic (Finnish) nations, to<^ether
Y^th the Mongol tribes of Northern Asia and China, are among the especial desi-
derata of this collection.
Among the facts elicited by this investigation are the following :
1. The Teutonic or German race, embracing, as it does, the" Anglo-Saxons,
Anglo-Americans, Anglo-Irish, &c., possess the largest brain of any other people
2. The nations having the smallest heads, are the ancient Peruvians and Aus-
tralians.
3. The Barbarous tribes of America possess a much larger brain than the
demi-civihzed Peruvians or Mexicans.
*It is necessary to explain what is here meant by the word race Further ro
searches into Ethnographic afKnities will probably^ demrsJratrthafwh.t
now termed the five races of men, would be more^anprprSe V called
that each of these groups is a^ain divisible into a greXT^o sn^^l . 'IfirrV
primary races, each of which has expanded from an aboriginal nucleus or'enrf
Thus I conceive that there were several centres for the American group of races'
of which the highest in the scale are tiie Toltecan nations, the lowest The FueS'
ans. Nor does this view conflict with^the general prncipir^ha all h5<=
nations and tribes have had, as I have elsewhere expressed ;7.
origin; inasmuch as by this term is only meant aT idfje us relatLT^^^^^^^
country they inhabit, and that collective identity of physical t aits mental and
moral endowments, language, &c., which characterise all the Im^rTcan races
The same remarks are applicable to all the other human raceT but in tb:
present infant state of Ethnographic science, the designation o' these primitv^
centres is a task of equal delicacy and difficulty. I may here obse^v. t^^
whenever I have ventured an opinion on this question, Tthas been in f. J -
the doctrine of ^r.W./ diversMes among meS,-an or^inaT adantatinn TtK '
several races to those varied circumstances of climate and local fy'wSwhn:
congenial to the one are destructive to the other • anH ^„^ '"'^'^"7'T""^"' ^hile
have co„fir™d ,„e in these vi.:, ITcLtf/^^Tr^'TT''''
[Oct.
4. The ancient Egyptians, whosecivilization ante-tlates that of all othor people,
and whose country has bcfii justly calleil '> the cradle ol" the arts and sciences,"
have the least-sized brain of any Caucasian nation, exceptin<? the Hindoos ; for the
small nuniher of Semitic Jicads will hardly permit tli.Mu to be admitted into the
comparison.
5. The Ne^ro brain is nine cubic inches less than the Teutonic, and three cubic
inches larger than the ancient Egyptian.
G. The largest brain in the series is that of a Dutch gentleman, and gives 114
cubic inches; the smallest head is an old Peruvian, of r,s cubic inches; and the
difference between these two extremes is no less than 5G cubic inches.
7. The brain of tjie Australian and Hottentot fall far below the Negro, and
measures precisely the same as the ancient Peruvian.
8. This extended series of measurements fully confirms the fact stated by me
in the Crania Americana, that the various artificial modes of distorting the
cranium, occasion no diminution of its internal capacity, and consequently do not
affect the size of the brain.
ELECTION.
Francis P. Porcher, M. D. of Charleston, South Carolina, was
elected a Correspondeni oi' the Academy.
October 2d.
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.
Letters were read :
From the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, dated Munich, Feb.
1, 1849, acknowledging the receipt of recent publications of this So-
ciety.
From the Secretary of the Lyceunr\ of Natural History of New York,
dated September 2t3th, 1849, acknowledging the receipt of the last
number of the Journal of the Academy.
From Mr. A. H. Morse, of New York, dated Sept. 15, 184-9, oflering
for sale a skeleton and skin of Manatus.
From Wm. F. Van Amringe, Esq., addressed to Dr. Morton, dated
New York, Sept. ICth, 1849, proposing a new S3'stem of Zoological
Classification, which was referred to Drs. Wilson, Leidy and Zant-
zinger.
October diL
Dr. McEuEN in the Chair.
Letters were read : —
From the Secretary of the Ainerican Philosophical Society, dated
Sept. 24th, lS49,acktiowled>;ing the receipt of No. 3, Vol. 1, Journal
of the Acadi-my.
From William llombel, Esq., dated October 4th, 18 19, accompany-
inf his donation of 41 vols, of the Transactions of a London Society
for the encouragement of arts, manufactures, &c. — received this eve-
ning.
1849.] 225
Dr. Leidy offered the following observations: —
From the opinion so frequently expressed that contagious diseases and some
others mi^ht have their origin and reproductive character through the agency of
cryptogamic spores, which, from their minuteness and lightness, are so easily
conveyed from place to place through the atmosphere, by means of the gentlest
zephyr, or even the evaporation continually taking place from the earth's surface ;
and from the numerous facts already presented of the presence of cryptogamic
vegetation in many cutaneous diseases and upon other diseased surfaces, I was
led to reflect upon the possibility of plants of this description existing in healthy
animals, as a natural condition; or, at least, apparently so, as in the case of
entozoa. Upon considering that the conditions essential to vegetable growth
were the same as those indispensable to animal life, I felt convinced that ento-
phyta would be found in healthy living animals, as well, and probably as fre-
quently, as entozoa. The constant presence of mycodermatoid filaments growing
upon the human teeth, the teeth of the ox, sheep, pig, &c., favored this idea, and
accordingly I instituted a course of investigations, which led to the discovery of
several well characterized forms of vegetable growth, of which, at present, I will
give but a short description, for the purpose of establishing priority, and propose
giving a more detailed account of them, with figures, in the second volume of the
Journal.
Enterobrus* a new genus of Confervaceae. Simple, attached, isolated filaments
consisting of a long cylindrical cell, (containing protoplasma, granules, and large
translucent globules enveloped in a primordial utricle,) with a distinct coriaceous
peduncle or stipe of attachment, and at length producing at the free extremity
one or two, rarely three, shorter cylindrical cells, (filled with the same matter as
the parent cell.)
Enterobrus elegants. Filaments, olive brown, brownish, yellowish, or color-
less, at first forming a single spiral turn, and then passing in a straight or gently
curved line to the free extremity. Peduncle, or stipe of attachment, adhering
very firmly, coriaceous, uniformly brownish, narrower than the frond cell, papil-
lary, columnar, elongated conical or pyramidal, expanded at base and at point of
attachment to frond cell, marked with longitudinal lines, and frequently with
transverse annular constrictions, wnth no definite interior structure. Length
from l-3750th to l-400th of an inch; breadth l-3200th to l-16C6th. Frond cell
much elongated, frequently reaching the le,ngth of 2 or 3 lines, uniformly cylin-
drical, excepting at free extremity, where it is usually clavate ; breadth in full
grown individuals pretty uniformly l-935th of an inch. Contents consisting of a
colorless protoplasma, with more or less numerous fine, translucent, yellowish or
colorless granules, measuring about 1- 15,000th of an inch, and numerous large,
colorless, transparent globules or vesicles filled with fluid, averaging the l-2870th
of an inch in diameter. End cells only existing in full grown individuals, one,
usually two, rarely three in number ; the first one cylindrical, l-86th of an inch in
length by 1-1 000th in breadth, filled with more granules and less globules than the
parent cell; end cell clavate, l-135th of an inch long by l-750th broad, at the
clavate end l-638th, filled with granular matter and a few globules.
*E»'rtpov et ^pvof.
31
226 [Oct.
Length of full grown individual 2 to 3 sometimes 4 lines.
Habitat. Grows from the basement membrane of the mucous membrane of the
small intestine of Julus marginatus, Say, occasionally from the same membrane
at the commencement of the larjie intestine, and also from any part of the
exterior surface of Ascaris infecta and Aorurus : entozoa infesting these portions of
the intestinal canal of this animal.
The youn;;e<t individuals of Enterobrus which T ever detected, measured l-3S0th
of an inch in length by 1-lOGOth in breadth, but the most usual sizes vary from
the l-150th of an inch to the full grown individual. At all ages they contain the
same character of contents, but in the younger ones, the large globules are usually
predominant, sometim !s to such an extent as to exclude the other matters. When
quite young they are usually more or less clavate and straight, a little more ad-
vanced they form a gentle curve, about one eighth of a circle. A little older, the
distal half or third becomes uniformly dilated, and forms an obtuse angle with
the other portion; after this as it continues growing, it usually forms a single spi-
ral turn, becomes uniformly dilated, and thus advances to the full grown individual.
The cell contents consist principally of large transparent globules with granules
and protoplasma in the interstices. Frequently the cells are found distended with
the globules to such an extent that the other matters almost, and occasionally
even entirely disappear. Iodine turns the protoplasma and granules deep yellow
or very deep brown, and causes the rupture of the globules, when a clear fluid is
observed to exude; veiy slightly colored purplish, or undergoing no change of
color from the iodine. Solution of iodine, acetic acid, salt water, or
the prolonged action of water alone, causes a contraction of the cell contents from
the sides of the permanent cell wall, but they arc still held together by an appa-
rent delicate membrane of the character of a primordial utricle. Frequently in
dead individuals, the interior contents shrink to two thirds, occasionally to one
third the diameter of the cell calibre, and almost 8 to 20 times the diameter of the
cell from each extremity, when they have the appearance of a shrivelled granular
membrane. In these latter cases the characteristic globules and granules have
disappeared, and their place is more or less occupied with water, and yellowish
globular, highly refractive bodies, which resemble oil. These latter globules
vary in size from a mere point up to one fourth the diameter of the cell. The
smaller ones are contained within the shrivelled primordial utricle with a few of
the larger ones, and a number of the latter occupy a position between the pri-
mordial utricle and the cell wall apparently formed by a conjunction of the
smaller globules and an exudation through the primordial utricle during the act
of contraction consequent upon decomposition. They are insoluble in alcohol, but
are soluble in ether and a solution of potassa; in fact in all their properties they re-
semble oil. Can these be oil globules the result of decomposition ?
The protoplasma or fluid of the cells is colorless or faintly yellowish, contracts
or coagulates upon the application of alcohol, and is colored brown by iodine,
having all the characters usually possessed by that albuminoid fluid found in all
young vegetable cells and denominated protoplasma by H. von Mohl.
The clear granules are minute, yellowish and resemble fine oil globules. They are
turned deep brown by the action of iodine.
The clear globules appear to consist of a delicate vesicular membrane probably
derived from the primordial utricle, filled with a colorless fluid.
J849.] 227
No circulatory or other movement as in Achyla prolifera, exists in the cell
contents. The end cells of the full grown individuals are usually two in number,
and much shorter than the parent cell. Occasionally I have found three end cells,
more frequently but one. These cells are formed from the parent cells, by a
contraction first taking place in the contents with the primordial utricle, a parti-
tion from the permanent cell wall forming afterwards.
The end cells are probably spore cases; their contents are usually a dense mass
of fine granules, similar to those of the parent cell, with a few intermingled
globules. I never saw any movement, molecular or other, in the contained mat-
ter, except during decomposition.
A question may arise as to the true situation of this plant among the crypto-
gamia. I have placed it in the order Confervaceae, from the diagnosis given
by Endlicher, in his Genera Plantarum : " Fila capillaria, membranacea v. fila-
mentosa, intus v. extus articulata, simplicia v.ramosa, libera (i. e. baud in fron-
dem coalita), interdum tamen reticulatim contexta, viridia v. rarius fusca aut
purpurea, in formis infimis hyalina, etc."
Cladophytum* a neiv genus of etilophyta allied to the Mycodermata. Fila-
ments minute, attached by means of a roundish nucleus, sinniple, or com-
pounded near the base of attachment, with minute lateral ramuli, inarticulate,
and with no evidence of interior structure.
Cladophytum eomatitm. Filaments delicate, regular, colorless, simple,
more frequently branched near the base at very acute angles, growing in
more or less dense bunches from a yellowish rounded or oval, attached, nuclear
body varying in size from l-7500th to l-600th of an inch. Lateral ramuli very
minute, measuring in length from l-15,000thto l-3000thof an inch, and passing otf
at acute angles. No indication of articulation or interior structure.
Length from l-666th to l-120th of an inch.
Habitat. — Growing more or less profusely from the mucous membrane of the
small intestine of Julus marginatus, occasionally from the same surface at the
commencement of the large intestine, from any part of the exterior surface of
entozoa infesting those cavities, and also from any part of the surface of Entero-
brus elegans.
Arthromitus,\ a second new genus of entophyta, allied to the Mycodermata. —
Filaments always simple, cy lindric, articulated, without ramuli, attached by means
of a nuclear body, and with no evidence of interior structure.
Arihremitus eristatus. Filaments delicate, straight or inflected, growing in tufts
usually of moderate density, from minute, attached, yellowish rounded or oval
nuclear bodies. Articuli short, cylindric, uniform, measuring l-9090th in. in length
by 1-15, 000th in breadth, with no traces of interior structure.
Length l-375th to l-46th of an inch, breadth l-lS.OOOth in.
Habitat. — Same as Cladophytum comatum, but rarely growing in such dense
tufts.
The three genera of entophyta of which I have now spoken, are all so con-
stantly found in the Julus marginatus, that I look upon it as a natural condition,
and should I hereafter meet with an individual without them, I will consider it a
rare exception, because, in one hundred and sixteen individuals which I have ex-
* KXado; et ^vfov. t A^^^ov et jittroj.
228 [Oct.
amined during the past thirteen months, in all seasons, and at all ages and sizes
of from one up to three inches of the animal, I have invariably found them. It
cannot be supposed that these are developed and grow after death, because I found
them always immediately upon killing the animal. Whilst the legs of fragments
of the nnimals were yet moving upon my table, or one half of the body even
walking, I have frequently been examining the plants erowing upon part of the intes-
tinal canal of the same individual. And upon the entozoa, these entophyta will be
frequently found growing, whilst the former are actively moving about. I
found among others an ascaris three lines long, which had no less than twenty-
three individuals of Enterobrus, averaging a line in length, besides a quantity of
the other two genera growing upon it, and yet it moved about in so lively a man-
ner that it did not appi ar the least incommoded by its load of vegetation. This
specimen I have preserved in a glass cell in Goadby's solution, and exhibit it to
the Aca<lemy.
The animals were uniformly enjoying good health, i. e. all the organic and ani-
mal functions were natural ; they eat, grew, reached their definite size, repro-
duced, and in fact, presented all those actions characteristic of the normal state of
existence of the animal.
The genus Julus is an extensive one, and its species are found in all the great
parts of the globe, and as their habits are the same, the conditions for the pro-
duction of the entophyta will be the same, and I think I do not go too far when I
say they will be constantly found throughout the genus in any part of the world,
so that naturalists and others, may, upon examination, readily verify or contra-
dict the statements which I have this evening presented.
From these facts we perceive that we may have entophyta in luxurious growth
•within living animals, without affecting their health, which is further supported
by my having detected mycodermatoid filaments in the ccecum of six young and
healthy rats, examined immediately after death, although they existed in no other
part of the body. These filaments were minute, simple, and inarticulate, measur-
ing from l-5000th to l-1428th in. in length, by 1-16-OOOth of an inch in breadth.
With them were also found two species of Vibrio,
Even those moving filamentary bodies belonging to the genus Vibrio, I am in-
clined to think, are of the character of algous vegetation. Their movement is
no objection to this opinion, for much higher coriferva;, as the Oscillatorias, are
endowed with inherent power of movement, not very unlike that of the Vibrio,
and indeed the' movement of the latter appears to belong only to one stage of its
existence. Thus, in the toad, (Bufoamericanus,) in the stomach and small intestine,
there exist simple, delicate, filamentary bodies, which are of three different kinds.
One is exceedingly minute, forms a single spiral, is endowed with a power of
rapid movement, and appears to be the Spirillum undula of Ehrenberg ; the second
is an exceedingly minute, straight and short filament, with a movement actively
molecular in character, and is probably the Vibrio lineola of the same author;
the third consists of straight, motionless filaments, measuring 1-1 125th in. long,
by l-l.'),000th broad ; some were, however, twice, or even thrice this length, but
then I could always detect one or two articulations, and these, in all their charac-
ters, excepting want of movement, resemble the Vibrio. In the rectum of the
same animal, the same filamentary bodies are found, with myriads of Bodo intes-
tinalis ; but the third species, or longest of the filamentary bodies, have increased
immensely in numbers, and now possess the movement peculiar to the Vibrio
1849.] 229
lineola, which, however, does not appear to be voluntary, but reactionary ; they
bend and pursue a straight course, until they meet with sonne obstacle, when they
instantly move in the opposite direction, either extremity forward.
But it must not be understood that these facts militate against the hypothesis
of the production of contagious diseases through the agency of cryptogamia. It
is as well established that there are microscopic cryptogamia capable of produc-
ing and transmitting disease, as in the case of the Muscardine, &c., as that there
are innocuous and poisonous fungi. But to suppose that they are the sole cause of
contagious disease, is to doubt the possibility of other causes, such as a change in
the chemical constitution of the atmosphere, the elements of our food, &c., and
is as ridiculous as the psoric origin of most diseases of that miserable charlatanry
denominated homoeopathy. In many instances it is difficult to distinguish their
character whether as cause or effect, as upon diseaseif surfaces, in Tinea capitis,
apthous ulcers, &c. In a post-mortem examination, in which I assisted Dr.
Horner, a few weeks since, '28 hours after death, in moderately cool weather,
we found the stomach in a much softened condition. In the mucus of the
stomach, I detected myriads of mycodermatoid filaments, resembling those grow-
ing upon the teeth; simple, floating, inarticulate, and measuring from ]. 7000th to
l-520th of an inch in length, by l-25,000th of an inch in breadth. It is possible
they may have been the cause of the softened condition ; but I would prefer think-
ing that swallowed mycodermatoid filaments from the teeth, finding an excel-
lent nidus in the softening stomach, rapidly grew and reproduced themselves.
In the healthy human stomach these do not exist.
In the stomach of a diabetic patient, I found so very few that they probably
did not grow there, but were swallowed in the saliva.
Dr. Leidy, after exhibiting numerous drawings of the entophyta described by
him, and also specimens, beneath the microscope, growing from the mucous mem-
brane of the small intestine of Julus, and from the exterior surface of entozoa
infesting that cavity, proceeded to exhibit and describe some new genera and
species of entozon, as follows :
1. Ascaris eynndrica. Body nearly cylindrical throughout, anteriorly mode-
rately attenuated; tail curved, 1.214th of an inch in length from the anus, ceso-
phagus elongated, gibbous in the middle, with the oesophageal bulb and pharynx
1-lOOth of an inch in length ; oesophageal bulb pyriform, l-75th of an inch in diame-
ter; ventricle or intestine somewhat tortuous, cylindrical, dilated at both extre-
mities; rectum pyriform; female generative aperture about half way betweeen
the mouth and tail. Whole length 4-5th of a line, breadth l-12th of a line.
Habitat.— Smz.\\ intestine of Helix alternata.
Remarks.— I found the female only of this species in fifteen out of forty speci-
mens of Helix alternata, in numbers of from one to three. The ovaries in all
were distended with ova, the latter measuring l-43Cth of an inch in length by
l-576th in breadth.
2. Asearis iiifecta. Female, subcylindrical gradually d.mmishmg towards the
extremities, white, with a brown streak down the lower two-thirds of the middle
line; anteriorly obtusely rounded; tail slightly curved, l-80th of an inch long
from the anus. The three papillae of the mouth projecting ; oesophagus strongly
230 [Oct.
muscular, thick, oblong, pyriform, l-80th of an inch long, greatest breadth l-175th
of an inch; oesophageal bulb, cordiform, 1- 166th of an inch long, by 1-1 66th of an
inch broad; ventricle slitrhtly dilated at commencement, contracted posteriorly;
generative orifice projecting, just below the middle of the body. Vagina fur-
nished with a large ovate seminal receptacle.
Male, dilated at both extremities ; tail thick, l-174th of an inch long, furnished
upon its inner aspect with two minute tubercles. Above the anus are two rows,
each of four tubercles, connected by delicate folds of integument. CEsophagus
l-Ulth of an inch long, by l-260lh of an inch broad ; oesophageal bulb depressed
cordiform l-214th of an inch long, by l-250th of an inch broad. Penis formed of
two curved spiculae, measuring in length, in a straight line, l-78th of an inch.
Length of adult female, 3 to 4i lines; breadth at origin of ventriculus l-123d
of an inch ; middle of body l-80d to l-60th of an inch ; just above anus l-144th
of an inch. Ova l-319th of an inch long, by l-428th inch broad.
Length of male 2 lines; breadth at origin of ventriculus l-176th of an inch;
middle of body 1-21 1th of an inch; just above anus l-202d of an inch. Sperma-
to^hori oval. 1-1391 inch long, by l-1666th inch broad, with spermatozoa l-3750th
inch long, by l-10,000th inch broad.
Habitat. — This species is found in numbers of from three up to fifty or more,
of various ages and sizes, pretty constantly in the snnall intestine of Julus margina-
tus Say. The males are found in the proportion of about one in eight.
Aorurus,* a nrw genus of Nematoidex. Body cylindrical, strongly annu-
lated with a tail nearly as long as the body, straight, or nearly so, inflexible,
spiculate, ensiform, shining, and pointed. Mouth unarmed. Female generative
aperture near the middle of the body.
Remarks. — This genus is divisible, by several well marked characters, into
two distinct sub-genera.
\ft sub-grnus. Strepio.itoma.f — Body cylindrical, very strongly marked with
broad annuli. Mouth moderately large, round, bordered by a collar, (formed by
the second annulus projecting beyond the general outline of the body.) Olso-
phagus divided into two distinct pyriform muscular bulbs, with a small interme-
diate rounded bulb. Tail four-fifths the length of the body.
Streptosloma agile. Female. — Body larvaform, cylindrical, narrowed anteri-
orly and posteriorly, opalescent white, divided into from sixty-one to eighty-eight
broad annulations, of which there are twenty-one from the mouth to the com-
mencement of the ventriculus. Tail very straight, occasionally slightly sigmoid,
or bent at the point, narrow and sharply pointed, inflexible and brittle. Mouth
moderately large, round, projecting; pharynx almost null; oesophagus consisting
of three bulbs : the first elongated pyriform, strongly muscular, measuring l-197th
in. long, by l-319th in. broad ; second bulb small, rounded, muscular, l-882d in.
long, by l-SS2d in. broad; third, or true oesophageal bulb, pyriform, l-294th in.
long by l-312th in. broad. Ventriculus dilated at commencement to nearly the
diameter of the body, afterwards straight and cylindrical to near its termination,
where it is slightly dilated. Rectum elongated, pyriform. Generative aperture
*A«>p *' ovpo. t Srpinroj ct gtofia.
184.9.] 231
situated about twenty-four rings above the anal aperture, which latter is placed
between the last two annuli of the body. Ovary double ; ova l-333d in. long, by
1-400 in. broad.
Length of body from 1-13 to 1-llth inch ; breadth at commencement of vcntri-
culus l-118th inch ; at middle of body l-97th inch. Tail from 1-16 to l-15th inch
long, by 1-888 in. broad at its middle.
2nd stib-gniHs, — TheJastoma.*
Body cylindrical, attenuated anteriorly, strongly marked with moderately
broad annuli. Mouth small, opening at the extremity of a small papilla. (Eso-
phagus divided into two distinct portions, the first long and cylindrical, the second
constituting the true cesophageal bulb. Tail more than half the length of the
body.
Tkelastoma attenuatum. — Female. Body attenuated anteriorly to commence-
ment of the ventiiculus, opalescent white, divided into from 140 to 160 annnla-
tions, of which there are from fifty-two to fifty-seven from the mouth to the com-
mencement of the ventriculus. Tail very straight, or very slightly curved or
bent, slender, inflexible and brittle, and sharply pointed. Mouth always pro-
jected, small, surmounting a small papillary elevation formed by the first annul us
of the body. Pharynx very short and narrow ; cesophagus strongly muscular,
cylindrical, l-47th in. long, by l-533d in. broad; cesophageal bulb pyriform,
l-17Sth in. long, l-222d in. broad. Ventriculus dilated alaeform at com-
mencement, cylindrical throughout. Rectum short, pyriform. Generative aper-
ture 42 annulations above the anal. Ovary double, ova l-333d in. long, by
l-400th in. broad.
Length of body from 1-lOth to l-8th in. ; breadth at middle l-95th in. Tail
l-14th in. long, by 1-lllth in. broad at middle.
Habitat, and Remarks. — Streptostoma agile and Thelastoma attenuatum are
found together principally in the commencement of the large intestine of Julus
marginatus, in numbers of from one to fifteen, and less frequently in the small
intestine with Ascaris infecta, in numbers of from one to six. It is remarkable,
that although I have found from one to fifteen of these two genera, in nine-tenths
of the animals examined, I have never yet been able to detect a single male.
Thelastoma always has the mouth projected, whilst Streptostoma has it retracted,
producing, in some measure, but by no means wholly, the difference in size of
the oral aperture.
At first I was inclined to think these two animals were difl'erent stages of the
same species, but the adults uniformly correspond to the descriptions given, and
in all cases contained more or less perfected ova.
Their movements are active, wriggling the body in a sigmoid manner and
vibrating the delicate spiculated tail, which in sun-light resembles a shining
acicular crystal.
Thelastoma, from its form of oesophagus and narrower annulations and shorter
tail than Streptostoma, occupies a position between the latter and Oxyuris.
Gregari?ia Dufour.
Body consisting of two distinct cells. Inferior cell the larger, marked
* QtjXT} et otofia'
232 fOct.
with delicate, parallel, longitudinal lines, (muscular 7) and filled with a fine
granular matter, obscuring one or two nucleolo-nucleated-organic cells. Su-
perior cell placed in a depression of the inferior, surmounted by a slight
papilla in which may be detected two lines, apparently outlines, of an oral canal
to the interior ol the cell which is filled with granular matter ; cell wall amor-
phous and transparent.
Grtgarina larvatx. Body opaque white, cylindrical or fusiform, frequently
considerably dilated at the middle of the upper third. Superior cell a flat-
tened or depressed sphere, received about one-half into a depression of
the inferior cell, surmounted by a papillary elevation with traces of a com-
munication with the exterior; interior filled with a finely granular mass re-
sembling oil globules, and measuring from l-lCjOOOth to 1-7, 500th in. Length
of cell, in smallest individuals l-123d in.; in largest l-80th by l-61st in.
broad. Inferior cell elongated, cylindrical or fusiform, not communicating
with the exterior nor with the interior of the superior cell ; filled with a
mass of granules resembling that of the superior cell, rendering the larger indi-
viduals opaque, but translucent in the smaller ones, and usually obscuring one
or two comparatively large nucleolo-nucleated-organic cells, measuring from
l-888th to l-.308th in. in diameter. Cell-wall marked with exceedingly regular,
delicate, longitudinal, parallel lines about l-9375th in. apart, apparently muscular
in character.
Length from l-160th to l-;)Oth in., by l-8.30th to l-lUth in. in breadth.
Habitat. — Found in numbers of from half a dozen to over a hundred, in the
ventriculus of Julus marginatus.
Gregarina is probably the larva condition of some more perfect animal, but in the
116 individuals of Julus which I have examined, 1 have not been able to detectany
form which could be derivable from it. Creplin doubts itsanimality.' When 1 first
discovered thisbody, thinking it to be a larva, I did not examine it carefully, and it
was not until some time afterward when, being desirous of ascertaining its true na
tare, upon examining some fresh specimens beneath the microscope, I detected
movements of an animal character, and this led me to seek for muscular structure,
which resulted in the discovery of the longitudinal lines of the inferior cell.
These escaped the observation of Siebold, for he says, " Nach meine Beobach-
tungen bestehen die Gregarinen aus einer harten glatten den Eihiillen der Insek-
ten-Eier ahnlichen Haut."t The movements of the animal are exceed
ingly sluggish, and consist of a very slow bending in any direction of
any part of the inferior cell, most usually above the middle, rarely at the
inferior extremity, but most frequently near the superior cell which is en-
tirely passive. The superior cell is also frequently drawn or contracted
within the inferior, and again protruded by the contraction of the latter, and the
propulsion of the granular contents against it. The inferior cell is also frequently,
more especially in younger individuals, intussuscepted within itself through a
partial contraction; and again relieved by a general contraction of the cell-wall.
•Nachtrage zu Gurlt'sVerzeichness der Thiere bei welchen Entozoen gefunden
worden sind. Wiegmann's Archiv, 1846, 1 Band, S. 157.
fVViegmann's Archiv, 1838, 2 Band, S. 308.
1S49.] 233
In the state in which Gregarina is found, it would probably hold a rank between
the Trematoila and Trichina the lowest of the Nematoidea.
Tiyctntherus,* a new gemis of Polygastrica, allied to Plesconia. — Body ovate,
dilated posteriorly, compressed anteriorly, granulated, longitudinally lined,
with an apparent operculum covering its anterior half, and having a semi-circle
of cilia just within its margin inferiorly and posteriorly. Centre of the
operculated portion furnished with a large trapezoidal finely granular areola.
Posterior part of the body with a short fissure passing inwards and downwards.
Nyctothenis velox. — Body white, ovate, conoidal, anterior margin rounded,
obtuse; posteriorly acute< Posterior margin of the apparent operculum passing
in a curved line upwards upon the middle of the body to within a short distance
of the back, and furnished inferiorly with a point projecting backwards. With a
line passing down from the back about the middle of the operculum to the trape-
zoidal areola, giving the part of the body anterior to this the appearance of a
head. Trapezoidal areola, with curved sides, finely granular. Posterior fissure
communicating with the exterior, just above the acute termination of the body,
and passing inwards and downwards, resembles an anal aperture. Areolae of the
interior sarcous mass generally minute, one large and round pretty constantly to
be observed at the inner termination of the posterior fissure.
Length from l-254th to 1-lSOth in.; breadth from l-320th to l-254th in.
Habitat. — Commencement of the large intestine of Julus marginatus, often
found in considerable numbers.
Remar/cf. — This genus is closely allied to Plesconia, but possess no appendages
excepting the semi-circle of cilia, just within the edge of the apparent operculum.
The animal swims in water with great ease and grace. After being in this
fluid some time, the external investment bursts, and allows the protrusion of
globular masses of sarcous matter, as in Leucophrys, but not to such a great
extent.
Note. — Since the above went to press, Dr. Leidy announced to the Academy
that he had discovered two new species of the entophyte P'nterobrus ; one of them,
E. spiralis, l-69thinch long, growing in the small intestine of Julus pusillus ; the
other, E. attenuatus, l-24th inch long, growing more or less profusely with a
second species of Cladophytum,C. clavatum, in the ventriculus of a coleopterous
insect, Passalus cornutus. Thus has been established the law "that plants may
grow in the interior of the healthy animal as a normal condition," and a new field
has been presented for the investigation of the Cryptogamo-naturalist. [See forth-
coming number of the Proceedings.]
October l^th.
Mr. Pearsall in the Chair.
Mr. Cassin read a paper describing some new species of Birds, of
the family of Caprimulgidse, specimens of which are in the collection
* Nvxfoe/jpoj.
32
234. [Oct
of the Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philada. Keferred toDrs. Wilson and Town-
send, and Mr. E. Harris.
October 23d.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
A letter was read from Mr. Caspar Parkinson, dated Philadelphia,
Oct. 23d, IS^Q, offering for sale a collection of Marine Shells.
Dr. Leidy made the following observations on the characters and
intimate structure of the odoriferous glands of the Invertebrata.
Nature has supplied most or all animals with some means of defence or protec-
tion, through which their destruction is rendered limited. The character of such
means varies exceedingly, some are encased in hard armour, some are endowed
with great muscular strength, some with great rapidity of movement, others trust
to their minuteness, some to their color, others feign death, many are furnished
with formidable instruments, such as teeth, claws, aculei, Ike; others are sup-
plied with organs which emit an odour so offensive that an aggressor is frequently
compelled to leave what otherwise would have been its victim, &c. It is to the
last mentioned organs to which I at present wish to direct, for a few moments, the
attention of the meinhers : to the organs denominated odoriferous glands of ani-
mals. Bodies of this, or of a homologous character, are possessed by nearly all
animals, but they are not in all used as a means of defence. They give origin
to the odour wiiich appears to be more or less peculiar to each species of animal,
and which probably is in some way connected with the sexual instinct. The
scent bag of the Moschus moschiferus is the homologue of theglandulac odorifera;
Tysoiii of the human i)repuce; the tcgumentary mucous glands of mollusca, of
annelides, of fishes, the tegumentary glands of reptiles, the perspiratory and seba-
ceous glands of birds, and of mammals, the odoriferous glands of insects, the anal
sacs of carnivora, &c., are all probably of a homologous character.
Although varying in the degree of their complexity in different animals, and in
the character of their secretion, yet the essential structure is the same through-
out. Consisting of tubes or follicles of basement membrane, their complexity
depends upon their greater or lesser length, their being simple or compound,
straight or more or less convoluted, and isolated or aggregated, in connection
■with the mode of supplying to them their nutritive fluid.
On the interior these cavities or tubes are covered with a single layer of
nucleolo-nucleated organic cells, the true elaborators or manufacturers of the
secreted matters of the glandular bodies.
The secreted matter varies exceedingly in its propeities in different animals:
in odor being found from that of the perspiratory fluid of man, through a great
variety of shades, to that most powerful and odious of all odours, the secretion of
the anal glands of the Mephitis Americana; in consistence from a semi-fluid state
to the gaseous fluid of the Brachinus crepitans, &c. It is this which constitutes
the material contained within the organic cells intermediate to the cell wall and
the nucleus.
The cell wall and nucleus are the agents in connection with the organic force
which produce or elaborate the contained matter. And, indeed, this is the ultimate
1849.] 235
factor all organization; for all the innumerable objects of living nature, with
such variety of form, connposit ion, and color, from the simplest to the most com-
plex: from the vibrionic filament to the noble oak, from the bodo, or monas,
up to man, arfe the result of a force in connection with an amorphous
vesicle, the organic cell-wall, with the contained nucleus. Wonderful, in-
deed, is it that the human mind at length has been enabled to penetrate
so deeply into the mysteries of nature as to discover the starting point
of life, the stile at which an invisible intangible cause operates in the production
of all those beings we call organized. From this digression I return once more
to the consideration of the odorifer.ous glands. In many of the higher animals,
the structure of thc.?e have been carefully investigated, but riot to the same ex-
tent in the lower animals.
In HemipteroUs insects these bodies arc situated within the posterior part of
the metathorax or anterior part of the abdomen, and consist of one or two, more
or less long and convoluted coeca, which open exteriorly usually between the
coxae of the middle and posterior legs.
In the carnivorous Coleoptera, they are situated in the posterior part of the
abdomen, on each side of the rectum, and usually open exteriorly upon the mem-
brane, connecting the inferior and superior plate of the last abdominal segment
on each side of the anal aperture. They generally consist of a number of follicles,
which converge to one or more ducts, which join the neck of a reservoir for con-
taining the secreted fluid. A number of these are figured by Dufour in the An-
nales des Sciences Naturellcs for ^S■2<^.
In the genus of Myriapoda, Julus, the odoriferous glands are placed upon each
side of the body, every segment which has a double pair of legs jiossessing a pair
of the glands, commencing anteriorly with the sixth segment, excepting the head,
and terminating posteriorly with the penultimate segment. As the number of
segments of the animal varies with its age, so will also the number of the odori-
ferous glands. The adult Julus marginatus has usually fifty pairs, the Julus
maximus, from New Grenada, S. A., has fifty-eight pairs, &c.
The orifices of these glands opening exteriorly, correspond to a row of minute
black dots on each side of the body, situated about midway between the superior
and inferior median line.
The glands of Julus consist of a globular body or sac, with an elongated conical
neck, and resemble in form a florence flask with the mouth drawn to a point. In
Julus marginatus they measure Ij- lines long, the body being I of a line in diame-
ter. In structure they consist of an amorphous transparent basement membrane
covered upon the interior surface with a single layer of secreting cells. The
cells are polygonal, from mutual pressure, measure l-lG12th inch in diameter,
and are filled with a yellowish fluid, and a fine purplish granular matter, which
in mass gives them a dark purple color, and which, in the aggregate of the cells,
gives the glands a very deep purple or almost black color. When the cells are
compressed, or the contents pressed out, the granules exhibit lively molecular
movement.
In the centre of the m.ass of granular matter of the cell, and only seen upon
compressing the latter, is a round, translucent nucleus, measuring the l-5000th
inch in diameter, and containing a minute refractive nucleolus.
The secreting cells vary in color in different insects, and in the aggregate give
236 [Oct.
the color to the glandular bodies. The reservoir also is lined with cells. In Upis
Pennsylvanica they are biownish, or nearly colourless, measure the l-7C0th inch
in diameter, contain sonie finely granular brownish matter, ami a large round or
oval, translucent, faintly granular nucleus,, measuring l-1200th inch, with a large,
round or oval nucleolus l-2727th inch in diameter.
The secretion of the glands of Julus marginatum, contained within the interior
of the body, is deep yellow in color, and contains a few of the purplish granules
of the celU. It resembles oil in consistence, but is soluble in water and alcohol.
It is neither acid or alkaline, evaporates at a temperature of S.'iOo F., without
residue ; is acrid to the tongue, Schiieiderian membrane, and conjunctiva, smells
like iodohydric acid, and stains the cuticle brown. The last two properties led
me to suspect the existence of iodine, but the usual reagents presented none. It
probably belongs to a class of peculiar organic compounds, found in the odorifer-
ous principles of animals, not yet investigated.
Exteriorly the reservoirs of the odoriferous glands of insects are furnished with
transverse mu?;cular bands, of a brownish color, about 1-I578th inch in breadth,
and separated by wide intervals.
In Julus, the body of the glands possesses no distinct muscular bands, but the
neck is provided with them.
References to the plate.
Fig. 1. Represents one of the odoriferous glands of Julus niarginatHS, much
magnified, exhibiting the secreting cells on the interior surface of the body, and
the muscular bands of the neck.
Fig. 2. Represents some of the secreting cells, lii'^lily magnified, a. cells in
which the nucleus is concealed from tlie quantity of granular matter; b, nucleus;
<•. cells in outline.
Fig. 3. Three secreting cells very highly magnified, a. nucleus concealed by
granular contents ; /;. a cell burst with a portion of the contents escaping.
October aO/A.
Dr. Bridges in the Chair.
The Committee on Mr. (.'assiti's descriptions of new species of Capri-
mulgidjE. reported in favor of publication in the Proceedings.
Descriptinns of iieir.< speries of Lird.i of the I'amili/ Cajirimiilf^iilsc, xpfcimeris of
vjldch are iti the Collectiou of the Acadrmy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delj'hia.
By John C.\ssin.
Genus Hydropsalis, Wagler, Isis 1832, page 1222.
1. Ilydropsalis limhatits, nobis.
Adult 5 • ?• Form. Wings long, pointed, with the shafts of the primaries
strong and slightly curved ; first primary longest, second and third deeply
sinuatrd on their outer webs, and, with the first, having their external margins
distinctly serrated. Tail excessively long, graduated, the two external feathers
surpassing the next by about 14 inches; others regularly receding to the two in
the middle; which an shortest. Tarsi feathered slightly below the knee. Webs
of outer tail feathers narrow.
Fitjt- /
Fu, ?
@f<f
1,-.-.* ?:*•-•'*•*' ■ ' '.'■-■-■- -*^, .[»«* -
■-^>:^M^^-^.\r^^:-/
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y " ■ '.' ■■
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if*
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1S49.] 3]7
Dane>isio>is.-Tota\ length of skin, from the tip of bill to end of tail about 2
feet 5 inches, of the wing 9 inches, of the tail to end of external feathers, about
22 inches; length of two middle tail feathers about 3 inches.
Colors.— Upper surface of the head, body and wing coverts brownish black-
spotted and sparingly lined with pale fulvous. The wing coverts with round
spots at their points of the same color.
Superciliary region grayish white, every feather having narrow irre-ular lines
of black. Hind neck with a semicollar of bright reddish fulvous. Under the
eye an irregular whitish stripe.
Scapular feathers with their external webs black with a few curved lines of
fulvous remote from the tip, ^^hich is broadly man:ined with black, internal
webs of scapulars nearly white irregularly striped and spotted with black; other
scapulars nearly black, with pale fulvous margins externally.
Throat before with a white collar. Chin, breast and belly irregularly mixed
with brownish black and pale yellowish white, the latter color assumin-^ upon
the breast the form of semicircular segments and lunular spots upon the lips of
the feathers and the former (blackish) disposed to form very irregular narrow
bands upon the Hanks and belly ; ventral region and under tail coverts paler
Quills brownish black, having upon their internal webs four or five narrow
transverse Imes of pale yellowish white, conspicuous when viewed from below
and upon their external webs (except the first) several rounded or irre<^ular
shaped spots of the same colour. Second and third quills where sinuated upon
their outer webs, with a very slight margin of white. Secondaries obscurely
tipped with whitish. •'
First, second, and third tail feathers thron-jhout their whole len-th with their
outer webs and about two-thirds of their inner webs brownish bIadc,-other por-
tion of the inner webs, b „ g the internal margin of those feathers, white ; a few
bright fulvous spots near the base upon the outer webs. Fourth and fifth tail
feathers with similar colors, but more broadly bordered with white, which upon
those, as well as the third, is sparingly spotted with brownish.
Young 9 . ? Form. Tail deeply emarginate, but not excessively Ion- ex-
ternal feathers exceeding the next by about 1^ inches only.
_ ^/.,...«„.v..-Total length of skin, from tip of bill to end of tail abou^ lo
inches, wing S inches, tail to end of external feathers 7i inches ; length of middk
tail feathers about 3* inches
Co/.r..-Entire upper surface, tail included, brownish black, with numerous
rounded spots and lines of reddish fulvous, assuming upon the tail the form of irre-
gularor curved bands, which are more or less mottled and mixed with the brown-
ish black of the other predominating portion. Throat with a semicollar of yel-
lowish white. Entire under parts, brownish-black, banded and spotted with
lulvous.
Hab. — South America.
Ois.-Thls very remarkable species may readily be distinguished by its very
long forked tail, the feathers of which are irregularly graduated. I„ the latter
b'^M-m '' ''''^'7, ^'°'" '^" ""''■ """'"""' ^'^'^'^"^•) '' ^l^i-h however it bears
out little resemblance.
There are in the collection of the Academy three specimens of this species
wo males - the Rivoli collection, and a female which was fortunately pro red
in Pans by Mr. Edward Wilson. ^ ' rocurea
238 [Oct.
2. Ily.lrnpnalix seginnitnlut, nobis.
5 riii(i(!lc age ? Form. Win'Jis moJerato, second prinnary sliijlitly longest,
secoml, third and fourth deeply sinuate<l on their outer webs; first with its outer
edge serrated, inner edges (of primaries) presenting a fringed appearance. Shafts
of primary (|iiills strong and curved.
Tail very long, the two external feathers of which surpass the next by about
10 to V2 inches; second, third and iouith graduated; fourth and filth about e(iuiil
— that is to say, the four middle feathers of the tail nearly c(|iuil.
Hill rather lon^ ami slender. Tarsi bare, slender. Webs of outer tail feathers
very narrow.
Dimension 1. — Total length of skin from tip of bill to end of tail about 20 inches,
wing C>1, tail to end of external feathers about ioj inches; length of four middle
tail feathers about 4 inche«.
Colore. — Upper surface of head, body, scapulars and wing coverts brownish-
black, spotted and obscurely lined Avith ferrugineous rufous, which color almost
predominates upon the scapulars.
Neck, behind, with an obscure ferrugineous semi-collar, before, with a semi-
collar of rufous white. Body beneath, brownish black, with rounded ferrugineous
spots upon the breast, and uivdh the belly \vith obscure bands and spots of pale
ferrugineous and nearly wh.te.
Wing feathers brownish-black; fir=t pritnary with a narrow pa'e reddish border
upon its outer web for about half its length, second and third with a nale ferru-
gineous spot at the point of sinuation. Secondaries with irregular bars of reddish
and with narrow tips of the same color.
The two external feathers of the tail with their shafts white upon the upper
surface, outer webs white tinged with rufous, and handsomely marked (upon the
outer webs) with semicircular segments of black, having for their bases the shaft
of the leather. This marking is more conspicuous towards the base, and upon
the under surface the black color of these semicircular segments extends to the
shaft of the feather. Ail the other tail feathers brownish black, with bars of
f.MTUgineou=! rufous ; upon the two middle feathers these bars are mottled with black.
Young 9 ? Form. Tail ample, emarginate, and regularly graduated, the two
external feathers being but little longer than the second.
Dimehuoim. Total length of skin, from tip of bill to end of tail, about 9
inches; wing CI; tail, to end of external feathers, about /j inches; length of
middle feathers of tlie tail, about four inches.
Colors. Entire plumage very similar to the male, but with all the tail feathers
brownish black, barred with ferrugineous.
Hub. Bogota, New Grenada.
Ob.i. The two specimens now described belong to the RivoU collection, and
have the appearance of being either young birds, or with the plumaie of winter.
The male mav, however, be easily recognized by the curious marks upon the
external webs of the outer tail feathers, described above. The colors in the
present specimens, black and ferrugineous, are peculiar to this species, so far as I
have seen.
Genus Antrostomts. Gould.
3. Antrostomns serico-caiidatii s , nobis.
Adult 5 Vnrvt. Wings rather long, third primary lonsest ; second, third
1849.] 239
and fourth siniiated on their outer webs; shafts slightly curved. Tail cuneiform,
four middle feathers equal and longest.
Bill rather long and flat; tarsi short, slightly feathered below the knee,
DimeusioH.i. Total length of skin, from tip of bill to end of tail, about 11
inches; wing 7 J ; tail Oa inches.
Colors. Head above, back, runnp, scapulars and wing coverts variegated with
black and dark fulvous, the latter in rounded spots and narrow irregular lines,
predominating upon the wing coverts, but the former (black) upon the head and
scapulars. This color disposed lo form a broad longitudinal band on the head.
Sides of the head, over the eyes, grayish ; every feather with transverse black
lines. Keck behind with a semi-collar of deep reddish fulvous ; before, with a
semi-collar of yellowish white, the feathers of which are tipped with black.
Throat nearly black, breast below the collar, with deep fulvous spots and irre-
gular lines, belly and ventral region with a predouiinating pale fulvous white,
and some nearly pure white spots, every feather transversely lined and barred
with black, under tail coverts fulvous, unspotted.
Wing feathers brownish black, primaries with about 10 to 12 irregular shaped
but rather triangular marks of deep fulvous upon their external webs, secondaries
with irregular bars of pale fulvous, which bars are mottled with black.
First, second and third feathers of the tail brownish black with several obscure
and badly defined bands of reddish fulvous, and obliquely tipped in a very conspi-
cuous manner, with fine, silky white. Fourth feather of similar color, but with-
out the white tip, and v/ith the reddish fulvous bands more definite. Two middle
tail feathers brownish black, and with about 10 to 12 bars on each web of deep
reddish fulvous, well defined, and which are disposed obliquely from the shafts of
the feathers, like a pinnate leaf, those bars broad and hioUled with black, — two
middle feathers without white tips.
Younger ? Funn. As above described, but with the second primary slightly
the longest.
Dimensiuns. Total length of skin from tip of bill to end of tail, about lOi
inches, wing 7}, tail 5h inches.
Colors. Very similar to the above, but with the grayish color extending over
the whole of the head. Under parts much darker but with more numerous white
rounded spots. Under tail coverts fulvous with black lines. The fine white tips
of the external tail feathers tinged M'ith fulvous.
Hub. South America.
Obs. The distribution of the colors upon the upper surface of the body, in this
handsome species resembles in some degree that of Scoloj>ax riisticola^ or oi S.
inxnor.
It is not similar to any other species known to me, and can at once be recog-
nized by the silky white tips of the external tail feathers. These cross the fea-
thers obliquely, and are so arranged that when the cuneiform tail is expanded,
they form a continuous margin upon the ends of those three leathers.
This is one of the few species of this family which have pretensions to beauty.
Two specimens are in the collection of the Academy.
ELECTION.
Octavus A. Norris, Esq., and Francis W. Lewis, M. D., of Philadel-
phia, were elected Members ol" the Academy.
1849.] i 241
DONATIONS TO MUSEUM.
In September and Octobke, 1849.
September 4th,
Twenty-two Skeletons of Birds, as follows : Cygnus atratus, Aquila fusca,
Milvus sph.'Enurus, Talegalus Lathami, Centropus gigas, Calyptoiynchus xantho-
notus, Dacelo gigantea, Podargiis cinereus, Botauriis australis, Craclicus hypoleu-
cus, Corcorax australis, Graucalus parvirostris, Myzantha pumila, Anthochoera
Lewinii, Hsematopodus varius, Cuculus cinerascens, Platycircus pailiceps, Ceyx
azureus, Acanthyza diemensensis, Coronica australis, Megapodius tremulus,
Diomedea exulans. From Dr. T. B. Wilson.
Coronella doliata, from Louisiana. From J. Coleman Fisher, Esq.
A species of Diodon, and several specimeas of Corals and Shells from Long
Branch, N. J. From Samuel Powel, Esq.
Septemher Wth.
Forty specimens of Gold, Silver and Lead Ores, from the mines of Cordova,
South America. From T. F. Moss, Esq.
Ichthyophilus from Sargus ovis, from Beasley's Point, N. J. From Samuel Ash-
mead, Esq.
September \Sth.
A collection of Shells and Minerals. From Dr. E. J. Lewis.
Stilbite, from Nova Scotia. From Dr. Hallowell.
Metatarsal bone of Anoplotherium commune, from Montmartre, France.
Deposited by same.
October 2d.
Mounted specimen of Lepidosteus ferox, from the Mississippi river. From Mr.
J. D. Anderson.
Teredo navalis. From R. Pitcher, U. S. N.
Coluber , from Trinidad. From Dr. Watson.
Aragonite, from Styria, Native Mercury from Idria, Miargerite and Feather
Ore from BraundorfT, White Antimony from do., Pecten from the Jura of ,
Pecopterus, from Saxony. Presented by Theo. F. Moss, Esq.
Fossil Wood from the Drift of New Jersey ; from Long Branch. Deposited
by Mr. Samuel Powel.
Stone Adze, found in New Jersey. From the same.
October IQth.
A collection of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Presented by Dr. John Neill.
Mounted specimen of Chlamyphorus truncatus, (the original specimen descri-
bed by Dr. R. Harlan in Vol. 1., Annals of Lyceum of New Yorkj. Also the
cranium of the same. Presented by Dr. Wilson.
Dwarf variety of Gallus Bankiva. From Dr; Wistar, of Germantown.
Hybrid between the Mallard duckand the Muscovy. FromMr. Edward Harris.
October 23d.
Panopens, Grapsus, Dromia, Porcellana, Achelous, Sesarma, and two species
not named, from Brazil ; Spondylus varius, and BuHmus haemastomus, from Para,
Pholadomya, and Mountain Limestone, from South Wales. Presented by Dr.
Wilson.
Coryctes, Piremela, Porcellana, from England; Uraster, Ophiscoma, from
Pembrokeshire, England. Presented by E. T. and C. W. W^son, of South Wales.
Fine fragment of the inferior maxilla with bases of four teeth, of Mosasaurus
, from the Green Sand, Mount Holly, New Jersey. Presented by Dr. S. G.
Morton.
Dr. Morton also presented to the Society all those fragments of Mosasaurus,
heretofore deposited by him.
Taphozousrufus, Harlan, captured on Quercus ferruginea. From Dr. Alexander.
33
242 [Oct.
DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.
In September and Octobek, 1819.
September \th.
Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in Orbis Terranim circumnavigatione Carolo
Wilkes e Ciasse Reipublicae federatae duce lexit ct descripsit J. D. Dana. From
the author.
Synopsis of the genera of Gramnnaracea;. By J. D. Dana. From the same.
Dr. Wilson deposited:
Zeitschriftfiir Malakozoologie. Von K. T. Mcnke und Dr. L.PfeifJer. No. 1
for 1819.
Comptes rendus : Tome 28, Nos. 17-26. Table des Comptesrendus, Tome 27.
Revue et Magasin de Zoolozie par M. Guorin-Meneville. Nos. 1-5. Svo.
The London Athenanun, lor June and July, 1S19.
Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. Vol. 3. Parts 5 and 6.
Septemler Wth.
The Pathology and treatment of cholera. By Samuel Cartvvright, M. D. From
the author.
Some remarks on premedication : and tlie doctrine of a retrograde action from
collapsion of the absorbent and capillary vessels. By Samuel Cartvvright, M. D.
From the same.
A glance at the Fossil Flora of the Carboniferous Epoch. By Henry Denny.
From the author.
The following were deposited by Dr. Wilson :
Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie, von K. T. Menke, M. D., und Dr. L. Pfei/Ter.
No. 12 for 1818.
Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Zoologie und Vergleichenden Anatomic, von
H. Schlegel. Nos. 1 and 2. 4to.
Die Versteinerinigen des Norddeutsch-Kreidegebirges. Von F. A. Roemer.
The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Vol. 4, new series. No. 10.
History of British Mollusca, &c. By Prof. E. Forbes, and S. Hanley. Part
19. 8vo.
Buffoni et Daubentoni figurarum Avium coloratarum nomina systematica col-
legit H. Kuhl.
Die Versteinerungen des Harzgebirges. Beschrieben von F. A. Roemer.
Conchologia iconica. By Lovell Reeve. Part T-'j.
Abbilduniien und Beschreibun'j;en neuer oder wenig gekannter Conchylien, von
Dr. R. A. Philippi. Vol, ."3, Part 5.
Palajontographia. Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der Vorwelt. Von Dr. W.
Dunker und H. Von Meyer. Vol. 2, Part 1.
Illustrations of I>ritish Mycology. By ]Mrs. T. .1. Hnssey. Part 28. 4to.
The genera of Diurnal Lopidoptcra. By E. Doubieday. Part JO. 4to.
Chloris Protogaea. Von F. Unger. Nos. 8, 9, 10, folio.
Die Versteinerungen des Norddeutschen Oolithen-Gebirges. Von F. A. Roemer.
4 vols. 4to.
Skandmaviske Foglar af M. Korner. Ito.
Vogel aus Asien, Africa, America und Neuholland. Von Dr. C. W. Hahn,
19 parts. 4to.
Ornithologischer Atlas der Aussereuropoischen Vogel. Von H. C. Kiister.
No. 15.
Narrative of an attempt to reach the North Pole, in 1827, under the command
of Capt. W. E. Parry, R. N. 4to.
Report of the sixteenth meeting of the British Association, 1846. Report for
1847, 2 vols. Svo.
Die Insel Heliroland. Untersuchungen iiber deren Grosse in Vorzeit und Ge-
genwart. Von K. W. M. Wiebel. 4to.
Die Petrefactenkunde auf ihrem jetzigen Standpunkte durch die Beschreibung
1849.] 243
seiner Sammlung versteinerter und fossiler Ueberreste des Thier and Pflanzen-
reichs der Vorwelt erliiutert von E. F. Baron von Schlotheim. 1 vol. Svo., and
atlas 4to.
Nachtrage zur Petrefactenkunde von Baron Von Schlotheim. 2 vols. 8vo., and
atlas. 4to.
Vermium Intestinalium, praesertim Taeniae humanas, brevis expositio; Auctore
P. C. F. Werner. 3 parts. Svo.
North American Sylva. Nuttall's Supplement. Vol. 3. Part. 2.
On the nature of Limbs. By Richard Owen. Svo.
On the Homologies of the Vertebrate Skeleton. By Richard Owen. 1 vol. Svo.
Oriental Memoirs. By James Forbes. 4 vols.
Narrative of a voyage to the Pacific Ocean and Behring's Straits in H. M. Ship
Blossom, in 1825-'28. 1 vol. 4to.
Portraits of rare and curious Birds, with their descriptions, from the Menagery
of Osterly Park. By W. Hayes and family. 2 vols. 4to.
A Natural History of Birds. By Eleazer Albin. 3 vols. 4to.
The EnsHsli Entomologist. By Thomas Martyn. 4to.
A new Dictionary of Natural History. By Wm. F. Martyn, Esq. Folio.
Conchology, or the Natural History of Shells. By George Perry. Folio.
The Birds of Great Britain. By W. Lewin. 8 vols, in 4. 4to.
September IStk.
Proceedings 'of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 2. pp.
1-160. From the Academy.
American Journal of Science and Arts. 2d series. No. 23. Sept., 1849. From
the Editors.
Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou. Nos. 3 et 4,
1848, et No. 1, 1849. From the Society.
Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia. Vol. 3, Nos. 3, 4 and 5.
From the Editor. ^
October 2d.
Bibliotheea Animalis. Von Fr. E. Bruckmann; 8vo. Deposited by Dr. Griffith.
Thomae Pancovii Herbarium. 4to. From the same.
On the use of a new Micrometer, and its application to the determination of the
parallax of Mars. By Prof. Dr. Von Bogerslawski. From the author.
Uebersicht der Arlieiten und Veriinderungen der Schlesischen Gesellschaft fiir
vaterlandische Kultur im Jahr 1849. Svo. From Prof. Bogerslawski.
Gelehrte Anzeigen. Herausgeg. von Mitgliedern der k. bayer. Akad. der
Wissenschaften. Nos. 26, 27, 1848. Svo. From the Academy.
Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-physikalischen Classe der k. bayer. Akad.
Vol. 5. No. 2. Ito. From the same.
Bulletin der k. bayer. Akad. der Wis. Nos. 1-52, 1848.
Die Chemie in ihrem Verhaltnisse zur Physiologic und Pathologic. Von. D.
Max. Pettenkiiffer. From the same.
Denkrede auf J. G. Zuccarini. Von C. F. P. V. Martins. From the same.
Rede bei ErofTnung der Sitzung der k. b. Akad. der Wis. 28 Marz, 1848. Von.
Dr. Carl Fried. P. V. Martius. From the same.
Monograph of Steatoma, a new genus of new operculated land-shells. By C. B.
Adams. From the author.
Transactions of the Society instituted at London, for encouragement of Arts,
Manufactures and Commerce. 41 vols. Svo. From Wm. Hembel, Esq.
Dr. Wilson presented the following :
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, from 1665 to 1840
inclusive, one hundred and eleven vols. 4to.
The same from 1665 to 1800; abridjied by C. Hutton, L. L. D., George Shaw,
M. D., and Richard Pearson, M. D. IS vols. 4to.
The London Athenasum for Aug. 1849.
Comptes rendus, Nos. 1-4. Tome 29.
Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, No. C.
244. [Out-
October 23d.
Memorials of John Bartram and Humphrey Marshall. By Wm. Darlington,
M. D. Royal 8vo. From Miss Percival.
Flora Carolinensis. By John L. E. W. Shecut. Vol. Jst. 8vo. Deposited
by Dr. Griffith.
De I'Homme Animal. Par le Dr. Felix Voisin. Svo. From Prof. Haldeman.
Opuscoli Litterarii. 3 vols. 4to. From Dr. Isaac Hays.
Opuscoli Scientifici. 4 vols. Ito. From the same.
Notice of a remarkable hot wind in the Zillah of Purneah. By H. Piddington.
From the author.
Examination of some atmospheric dust from Shanghae, forwarded to the Asiatic
Society of Bengal by Dr. Mac^owan. By H. Piddington. From the same.
Notice of the ferruginous Spheriiles imbedded in sand stone, brought from Lul-
leetpore in Bundelcuud, by Dr. f>pilsbury. By H. Piddington. From the same.
Examination and Analysis of the Ball Coal of the Bardwan Mines. By H.
Piddington. From the same.
On the great diamond in the possession of the Nizam. By H. Piddington.
From the same.
lSi9.] 245
JYovember 6tk.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
The Corresponding Secretary read a letter from Dr. T. Romeyn
Beck, dated Albany, October 24, 1849, acknowledging, on behalf of
the Trustees of the iXew York State Library, the receipt of Nos. 9 and
10, Vol. 4, of the Proceedings of the Academy.
Also, a letter from Francis Peyre Porcher, M. D., dated Charles-
ton, S. C, October 1, 1849, acknowledging the receipt of his notice of
election as a Correspondent.
Also, a letter from the Secretary of the Western Academy of
Natural Sciences, dated Cincinnati, October, 1849, acknowledging
the receipt of the last number of the Proceedings.
The Recording Secretary read a letter addressed to Dr. Morton, by
Mr. Richard H. Kern, a member of this Institution, dated Santa Fe,
New Mexico, 1849, giving an interesting account of his recent Ethnolo-
gical and ArchaBological explorations in New Mexico.
Dr. Bridges presented a paper by Dr. R. W. Gibbes, of South Caro-
lina, entitled " New species of Myliobates from the Eocene of South
Carolina, with other genera not heretofore observed in the United
States." Referred to Drs. Bridges, Morton and Leidy.
Dr. Leidy made some remarks upon several new species of Ento-
phyta, Enterobrus spiralis, and E. attenuatum, and a new species of
Gregarina, discovered by him.
On leave granted. Dr. Bridges offered a resolution to appoint a com-
mittee to enquire into the expediency of appropriating the room ad-
joining the Library for the purposes of the same, and also what altera-
tions may be necessary, and to report to the Academy at next meeting.
The resolution was adopted, and a committee appointed consisting
of Drs. Bridges, Zantzinger and Wilson.
On motion of Mr. Cassin, it was resolved, that the Committee on
Proceedings be authorized to complete the copy of the Proceedings for
the Western Academy of Natural Sciences.
Jfovember ISth.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
A letter was read, dated Niirnberg, July 24, 1849, from Messrs.
Frederick and J. W. Stiirm, announcing the decease of their father
Jacob Stiirm, a correspondent of the Academy. Also requesting an
exchange of publications with the Society.
Dr. Hallowell remarked that recently, a living specimen of the serpent, des-
cribed in a former number of the Proceedings as Coluber venustus, was brou'^ht
to the Academy by Dr. Watson, and gave birth to seven young, the animal bein<'
viviparous. They varied in length from two inches, to three inches one and a half
lines. The color is dark slate above, darker upon the head and lighter upon the
PROCEED. ACAD. NAT. SCI. OF PHILADELPHIA. — VOL. IV, NO. XII. 34
246 [Nov.
abdomen. The white spots upon the occiput are very distinct. In four of the
specimens there are three spots ; in the others tlicy coalesce more or less, in one
of them forming a narrow irregular white band, the animal resembling very mach
the adult Coluber punctatus. There is also a white spot. upon the upper jaw.
The Chairman made some remarks upon a specimen of " bloody
bread," the result of the Monas prodigiosa, given him by Prof. Eailey,
of West Point, and obtained by the latter from Pruf. Ehrenberg, of
Berlin,
The Chairman also remarked, that the Charib Skull, deposited by
him this evening, had been ohtaini'd in the island of Nassau, by the
late Rev. Thomas Leaver, from whom it was diM'ived by Dr. T. C.
Deans, of Newport, R. I., who presented it to Dr. Morton.
On leave granted, the Committee appointed at last meeting, to en-
quire into the expediency of altering the room adjoining the Library,
so as to adapt it to the purposes of the same, made a report, embracing
the details of a plan for the object proposed, and recommending that
authority be given for an immediate commencement of the work.
The report was adopted, and the Committee instructed to carry out
the plan as described.
JVovember 10th.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
The Corresponding Secretary read a letter from Mr. J. M. McMinn,
dated Milesburg, Centre County, Pennsylvania, addressed to Dr. Zant-
zinger, containing the following : —
" I send you some specimens of our ' Snow bug.' This insect occurs in great
numbers on the mountains of Pennsylvania. I have frequently noticed them in
mid-winter on the snow, but I never saw such a multitude of them together, as I
witnessed on the 17th of February, 18-19, near the " Rattle Snake," on the Alle-
ghany Ridge. The snow was entirely covered for the fourth of a mile along the
road, and several rods on either side. The mercury in F. was standing at about
15 degrees ; the atmosphere was dry and clear.
These little animals were quite stupid, and to all appearance had been but a
short time there, and as it was about 9 o'clock in the morning, I judged that they
arrived in the night.
Their motion was slow, and those on the top were quietly endeavoring to get
under. They did not appear to be eating any thing. The weather was too cold
to remain and watch their movements, and the next day, when I again passed the
■pot, I could not detect a vestige of them.
The wind had been strong from the north for several days, and I have noticed
that we had strong north winds whenever I had seen them."
A letter was read from the Librarian of the Smithsonian Institution,
dated Washington, November 1, 1S49, acknowledging the receipt of
Part 3, Vol. 1, of the Journal, and other publications of the Academy ;
and also desiring that some deficiencies in the same be supplied.
1849.] 247
J\''ovember 27tk.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
The Committee to which was referred the paper of Dr. R. W.
Gibbes, describing new species of MyHobates from the Eocene of South
Carolina, &.c., reported in favour of publication in the Journal of the
Academy.
The report of the Corresponding Secretary for October and Novem-
ber, was read and adopted.
The following communication was received from the Secretary of
the American Philosophical Society : —
" At a meeting of the American Philosophical Society, held on Friday eve-
ning,November 2, 1849, the following resolution was unanimously adopted:
Resolved, That the Curators he authorized to deposit the fossil organic remains
belonging to this Society, with the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
provided the Academy will agree to accept the deposit, and take proper measures
for the preservation of the specimens, and by their proper officer, sign a receipt
for the same, and agree to return them in good condition, when required by this
Society."
Extract from the minutes. Charles B. Trego, Secretary. ,
On motion of Mr. Cassin, the Curators of the Academy were autho-
rized to receive the collection of Organic remains belonging to the
American Philosophical Society, on the conditions proposed in the
above resolution, with some slight modification.
ELECTION.
William Parker Foulke, Esq., of Philadelphia, was elected a Mem-
ber of the Academy.
December Ath.
Mr. Vaux in the Chair.
A letter was read from Wm. P. Foulke, Esq., acknowledging the
receipt of his notice of election as a member.
A communication was received and read from William Hembel,
Esq., President of the Academy, declining a re-election to the office,
assigning as his motive, the increasing infirmities of age, and his in-
ability in consequence, to perform properly the duties of the office, or
to take an active part in the affairs of the Society.
Dr. Leidy read a memoir, entitled " Descriptions of two species of
Distoma, with the partial history of one of them, by Joseph Leidy,
M. D.," accompanied by drawings, and intended for publication in the
Journal. Referred to Drs. Bridges, Morton and Hallowell.
248 [Dec.
December 11///.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
A letter was read from Dr. T. Romeyn Eeck, dated Albany, Decem-
ber 7th, 1S4"9, acknowledgintr, on behalf of the Regents of the Uni-
versity of the State of New York, the receipt of the last number of the
Proceedings.
Dr. Bridges presented a paper from Dr. Le Conte, of New York,
entitled "An attempt to classify the Longicorn Coleoptcra of the
part of America north of Mexico," by John L. Le Conte, M. D.,
and intended for publication in the journal of the Academy. Referred
to Drs. Bridges, Leidy and Hallowell.
Dr. Leidy read a paper (accompanied by drawings,) intended for pub-
lication in the Proceedings, entitled "Descriptions of new genera and
species of Entophyta," by Joseph Leidy, M. D. Referred to Drs.
Hallowell, Morton and Zantzinger.
Dr. Morton read a portion of a paper designed for publication in the
Journal, entitled " On the size of the Brain in various races and fami-
lies of Man, with Ethnological Remarks :" by S. G. Morton, M. D. ;
which was referred to a committee consisting of Mr. Phillips, Dr.
Hallowell, and Mr. H. C. Lea.
Oa leave granted. Dr. Bridges presented a report from the Commit-
tee on Dr. Leidy's " Description of two species of Distoma, with the
partial history of one of them," recommending the same for publication
in the Journal.
By request, the letter of Wm. Hembel,Esq., President of the Acade-
my, presented at the meeting of the 4th inst., declining a re-election,
was again read, and after some remarks by Mr. Cassin, the latter offered
a series of resolutions, expressive of the great regret of the members at
the determination of the President, and their unanimous wish that he
would consent to retain the office.
The resolutions were unanimously adopted, and the Recording Sec-
retary directed to furnish a copy of the same to Mr. Ilembel, signed by
the officers and members present at this meeting.
December ISih.
Vice President Morton in the Chair.
A communication was read from the Royal Society of London, dated
Somerset House, August 18, 181-9, acknowledging the receipt of Parts
1 and 2, new series, of the Journal, and of several recent numbers of
the Proceedings.
A letter was read from H. W. Ravenel, Esq., dated Black Oak,
Charleston District, S. C, December 7, iSiO, announcing the trans-
mission to the Academy, of numerous botanical specimens, collected by
himself, from that vicinity, including several new Cryptogamous plants.
1849.] 249
Also a letter from M. Victor Motchaulsky, proposing to exchange
Russian Coleoptera for those of America.
Also a communication from the President of the Academy, William
Hembel, Esq , reiterating his desire to decline a re-election to the
office, and expressing his acknowledgments for the sentiments contained
in the resolutions passed at the last meeting of the Society.
Dr. Morton read a continuation of his paper on the size of the Brain
in the various races of Man, the first portion of which was presented
at a former meeting. Referred to the same committee, viz., Messrs.
Phillips, Hallowell and H. C. Lea.
On leave granted, the Committee to which was referred Dr. Le
Conte's memoir, '< An attempt to classify the Longicorn Coleoptera of
that part of America north of Mexico," presented a report, recom-
mending the same for publication in the Journal.
December 2bth.
Prof. W. R. Johnson, in the Chair.
The committee to which was referred the following paper, by Dr.
Leidy, reported in favor of publication in the Proceedings.
Descriptions {aecom]panied by drarvijigs,) of neio Genera and Species of
Entophyta,
By Joseph Leidy. M. D.
Enterohrris spiralis. Yellowish, biownish, brown, or hyaline, forming a sin-
gle, double, or triple spiral. Peduncle brownish or yellowish, columnar
l-2500th in. long, by l-6000th in. thick. First or principal cell uniformly cylin-
drical, filled with granules and globules, l-428-'Jth in. in diameter. Penultimate
cell cylindrical, filled with granules and a few globules, l-428th in. long. End
cell clavate, filled with granules, l-535th in. long, by l-3333d in. at broadest
part.
Length from l-70th to l-50th in., by l-4200th in. broad.
Habitat. — Grows from the mucous membrane of the small intestine of Jului
pusillus.
Remarks. — This species is found in varying quantity from a half dozen indivi-
duals up to fifty or more of various ages. The specimens of Jukis pusillus from
which the plant was obtained, measured half an inch in length.
Etiterobrus attenuat%is. Faintly brownish, yellowish, or hyaline, forming a
double flexure or sigmoid curve, and then growing in a very straight course to its
termination. Peduncle yellowish, columnar, sometimes double, l-66Gth in. long,
by l-2300th in. broad. Principal cell attenuated at both extremities, rounded or
truncated at the distal end, and filled with varying quantity of globules and
granules. End cells?
Length J -24th in. ; diameter at middle l-1500th in,; at sigmoid curve l-2300th
in. ; at distal extremity l-2500lh in.
Habitat. — Grows in profusion from the mucous membrane of the ventriculus of
Passalus cornutus.
250 [Dec.
Remarls. — This is a very graceful form, and is more disposed to grow in
bunches or close together, than the other species. I have not met with it
with the terminal two cells in twelve specimens of Passalus, which contained
over a hundred of the plants, although from some of the individuals appearing
truncated at the distal extremity, I think it probable tliat they may occur ;
otherwise it would form a distinct genus.
Cladophytiivi ramosisximiim. Filaments very long, very delicate, and very
much branched, growing in fasciculi of moderate density from granular masses.
Length l-75th in. ; thickness of principal filaments or trunks l-15000th in.
Habitat. — Growing in moderate profuseness from the mucous membrane of
Passalus cornutus.
New Genus. Corynocladits.*
Filaments hyaline, inarticulate, very compound; branches thicker than the
trunk, clavate, without ramuli, growing from rounded or oval granular masses.
Corynocladus radiatus. Comatose, growing in very dense bunches, occasionally
•traggling ; branches spreading, terminal ones very long, simple, clavate, l-150th
in. long.
Length 1-lOOth in., diameter of trunk 1-10,000 in., branches l-600th in.
Habitat. — Growing profusely in the ventriculus of Passalus cornutus, from the
mucous membrane.
New Genus. CRYrTODEs.-MA.f
Filaments ribbon like, growing from attached granular masses. Consisting of
a single cell, with a very delicate cell wall, and minute granular contents.
C. t67inis. Filaments hyaline, compressed, attenuated at both extremities,
growing in dense bunches from rounded granular masses. Cell wall very thin
and delicate, granular contents of cell very line and indistinct, measuring from
l-10,000th in. to 1-GOOOth in., with a few coarser granules, and occasionally a
few globules, measuring l-187.5th in.
Dimensions. Length of filaments l-500th in. to l-75th in. ; greatest breadth
l-1700th in.
Habitat. — Grows in profusion from the mucous membrane of the ventriculug
of Passalus cornutus.
Besides the foregoing, I have found numerous free or floating entophyta in the
contents, usually of the posterior part of the alimentary canal, in mammalia,
aves, reptilia, pisces, mollusca, insecta, &c. These, at present, I do not feel at
liberty to describe as new or peculiar, from my want of acquaintance with cryp-
togamic botany. A number of them, I have no doubt, if not peculiar, at least
continue to grow luxuriantly in the intestinal canal ; such are various Mycoderma,
&c. ; others very probably are swallowed with the food, and pass from the intes-
tinal canal unchanged. Numerous drawings of these J exhibit to the Academy,
and propose leaving them to future investigation, or to the consideration of cryp-
togamic botanists, being a field well worthy of their researches. I also have a
number of others, the character of v\hich is peculiarly entophytic : but these I
have not yet studied out nor figured, but hope to present descriptions of them to
the Academy in a very short time.
* Kopv>a clava ; KxaJjj. f '^pt>rtT'oj> occultus; fit jjuj^i fascis.
1849.] 251
The Recording Secretary read the following report :
REPORT
OF THE RECORDING SECRETARY,
For 1848 '49?
As there is no Report of the Recording Secretary for the year 1848 entered
upon the Minutes of the Academy, it will be proper to give a short account of
the Transactions of the Society during the last two years.
There were elected, during 1818, fourteen Resident Members and twenty-five
Correspondents ; and during 1849, eight Resident Members and six Corres-
pondents. In the former year a corrected list of the Members and Correspon-
dents was published, which comprises 102 Life Members, and 143 Members
paying annually: of these, 63 are deceased; and 518 Correspondents, of whom
85 are deceased. Since the publication of the list, one member has resigned, and
another, Benjamin J. Kern, M. D., is deceased.
From October, 1847, to the end of the last year, besides numerous minor com-
munications, there have been fifty principal ones made to the Academy and
published in its Proceedings, as follow : in General Natural History, one by Dr.
Morton, two by Dr. Hallowell, two by Dr. Bachman, one by Dr. Michel, two
by Dr. Keller, and ten by Dr. Leidy; in Mammalogy, one by Dr. Gambel ; in
Ornithology, ten by Mr. Cassin, two by Dr. Gambel, and one by Major McCall ;
in Herpetology, four by Dr. Hallowell ; in Paljeontology, one by Mr. Lea and
three by Dr. Leidy ; in Conchology, two by Mr. Conrad ; in Entomology, three
by Mr. Haldeman, one by Miss Morris, two by Dr. Savage, and one by Mr.
Dawson ; in Botany, one by Mr. Nuttall ; and in Geology, one by Mr. Pease.
With the beginning of 1848, anew series of the Journal of the Academy, in quarto
form, was commenced, and to it, during the past two years, there have been twenty-
seven articles contributed, as follow: in General Natural History, one by Dr. Mor-
ton, one by Dr. Meigs, and two by Dr. Leidy; in Ornithology, five by Mr. Cassin
and two by Dr. Gambel ; in Herpetology, one by Prof. Baird ; in Conchology,
two by Mr. Conrad ; in Entomology, two by Mr. Haldeman and two by Dr.
Le Conte ; in Botany, one by Mr. Nuttall; and in Paleontology, four by Dr.
Gibbes, two by Mr. Conrad, one by Mr. Tuomey, and one by Prof. Owen. The
publication of the Journal hereafter will be much assisted by an annual income
derived from a legacy of two thousand dollars, bequeathed for that purpose to
the Academy in 1848, by the late Mrs. Elizabeth Stott, of this city.
During the same year the following amendment was made to the By-Laws,
viz.: "Chap. VHL Art. IX. The Museum of the Academy shall be open to the
gratuitous admission of the public on the afternoons of Tuesday and Friday from
one o'clock until sunset." And during the last year the following amendment,
viz.: " Chap. VI. Art. I. There shall be fifteen standing committees, viz. —
1, The Ethnological Committee ; 2, the Committee on Comparative Anatomy
and General Zoology; 3, Committee on Mammalogy; 4, on Ornithology; 5, on
Herpetology _and Ichthyology ; 6, on Conchology ; 7, on Entomology ; 8, on
Botany; 9, on Palaeontology; 10, on Geology and Mineralogy; 11, on Physics;
12, on the Library ; 13, on the Proceedings ; 14, the Auditors ; each to consist of
252
[Dec.
three members; and IT), the Publication Committee, to consist of five members ;
whose term of service shall be one year. And all these, except the Auditors
and Publication Committee, shall be elected at the last meeting in January of
each year."
After these alterations, a new edition of the Act of Incorporation and By-Lawi
was published by order of the Academy.
With these few statistics, etc. of the transactions of the Academy, the Secre-
tary will conclude bystatina;, that the Society was never in a more flourishing con-
dition than at present, as is plainly indicated in its published Proceedings. The
Library and Museum have received, and continue to receive, constant large and
valuable additions, as may be seen upon referring to the reports of the Librarian
and Curators.
Joseph Leidy,
Recording Secretary,
December 25, 1849. pro tempore.
The Treasurer read the annual report, which was referred to the
Auditors.
The Librarian read the following report : —
RErORT
OF THE LIBRARIAN,
For the year 1849.
In presenting the annual report on the state of the Library, the Librarian again
embraces the opportunity aflx)rdcd him, of congratulating the Society on the con-
tinued advancement which his department has made in the present year.
The additions to the Library will fully bear comparison in all respects with
those of any previous year, as the following table will exhibit, in which they have
been arranged in the usual form.
OcniTal Niilural Hielory, .
MaiiiinalocVi
Ornitlioldgy, . . . - .
Hprpelolopy,
Jclithjolocy, . - . . .
EnlomDlogy and Cruslacpa,
Conchology and Ht-lmintho
li>i;y.
HotanT,
Gpoluev,
MiiipralocVi
Anatomjr and Physiology, .
00
2(1
•i:
9
13
Gil
r.i
K
fill
™ r >
E.—
3 u
19
69
20
51
27
lit
10
415 223
1-1
5
3
4
8
12
15
fi
22
7
17
Tis
Broiiehi ovrr ....
Pliysical Sci. and Chemistry
Medicine,
Trang. and Proceed, of Soc ,
Annaln, Juiirnals, &c,
VoyapeHand Travels, . .
Hisliiry,
Bioijraphy,
AntiquiticM,
Geoprapliy,
Bibiiopriijihy
Education, '-
Miscellaneuui, ....
_;.
"2 »■ .
*:*-«)
>
= !;.>
-, c— '
o
■5.S!:
II
S.S £ .
= '^ = u
:. S C-2
z
i.
44.'
223
11
238
2G3
82
30
2
2
3
1
D
2
1
789
533
a.
E
n)
Ch
115
7
2
1
10
1849.] > 253
Of these, there were derived from authors 68 ; from editors 25 ; from members,
correspondents, &c. 150; from Societies and Corporations 59 ; from Dr. Wilson
115S; making an aggregate of 1460 additions to the Library in 1849.
The additions in 1847 amounted to 1072 ; in 1848 to 1349, and in the present
year exceeding the last by 111.
With one exception, these have been the most prosperous years for the Library
since the foundation of the Institution. In these three years the additions have
amounted to 3881; of which, 2773 are due to Dr. Wilson, and the remainder,
1108, have been derived from other sources.
The Librarian has renewed gratification in calling attention to the continued
liberality during the year of Dr. Wilson. The Library has always received a
large share of the interest and zeal which this gentleman has steadily manifested
for the Institution, and the results have been recorded on our minutes almost
weekly for several years past, in the long lists of varied, well selected, and
highly practical works which he has placed upon its shelves.
Until within a short period, these works have been entrusted to the Society
for the benefit of the members, without other restrictions than such as its rules,
and a due regard for the property, required. Dr. Wilson has, however, thought
proper to convert this splendid collection from a deposit into a donation, and I
have now the pleasure of announcing to the Society that we shall soon be in
possession of the whole collection, on the single condition that the use of the
works be restricted to the Hall: none of them, therefore, will be loaned from
the Hall on any pretext whatever. The numerous works in Mineralogy and
Geology, Entomology, Herpetology and Ichthyology, Conchology, Botany,
General Natural History, Mammalogy, Voyages and Travels, and the Periodicals
have already been presented. The remainder will follow, as the time and leisure
of the donor will admit of his preparing the lists.
Among the additions this year are a n\imber of works on Conchology, obtained
by purchase with the proceeds of the sale of several copies of Say's Conchology,
for which latter the Society is indebted to the liberality of Mrs. Lucy W. Say,
by whose instructions the fund is thus appropriated. We are under obligations
also, this year, to Professor Agassiz, for a donation of numerous quarto volumes
of the Transactions of two Swiss Natural History Societies ; and to our venerable
President, William Hembel, Esq., for a valuable and scarce work in 41 vols. 8vo.
the Transactions of the London Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manu-
factures and Commerce. Dr. Wilson's donation of the Transactions of the Royal
Society of London complete from the origin of the publication in 1665, to the
middle of 1849, in 119 quarto vols., with the abridgement of the same, from 1665
to ISOO, in 18 quarto vols., by Hutton, Shaw and Pearson, has been received with
the highest gratification by the members.
In the last report, it was stated that further accommodations for the Books
would soon be required, the space in the present apartment becoming rapidly
occupied. This necessity has since greatly increased, and, in consequence a
plan has been submitted to the Society, and received its sanction, for adapting
one of the adjoining rooms to the purposes of a Library. The floor of this room,
and that of the entry beyond, will be lowered to a level with the present
Library, and laid on iron joist, with intervening brick arches, and a gallery con-
structed similar to, and communicating with, that in the same. The work will
35
254 [T)ec.
be commnnced foitliwitli, and will be compieted in a tew weeks. Tlie ImiKliiif;,
with the exception ol" one room, will then be perfectly (ire-proof. When this
improvement has been finished, and a new anansoment and distribution of the
Library made, the exact No. of vols. &c. in each department, with tlie a;;!irei;ate,
which it was intended to have appended to the present report, will be made
known to the Society.
WiM. S. Zantzinger,
Hall of the Acadcnuj, Dec. Q."}, IS 19. Librarian.
Dr. Leidy, Cliairman of the Curators, read the annual report as fol-
lows :
REPORT
OF THE C U R A T O K S
For 1849.
It is with much pleasure the Curators, in presenting their Annual Report, can
say that the collections of the Academy, during the year 1819, have increased to
such an extent as to be indicative of a continuance of the extraordinary prosperity
which it enjoyed the two preceding years. Most of the departments have been
enriched, through donation and deposit, with many rare and valuable objects.
Since the presentation of the last report of the Curators, there has been con-
structed a line of horizontal, centrally vertical, double cases, down the centre of
the Hall, for the further accommodation of the palanontological collection; a
large, deep, horizontal, double case at the east end of the same, for the reception
of the larger specimens of organic remains; aline of horizontal cases on the
outside of the railing of the lower gallery, on each side of the Hall, for containing
the Oological collection; and several vertical cases, occupying the landing of the
stair-case in the south-east corner, for the extension of the Ornithological col-
lection.
A short account of the increase in the Museum during the past year we give
under the head of each department.
Mammalogy. — In this department, during the past year, we hare received 22
species of Mammalia, among which may be particularly mentioned the original
specimen, described by 13r. Harlan, of Chlamyphorus truncatus, a magnificent
albino deer, Cervus virginianus, presenteil by Dr. Wilson, and a fine Ornitho-
rhynchus paradoxus, presented by Dr. Michael.
Ornithology. — A special report upon this extensive department of our Museum
has been prepared by Mr. Cassin, on which account it is unnecessary for us to
make any remark upon it, except that during the past year there have been added
to it, from other sources than Dr. Wilson, 61 species, 70 specimens of birds.
In Oology we have been enriched by the deposit from Dr. Wilson of two very
large and celebrated collections of birds' eggs. The first of these is a general
and very extensive collection, made through a long period of time, and at great
expense and trouble, by M. O. Des Murs, of Paris. This contains 1281 species,
3449 specimens, and 10 nests, of which 1011 species are determined. The
second is a collection of birds' eggs, exclusively of Australia, made by Mr. John
1849.] 255
Gould of London. It comprises 303 species, 97C specinnens, and 33 nests, of
which 295 species are determined.
In the latter collection of eggs are 58 species contained in the former; deduct-
ing these, the number of species in the two collections amounts to 1526, of
which 1278 are determined. The whole number of specimens in the two col-
lections is 4425.
When we consider the difficulty of obtaining and determining oological
specimens, the delicacy required in their preparation, and the care necessary
for their preservation in transportation, we may in some measure form an esti-
mate of the value of this rich deposit.
Besides the above, we have received from several of the members 12 species
and 15 specimens of birds' eggs, and 9 species of nests.
Herpetology and Ichthyology. — In the past year these collections were
removed, and rearranged upon the flying gallery of the east basement room.
During the same time we have received 20 species, 50 specimens of reptilia, and
8 species, 11 specimens of fishes, among the latter of which is a very beautiful
specimen of Lepidosteus ferox, Raf., from the Mississippi, presented by Mr.
J. D. Anderson, of New Orleans.
Mollusca. — In this department, the donations during the past year are
unparalleled in America. To our generous and excellent fellow member, Dr.
R. E. Griffith, we owe lasting gratitude for the splendid gift of 4907 species,
over 12,000 specimens of shells, being the private collection made by this gen-
tleman at much cost and pains, during a long series of years. To Dr. T. B.
Wilson we are indebted, as ever, for the donation of 1707 species, over 3500
specimens of shells.
These two collections comprise 5405 species, of which the odd 405 maybe cast
off as duplicate, certainly not more, as we are informed by Dr. Griffith, who is
Chairman of the Conchological Committee, and is engaged in arranging this
department, which would leave a balance of 5000 different species.
From the Australian Museum, in exchange, we received 111 species, 328
specimens, Australian, New Zealand, and South Sea Island shells.
From various ether sources 105 species, 204 specimens of shells, principally
presented by Mr. McAndrew, of England, Dr. Gould, of Boston, Mr. Thompson,
of Belfast, Ireland, and Mr. Watson, of S. Africa.
Insect a, Crustacea, and Arachnl.da. — The Entomological cabinet has received
the addition of 200 species of insects, principally from Mr. Hagedorn, the Bava-
rian Consul, and in exchange from the Australian Museum.
Of Crustacea there have been obtained, by exchange and presentation, 59 spe-
cies, 163 specimens, principally from M. E. Griffith, Mr. Thompson, of Belfast,
Ireland, and Dr. Wilson.
Of Arachnida we obtained 2 species, 4 specimens of Scorpio.
Rcidiata. — Of these we have received an unusually large number, viz., 1 12
species, 120 specimens, principally from Mr. Thompson in exchange; the others
presented by different members of the society. Most of them are Echinodertrata
and Polypi.
Comparative Anatomy. — To this part of our Museum an extensive addition
has been made, through the liberality of our fellow-member Dr. P. B. Goddard,
consisting of J OG crania of mammalia, 30 do. birds, 4 do. reptiles, and 3 do. fishes ;
256 [Dec.
S skeletons of mammalia, G do. birds, and 2 do. reptiles; an I 21 other interesting
pieces in comparative anatomy.
Dr. Wilson also extended this collection by the donation of 22 mounted skele-
tons of birds, principally Australian, and C other anatomical pieces.
Besides the foregoing, there have been deposited and presented 39 other crania
and pieces, principally by Dr. Morton.
Botduy.— The herbarium has received the addition, through exchange and
donation, of 160 species of Cryptogamia.
Pa/aeo/ituIo^i/A — A large collection of organic remains has been added to the
Museum by Dr. Wilson, consisting of 608 species, 1552 specimens of British
fossils, many of which are very beautiful and rare.
^ From other sources we have received 197 fossils, principally from Messrs.
Verreux of Paris, Budd, McMinn and Morton.
A few weeks since our sister institution, the American Philosophical Society,
passed a resolution to deposit its Collection of Organic Remains with the Academy.
The large number of mammalian remains in this collection renders it one of the
most important deposits which has yet been made to our Museum. When re-
ceived, a more particular account of it will be given.
Mineralogy and Geology. — The cabinet of Mineralogy contains over 3700
labelled specimens, exclusive of rocks. During the past year there were received
206 specimens, chiefly from Messrs. Moss, Verreux and Wilson.
We will finish this brief report by stating that the collections in all the depart-
ments are, at the present time, in a good state of preservation, and are gradually
undergoing arrangement by the different committees.
Joseph LEtoY,
December ^oth, 1819. CJinirmaii of Curators.
Mr. Cassin, from the Curators, road the following special report on
the state of the Ornitholo";ical collection :
o
At the request of the Chairman of the Curators of this Academy, the under-
signed begs leave to offer a Special Report upon the department o( Ornithology
in which, as Curator, he has been exclusively enga^jed.
Having had the honor of submitting a report of a similar character at the
annual meeting in December 1817, I have now the pleasure of stating that the
following collections which had been partly received or were about to be received
at that period, have arHved, and have been completely arranged in our Ornitho-
logical Galleries, within the past two years ; viz. the very extensive collection
of the Prince Massena of Paris, the collection of M. Bourcier of Lyons, Dr.
Gambel's North American collection, and all the very valuable and interestin"'
collections obtained by purchase and exchange in Europe by Mr. Edward Wilson;
while of the Australian collection of the distinguished. Ornithologist Mr. Gould,
about two-thirds of the birds, and the entire collection of nests and eg^s, have
been received. The detention of the latter, has arisen from the fact that it was
found expedient to have the specimens mounted in Europe, the collection having
been in siin at the time of purchase.
1849.] '251
It is perhaps unnecessary for me to again allude to the high scientific value of
these collections or to the excellent condition in which they have reached their
destination; I may state merely that all have fully answered the expectations of
the sentlemen of this Academy, and have afforded great instruction and gratifica-
tion to Zoologists and admirers of Natural History from all sections of our country-
I beg to add that the extensive collections formed in the cities of Europe, expressly
for this Society by Mr. Edward Wilson, at the instance of his brother, our esteemed
associate, Dr. Thomas B. Wilson, have proved to be of especial interest. These
were intended to supply deficiencies in the already comprehensive collections just
named, an undertaking which appeared to me, I confess, very difficult at least, if not
hopeless, but Mr. Wilson's success has been most remarkable. I have frequently
alluded to his specimens in the papers which I have had the honor at various times
of submitting to the society; it is sufficient to say further, that in the coarse of
my examinations of species, when I have found, as has often been the case, a
specimen in an unusual stage of plumage, or some odd looking variety, serving the
most useful purpose of illustration, it was pretty certain to turn out to be one of
Mr. Wilson's collecting. To him we are also indebted for several undescribed
species, and a large number new to the collection.
Our valued associate Mr. Edward Harris, has presented to the Academy, during
the past year, his entire collection. This was formed during the long period of
his connection with Mr. Audubon, and embraces many specimens of the various
species described by the latter gentleman, and of many other rare or little known
American species; in fact, never since the arrival of Dr, Townsend from the
Columbia river, in 1837, has a collection come into the possession of this Society
of a character so interesting to the student of North American Ornithology-
The peculiar character of Mr. Harris' collection will readily be perceived
when I state that it contains the original specimens of several of the species
described by Mr. Audubon, such as Quiscalus Breweri, Sturnella neglecta, Frin-
gilla Harrisii and Lincolnii, Alauda Spraguei, Embeiiza Bairdii, and Vireo Belli,
numerous specimens of Emberiza pallida and grammaca, Fringilla aurocapilla,
amcEua and Townsendii, Pica hudsonica and Nuttalii, Alauda rufa, Erythrospiza
frontalis, Sturnella hippocrepis, Pipilo oregona and arctica, Hirundo thalassina
Sialia arctica and occidentalis, Tyrannula Saya, Parus melanotis. Troglodytes
brevirostris and obsoletus, Vermivora To)maei, Lophoitix plumifera, Tetrao
obscurus aud phasianellus, and many others equally difficult to obtain.
I must specially mention, however, a series of no less than 25 specimens of
the intricately allied species of Colaptes, which inhabit our Western territory,
referable to C. auratus, mexicanus, and Ayresii, which illustrates the judicious
manner in which Mr. Harris formed his collection, and is additional, though
unnecessary evidence of his excellent judgment in Ornithological science.
The distinguished naturalist, Mr. J. J. Audubon, has presented the original
specimen of Caprimulgus Nuttalii, Aud., and Colaptes Ayresii, Aud., both of
which are valuable additions, and the former, as yet, an unique specimen of a very
remarkable species from California.
A collection of Asiatic birds, and an extensive collection of nests and eggs, have
been presented by Professor Spencer F. Baird of Dickinson College. A collection
of nests and eggs being then about to be formed in connexion with our Ornitho-
logical collection, this donation was peculiarly acceptable, and evinces the con-
:258
[D
EC.
tinued desire of tliis talented and accomplislied young natnralist to serve lliis
Academy.
Will. Gambel, M. D., has presented numerous specimens, among which are
suites of specimens of IVIerula minor (Gm.), Wilsonii (Bonap.), and olivaceus
Giraud.), and other obscure American species; in the study and elucidation of
which he has been eminently successful.
A.L. Meerman, M. D., has presented a large collection of eggs, collected by him
in Florida, and numerous specimens of birds from the same locality. Of the letter
I may enumerate as possessing especial interest, several specimens of Cymindis
hamatus. Less., Vireo longirostris, Sw, Thalasseus regius, Gambel, Sternuia
frenata, Gambel, and also numerous specimens of Ardea rufescens, Gm., and of
Ardea Pealei, Bonap., representing various stases of plumage, and demonstrating
that the latter is a distinct species as originally described by Mr. Bonaparte.
W. S. Jones, M. D., of Riceboro, Georgia, has deposited the original and yet
unique specimen of Picus Lecontei, Jones, a curious little tridactyle species dis-
covered by him in Georgia, and possessing great interest as an addition to the
fauna of this country.
Another addition to our fauna, the Anas Rafflesii, King, has been made this
year, by E. Pihite, M. D., of Opelousas, Louisiana, a specimen of which, being
the first ever observed within the limits of the United States, has been presented
by him to this Society.
A specimen of Strix flammea, Linn., from Western Africa, very interesting on
account of its locality, has been presented b^ our esteemed correspondent Mr.
George N. Lawrence, of New York.
The Academy has also to acknowledge its indebtedness to Mrs. John B. Smith
of this city, for a beautiful specimen of Nycthemerus pictus, (Linn.), to C.
Wistar, M. D., for an interesting specimen of a dwarf variety of the common fowl;
to Mr. William Ayr for a specimen of the Egretta alba, (Linn) — to our valued
associate Mr. Samuel Ashmead for various specimens collected by him at Cape
May; to John G. Howard for two living specimens of Columba cyaiioccphala,
Linn., brought by him from Cuba, expressly for the Academy, and for other
donations.
One of the most remarkable as well as valuable additions recently made to the
Ornithological colh'ction is the extensive collection of nests and eggs formed by
Mons. 0. des Murs, of Paris, author of the " Iconographie Ornithologique," now
in the course of publication, and well known as an Ornithologist. This splendid
collection, like nearly the whole of the present contents of our Ornithological
galleries, came into possession of this Society through the influence of Messrs.
Thomas B. and Edward Wilson. It embraces no less than 3450 specimens, being
the eggs of 1281 species, from all parts of the world, in very perfect condition,
many of which are to be obtained only with great difficulty.
I may be allowed to state in connexion with this subject, that Mr Gould's
collection of eggs previously alluded to, contains 976 specimens, or 303 species.
The entire collection now in the Museum of the Academy, is but partially
arranged, but deducting duplicates, it may safely be estimated as containing the
eggs of about 1<J00 species, about 1200 of which are named.
I consider it proper to state here, that in the arrangement of the collection
lesultipg from the combination of those above mentioned, the collection previously
184.9.] 259
belonging to this Society has been carefully preserved. This will be found to
contain not only many sppcimens of rare scientific value, (such as the orisinal
specimens of the species discovered by Dr. Townsend, many rare Mexican species
from Dr. Burrough, and the fine Surinam collection from Dr. Hering) but also,
many highly prized mementoes of the friends and associates of our Society, to
whose kind exertions the formation of the nucleus of our present extensive collec-
tion is to be attributed, such as Dr. Marmaduke Burrough, Dr. Ralph Hammersly
Mr. Thomas Ryan, Dr. George C. Leib, Dr. Wm. Blanding, Mr. Wm. Hembel,
Dr. W. S. \V. Rushenberger, Dr. S. G. Morton, Dr. C. Hering, Di. Jno. K.
Townsend, Mr. W. S. Warder, Dr. J. Trudeau, Dr. A. L. Heerman, Dr. E. A.
Abadie, Dr. C. Huffnagle, ;Mr. Richard C. Taylor, Mr. J. W. RiiJon, Dr. Gavin
Watson, Mr. Wm. S. Vaux, Dr. Thomas McEuen, Mr. John Speakman, Mr. A.
F. Darley, Mr. Geo. W. Carpenter, Mr. Thos. Fisher, Mr. W. A. Foster,
Dr. P. B. Goddard, Dr. C. W. Pennock, Mr. Robert Pearsall, Mr. J. Price
Wetherill, Dr. S. W. Woodhouse, Mr. Samuel Ashmead, Mr. John G. Bell, and
many others.
There is at present another large addition about being made to the collection,
of which a few specimens have already arrived. It is a collection formed during
several years residence in the interior of India, by Captain Boys, of the British
Army, and contains about 1000 specimens, among which are many new and rare
objects. It is now in the hands of Mr. Gould, who wishes to make drawings of
various specimens for his forthcoming work on the Birds of Asia, and will pro-
bably arrive in the course of the ensuing year.
There is also now in the possession of the Academy, and intended for its
Museum, though not yet presented, a valuable collection made by our fellow
member Mr. E. L. Kern, who has been attached as artist to several of the expe-
ditions of Col. Fremont, and is now in California. This was collected by Mr.
Kern during the expedition of 1845, and contains numerous specimens of such
interesting species as Cathaites Californianus, Archibuteo regalis, Athene hypugea,
Nucifraga Columbiana and Cyanocephala, (De Wied), Picus scalaris and mela-
nopogon, Cyanocorax californicus and coronatus, Columba fasciata, Fringilla
oregona, Parus minimus, septentrionalis and montanus, and many others.
Arrangements for further additions have also been completed, which will ensure
all attainable desiderata arriving in the cities of Paris and London, and arrange-
ments for exchange or purchase, have been completed or are now in pro-
gress with several distinguished ornithologists, or with commercial naturalists in
other parts of Europe ; and I may state in addition, that our Museum will without
doubt be further enriched by the researches of several of our members who have
availed themselves of facilities at present existing for visiting California ; among
whom are Messrs. E. W. and R. H. Kern, who were attached to the late unfor-
tunate expedition of Col. Fremont. Dr. Heerman, Mr. J. G. Bell and Dr. Gambel,
and also by the acquisitions of one of our own most talented and enterprising
young naturalists Dr. S. W. Woodhouse, now absent upon a government expedi-
tion to the Arkansas river.
I am enabled to state that the number of specimens of birds actually exhibited
in the Museum of this Academy at the date of this Report, (Dec. 25th, 1840,) is
nineteen thousand seven hundred and seventy-one (19771). The number of
species cannot at present be ascertained, but I hope to present such information
2G0
[Dec.
to the Society at the earliest possible period ; I should state, too, that several
thousand duplicates are not exhibited.
The labelling and preparations for a catalogue of this imnnense collection are
constantly pro^frcssin;;. The necessary investitrations for those purposes have
been found to embrace the examination of the descriptions of all known si)ecies,
as far as practicable, and very frequently involve critical comparisons of both
descriptions and specimens, which require the most diligent and cautious research.
In fact, the proper study of the collection of the Academy will be found to demand
little short of a general survey of the whole Ornithological kingdom, as well as
the entire literature of Ornithology, which it is hoped will be regarded as suffi-
cient apology ^or any apparent tardiness on the part of those engaged in that
department.
Respectfully submitted by
John Cassin, Curator.
Hall of the Academy, December 25th, 1849.
The Society then wont into an
year, with the following result : —
President.,
Vice Presidents,
Corresponding Secretary^
Recording Secretary,
Librarian,
Trensurer,
Curators,
jJuditors,
Publication Committee,
election for officers for the ensuing
Samuel George IMorton, M. D.
J. Price Wetherill,
R. Eglesfeld Griffith, M. D.
John Cassin.
Samuel Powei.
Wm. S. Zantzinger, M. D.
George W. Carpenter.
Joseph Leidy, M. D.
Samuel Ashinead,
Wm. S. Vaux,
John Cassin.
Wm. S. Vaux,
Robert Pearsall.
Samuel Ashmead.
Wm. S. Vaux>
R. E. Griffith,
S. G. Morton,
Thomas B, Wilson,
R. Bridges, iM. D.
Election of Member and Correspondents.
Wm. Robertson Grant, M. D., of Philadelphia, was elected a. l/emftcr;
and Mr. Wm. S. Sharpey, of London, and Mr. John D. Goodsir, of
Edinburgh, were elected Correspondents.
1849.] 261
DONATIONS TO MUSEUM.
In November and December, 1819.
November Gt/i,
Skin of Estrplda amandava. From Mr. Thomas Desilver.
Mactra £:ran(lis, from Newport, R. I. From Dr. Morton.
Two hundred and seventy-five species of Fossils from the London Clay, Gault,
Spectron Clay, and Oolite of Great Britain. From Dr. Wilson.
One hundred and fifty-four additional species from the Bennett collection. From
the same.
November 13th,
A collection of Ferns from the Province of Veraguas, New Grenada. From
Richard C. Taylor, Esq.
Coluber sirtalis, from the vicinity of Philadelphia. From Dr. Watson.
A collection of Fossils, principally Silurian, from Centre county, Pennsylvania.
From Mr. J. M. McMinn.
Cranium of a Charib, from the Island of Nassau. Deposited by Dr. Morton.
November 20th.
Specimen of Testudinaria elephantopus, from South Africa. From Mr. John
Watson, throui^h Dr. Watson.
Pickeringite, Alcaparosa, Hydro-borate of Magnesia, and Nitrate of Soda, from
Peru. From Dr. Joseph Leidy.
Numerous specimens, in spirits, of an insect, vulgarly termed "Snow bug,
snow tiea," &c., taken from the surface of the snow, Feb. 18, 1849, on the moun-
tains, Centre Co., Pennsylvania. From Mr. J. M. McMinn, of Centre county,
Pennsylvania.
A Finnish skull, a Sclavonic from Moravia, and a cast of another from Wal-
lachia, and a Narraganset Indian from the same. Deposited by Dr. S. G.
Morton.
December Ath.
Siren lacertina, a Scorpio, and a Hippocampus, from South Carolina. From
Dr. Bernard Henry.
A collection of Coleoptera, in spirits. From Dr. Watson.
December \Sth.
Two specimens of Trigonocephalus contortrix, and one of Heterodon simus.
From Dr. Watson.
Massive specimen of Brown Garnet, from Sussex county. New Jersey. Depo-
sited by Mr. Vaux.
Three hundred and forty-eight specimens of Fossils from the coal formations
of Great Britain ; 32 do. from the Carboniferous Limestone of do.; Gl do, from
the Magnesian Limestone of do.; 31-5 do. from the London Clay of do.; also six
specimens of Calyrrieno Blumenbachii from the Dudley Limestone of Great
Britain. Presented by Dr. Wilson.
Dr. Wilson also presented 1596 species of recent shells of the follou-in"
genera :
Nautilus, 2 species; Argonauta, 7; Carinaria, 1; Cleodora, 2; Conus, 16-5;
Cyprcea, 84; Ovulum, 10; Cymba, 3; Melo, 7; Voliita, 31; Oliva, PI; Ancil-
laria, 16; Marsinella, nr,; P:rato, 3; Mitra, 137; Cohimbella, 70; Rbiiriia, 3;
Terebra, 50 ; Nassa, 61; Buccinum, Qr^; Planaxis, 12 : Mangelia, 3 ; Strombus, 34;
Oniscia, 2; Pterocera, 3; Rostellaria, 1; Struthiolaria, 2; Murex, 71; Ranella,
25; Triton, 50 ; Dolium, 3; Magilus, 1; Harpa, 4; Monoceros, 5; Purpura, 5;
Ricinula, 19; Cassis, 19 ; Cerithium, 53; Turritella, 19; Turbinella, ]5; Faa-
36
262 [Dec.
ciolaria, 9; Fu'«u3, 31; Pyrula, 10; Pleurotonia, 39; Cancellaria. 21; Phasianella,
2; Littorina, 33; Margarita, 3 ; Turbo, 31; Trochus!,85; Uoti-lla, S; I'horus, 3 ;
Solarium, 'J; Delphiniila, TJ ; ScaLiria, 28 ; Eulima, 1 ; Rissoa, 34.
Dr. Robert K. Giilfitli presented 3G'J8 species oi" recent bliells, of the following
genera :
Pcrna, 11 spocies ; .Malleus, 2: Avicula, 13; Lima, 9; Hinnita, 1; Pecten,GO;
Plicatiila. 2 ; Spoiulylus, IT); Ostrea, 23; Vulsella, 2; Placuna, 2; Anoniia, 9;
Terebratula, 10; Liimula, 2 ; Orbicula, 2 ; Crania, 1; Ilyahra, G; Cloodora, 1;
Chiton, -1.3 ; Patella, 03; Siplionana, 0; Lottia, 2; Dcntaluirn, 9; Cenioria, 2 ;
Umbrella, 2; Parmaphoriis, 2; Emarginula, 10; Fissurella, 37; Pileopsis, 5;
Hipponix, S; Calyptr.Ta, lO; Uispot.ra, 14; Crepidiila, 20; Ancylus, 7; Hnliaea,!;
Bulla, 38; Aplysia, 1; Vitrina,3; Helix, 475; Helicina, 21; Pupina, 1; Pupa, 72;
Clausilia, Sr>; liulimus, 102; Partula, 7; Achatinflia, 22; Acbatina, 38; Succinea,
20; Auricula, 32 ; Piini;icula. 1; Scarabu^, 4 ; Cyclo^toma, OS; Truncatella, 8 ;
Planorbis, .VJ; Physa, 22; Lyrnnaca, 50; Mdania, 130; Anculo-^a, 22 ; Kulima, G;
lo, 2; Melanopsis, 9; Rissna, 20; Pirena, IG; Valvata, 9; Paludina, G4: Fossarus,
1; AmpuUaria, 20; Ampullacera, 1; Navicella, 3; Neritina, 91; Natica, C5 ;
lantliina, 4; Veiutina, 3; Sis^aretus, 9; Stomatia,2; Haliotis, 32 ; Tornatella, G ;
Pyianiidolla, 8; Vernictus, 5; Scalaria, 20 ; Skenea, 1; Delphiiiula, 7; Solarium,
9; Rotella, 5; Littorina, 32 ; Turbo, Trochus and JVInnodonta, 21G ; Planaxis, G ;
Monoptyiinia, 1; Pha>iaiiell.i, 14; 'J'urntcila, 18 ; Ci-rithium, G 1; Pleurotoma, 5S ;
Turbinella, 32; Cancellaria, IG; Fasciolaria, 12; Fusus, GG; Pyrula, 21; Struthio-
laria, 1; Ranella, 40; Murex, Gl ; Triton, 43; Rostellaria, G; Pterocera, 10;
Strotnbus, G6 ; Cassidaria, 8 ; Cassis, 25; Ricinula, 26 ; Purpura, 115; Tricho-
tropis, 1; jMonoeeros, 10; Concholepas, 1; Harpa, 9 ; Dolium, 14 ; Puccinum,97;
F.burna, 4; Terebra, 30; Colunibdla, 48; Mitra, 70; Voluta, 2U; Mariiinella, 3 I;
Ovula, 9 ; Cypruja, 13G ; Terebellum, 1; Ancillaria, 5 ; Oliva, 75 ; Conus, 150;
Spirula, 1; Nautilus, 2; Argonanta, 4; Sepia, 1.
1S49.] 263
DONATIONS TO LIBRARY.
In Novembeu and Decemker, 1840.
November Gth,
Proceedinp of the American Philosophical Society- Vol. •'5. No, 13. April to
September, 1849. From the Society.
Descriptions of forty-four supposed new species and varieties of operculated
land-siielis, from Jamaica. By C. B. Adams. From the Autlior.
Revision of tiie North American Tailed-Batrachia, with descriptions of new
genera and species. By Spencer F. Baird. From the Autiior.
The following were presented by Dr. Wilson, on condition that they be not
taken from the Hall:
Revne et Magasm de Zoologie. Par MM. Guerin-Meneville et Focillon. No.
7, for 1849.
Con-.ptes Rendus. Tome 29. Nos. ,5, G, 7, 8.
The London Athenaeum, for September, 1849.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Vol. 4. Second Series. No. 20.
Elements of British Entomoloiry. By W. E. Shuckard. Part 1. Svo.
Reports of the Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liver-
pool, from 184-5 to 1848 inclusive.
Reports of the Committee of the Liverpool Royal Institution, from 1837 to
1849 inclusive.
'i'wenty-fifth Annual Report of the Literary and Philosophical Society at
Kingston upon Hull, for the session ending May, 1818.
An Essay on the credibility of the existence of the Kraken, Sea Serpent, and
other Sea- monsters.
First Report of the Liverpool Natural History Society.
Address delivered at the meeting of the Proprietors of the Liverpool Koyal
Institution, Feb. 182.'3.
Proceedinss of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, for 1847 and 1848.
De Musca-Cerambyce seu Cerambyce spurio. Epistola J. C. Schxfferi.
A decade of curious insects ; some of them not described before. By J. Hill,
M. D.
Lectures on Erpetology; delivered at the British Institution, by Dr. Riley.
Die Gattung Torpedo in ihrpn naturhistorischen und antiquarischen Be
ziehunircn erlautert. Von .1. F. M. v. Olfus. 4to.
Zur Naturgeschichte der Gattung Calandra, nebst Beschreibung einer neuen
Art: Calandra Sommeri. Von H. Burmeister.
Vorschlag zu einer neuen in die Classe der Glossaten einzufilhrenden Gattung
Platypteryx. Von I. H. Laspeyres.
Beitruge zur Naturgeschichte der Rankenfilsser (Cirripedia.) Von H. Bur-
meister.
An abstract of the characters of Ochsenheimer's genera of the Lepidoptera of
Europe. By J. G. Children.
Dissertatio sistens conspectum Historia; Entomologiae, &c. Auctor J. L. C.
Gravenhorst.
Dissertatio inauguralis de Coccionella? natura viribus et usu. Auctore J. G.
Linck.
An account of the rare fish Regulus glisnc, caught offCullercoats, 25th March,
1849.
Remarks on the Linnean Orders of Insects, forming a short and familiar intro-
duction to the study of Entomology. By a member of the Manchester Natural
History Society.
Job. Caspar Fucklin's Verzeichness der ihm bekannter Scbweizerischen Insek-
ten. -Ito.
264 fUEc.
1). riiilipp Jerniin's Abhaiiillungeii von der Siirinamischen Kiiite odcr Pipa,
&c.
The Genera of Diurnal Lepiiioptera. By F.ilward Doubleday. Part Jl.
Transactions of the Zoolouical !^ocicty of London. Vol. 1. Part 2.
Philosophical Transactions of the Koyal Society of London. 1841 — 1SI5.
4to.
Obscrvutiones Oryctotrno^^tica- et Clierricx' de Hauyna, ot ih' (juibusdani fossili-
bus ipias cum h.rc ronrreta inveniuntur. Aiictore Jjcopold (Iniclin.
Entdeckuni; einer dem Kreuz-steine. Von F. A. von lleinilz.
'J'raite Physique et Microscopique de I'Asbeste, I'Amiante, le Lin de Pierre
ou de Terre et de quclques autres fossiles qui y out du rapport. Tiaduil de
I'Alleinand de feu M. F. Lcdeniuller.
Berichtc von der Konii^lichen Zootomischen Anstalt zu Wiirzburg. Aon Dr.
A. Kolliker.
An essay towards a natural history of Serpents. By Charles Owen, D. D.
4to.
Petri Artedi Synonymia Piscium Gr.Tca et Latina emcndata,&c. Auctorc J. G.
Schneider. 'Ito.
jMoMo^raphiic Curculionum, Caraborum et Staphylinorum Suecia-. A. Gustavo
de Paykull. (In one vol. bvo.)
Transactions of the INIanchester Geological Society. Vol. 1. 8vo.
Les Genres des Lisectes de Linne : constatis par divers echantillons d'lnsectes
d'Anglpterre. Par J. Barbut. 4to.
The Entotnoloiiist ; conducted by F.dward Nc-vvman. Svo.
An account of the Fishes of the river Ganges and its branches. By Francis
Hamilton, (formerly Buchanan,) M. D. 4to, and Atlas 4to.
'J'he Cabinet of Oriental JOntomology. By J. 0. Westwood, Ivsq. -Ito.
British Butterflies and their transformations. By H. N. Humphreys and J. O.
Westvvood. -Ito.
Descriptions and figures of two hundred Fishes collected at Vizagapatan), on
the coast of Coromai.del. By Patrick Russell, >L D. 2 vols, folio.
Verzeichniss meinor Jnsocten-Samlung oder Entomologische Handbuch fur
Liebhaber und Samniler. Von Jacob Sturm. 8vo.
M. T. Briinnichii Kntomologia Hafni.x'. 1764. Monographia Tenthredinetaruui
synonymia cxtricata. Auctore Am. Le Pelletier St. Fargeau. (In one vol.
Svo.)
Petri Artedi Sueci medici Ichthyologia, sive opera omnia de Piscibus vindi-
cavit, recoznovit k.c. Carolus Linnrnis, j\L D. Svo.
J. Bapt. Schluga, M. D., prima; line.i; cognitionis Insectorum. Svo.
Fossils of all kinds digested into a method suitable to their mutual relations
and affinity. By John Woodward, M. D. Svo.
Instructions for collecting, rearing and preserving British and foreign Insects.
By Abel Ingpen. Second edition. 12mo.
Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. First series.
Vols. 1 — 5; Second series. Vols. 1, 2 and 5. Svo.
Memoirs of the Wernerian Society for the years 1831-'37. Vol. 7. Svo.
Roporis of the British Association for the advancement of Science, from 1831
to 18^5 inclusive, and also for 1848. Svo.
Menioires pour servir a, I'histoire des Insectes. Par Charles De Geer. 7 vols.
4to.
Serpenlium Brasilicnsium species novrr, ou histoire naturello des cspeces
nouvelles de Serpens recueillies et observees pendant le voyage dans I'interieur
du Hrisil dans les Annees lSH)-'20: public par Jean de Spix. 4to.
Animalia nova; sive species novae Testudinum et Kanarum quas in itinere per
Brasiliutn an. 1bil7-'20 suscepto, collegit et descripsit Dr. J. B. de Spix. Ito.
Illustrations of British Entomology. By James F. Stephens, llausteilata.
Vols. 1 — 1, Mandihulata, vols. 1 — 7, and Supplement. 8vo.
British Entomology : being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of
Insects found in Great Britain and Ireland. By John Curtis. Vols. 1 — 16.
Svo.
1849.] 265
Novemler \2th.
The Medical Examiner, conducted by F. G. Smith, M. D. and David Tucker,
M. D. Vol. 5. Nos. 1 to 11. January to November, 1819. From the
Editors.
On Platygonus compressus : a new fossil Pachyderm. By John L. Le Conte>
M. D. From the Author.
Notice slir ie Crioceras Voronzovii de Sperk: par M. Fischer de Waldheim.
From the Author.
Calaio^ue of Skulls of ^fan and the Inferior Animals in the collection of S. G.
Morton, M. D. Third edition. 1849. From the Author.
Contributions to Physiology. By Bennett Dowler, M. D. From the
Author.
Contributions to Concliolo^y, Nos. 2 and 'A. Descriptions of new Helicida;
from Jamaica. By C. B. Adams. From the Author.
The American Journal of Science and Arts. Second series. No. 21. From the
Editors.
Descriptions and Analyses of several American minerals. By B. B. Silliman,
Jr. ]\I. D. From the Author.
Deutschlands Fauna, &c. Von Jacob Sturm : 5 Abtheilung. Die Insekten
19th Baiidchen. From F. & J. W. Sturm.
Zimi Andenken an Dr J. Sturm. Von J. W; Hilpert. From the same.
Dr. Wilson presented the following on the usual condition:
Museum diluviarmm quod possidet J. J. Scheuchzer, M. D. 8vo.
Manuel elementaire de Geologie appliquee a I'Agriculture eta, ITndustrie. Par
Neree Boubee. 12mo.
Scriptural Geology. 2 vols. Svo.
Guide de Geologie-voyageur. Par Ami Boup. 2 vols. Svo.
Uebersicht der geognostichen Verhiiltnisse Thiiringens und des Harzes.
Die Riesenthiere der Urwelt oder das neuentdeckte Missourium Theriste-
caulodon und die Mastodontoiden im Allgemeinen und Besondern. Von Dr.
Albert C. Koch. Svo.
Beitrage zur fossilen Flora der Juraformation Wiirttembergs. Von J. G.
Kurr.
Naturgeschichte des Niederdeutschlandes und anderen Gegendeni Von J. W.
C. A. Freyhernn von Hupsch. Part \. 4to.
Eduardi Luidii Lythophylacei Britannici Ichnographia. Svo.
Meditationes physico-chemicae de origine Mundi, imprimis Geocosmi ejus-
damque Metamorphosa : conscripta a J. G. Wallerio. Svo.
Palaeologica zur Geschichte der Erde und ihrer Geschopfe. Von H. von Meyer.
Svo.
Outlines of an attempt to establish a knowl^'dge of extraneous fossils, on scien-
tific principles. By Wm. Martin. Svo.
PaltEontographical Society. Monograph of the Fossil Reptilia of the London
clay, part 1, Chelonia, by Profs. Owen and Bell. Do. of the Eocene INIollusca.
By F. C. Edwards. Part 1. Cephalopoda, (in one vol. 4to.)
Beschreibung murkwiirdiger Kriluter-Abdriicke und Pflanzen Versteinorungen,
Ein Beitrag zur Flora der Vorwelt. Von E. F. von Schlotheim. No. 1. 4to.
Ueber das Gebirgssystem der Sierra Nevada und das Gebirge von Jaen im
Sudiichen Spanien. Von J. F. L. Hausmann.
Neue Gattungen fossilen Krebse aus Gebilden von bunten Sandstein bis in die
Kreide. Von H. von Meyer.
Hohen Messung einiger Oste und Berge-Zwischen Gotha und Coburg, &c. Von
K. E. A. Von Hoff.
Fossilia ^Egyptiaca Musei Borgiani Vclitris descripsit Gregorius Wad.
November 20th.
Insecta Caffraria annis 1838-'45, a J. A. Wablberg collecta ; descripsit C. H.
Bohernan. Part 1. Fascic 1. Coleoptera. Svo. From Prof. Retzius, of Stock-
holm.
\
!26f> [Drc.
The following were presented by Dr. Wilson on the usual condition :
Extrait du coiirs de Zoologio <iu Museum d'histoire naturelle sur Ics animaux
sans vertebras. Pur M. De Lamarck. 8vo.
History of British Alollusca and their Shells. By Prof. Forbes and S. Ilunlcy.
Part 20. 8vo.
Insectorum sive minimorum animalium theatrum : olim ab Ed. Wattomo, &c.
inchojtum, tandem T. Morpeti perfcctum. Folio.
Erd-und Siisvvasser-Gasteropoden der Schvveiz. Von J. D. W. Hartmann.
1 Band. Svo.
An Epitome of Lamarck's arrangement of Testacea. By Charles Dubois.
8vo.
Die Land-und Siisswasser-Mollusken von Java. Von Albert Mousson. Svo.
Die Sijdafrikanischen Mollusken von Prof. Dr. Ferdinand Krauss. 4to.
Die Blasonvviirmer. Ein Monographischer Versuch. Von Dr. A. Tschndi.
Abhiuidlimi; von einen Geschlecte vich^^cllalichter Conchylien mit sichtbaren
Gelenken u-eiche br-ym Linne Chitones heissen.
D. Edwardi Eichwaldi Geoj^inostico-ZoologicaE per Ingriam Marisque Baltici
Provincias nee non de Trilobitis observationes.
Maris Protogaei Nautilos et Argonautas vulgo Cornua Ammonis in Agro Cobur-
gico et vicino reperiundos; Descripsit, &c. D. J. G. M. Reinecke.
Descriptio et iconica delineatio novi generis Vermium, Stomachidac dicti in
corpore humano lospitantium. Auctore C. Perebroom.
Conchologia iconica. By L. Reeve. No. 70.
Histoire abregee des CoquiUages de Mer. Par S. L. P. Cubieres. -Ito.
December 4th.
Additional observations on the Osteology of the Iguanodon and Ilylajosaurus.
Bv G. A. Mantell. From the Author.
In^unt J. F. Meckelii Additamrnta ad historiam Molluscorum Piscium et
Amphibiorum. Deposited by Dr. (irifiilh.
J. F. Boltcn, M. D. ailCarolum Linne Epistola de novo quodam Zoophytorum
gencre. From the same.
Rariora Naturce et Artis item de re medica: oder settenhcrton der Natur und
Kunst des Kundmannischen Naturalien-Cabmets, wie auch der Arkency-Wissen-
schaft. Von D. C. Kuiidmann. Folio. From the .same.
Dr. Wilson presented the following on the usual condition:
Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. No. 8. 1819.
Comptes Rendus. Nos. 9 — 13. Tome 29.
Annals and Ma-iazine of Natural Histoiy. Vol.4. Second series. No. 21.
The London Athen.Tum. October, ISIl).
Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie. Von K. T. Menku und Dr. PfeifTer. Nos. 3, 4.
1849.
Conchologia iconica. By L. Reeve. Parts 77, 78.
Phycolo'^ia 15ritannica. By W'm. II. Harvey, M. D. Part 43.
Illustrations of British Mycology. By Mrs. T. J. Hnssey. Parts 29 and 30.
History of British MoUusca and their Shells. By Prof. Forbes and S. Hanley.
Part 21.
The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. Vol.5. Parti.
Uebfr den charakter der Vegetation auf den Inseln des Indischen Archipcls.
Von Dr. Reinwardt.
Die (Tolazbersie in der Tschitscherei Ein Bcitrag zur Botanischen Erdkunde
von L. Von Heerller.
A calender of Flora composed during the year 1809 at Washington. By George
Ciosfield.
Entozoorum sive Vermium Intestinalium historia naturalis: Auctore C. A.
Riidolphi. 2 vols. Svo.
Geoloaical and Mining Surveys of the Coal Districts of the counties of Tyrone
and Antrim in Ireland. By Richard Griffith. Svo.
Entozoorum synojisis. Auctore C. A. Rudolphi. Svo.
18+9.] 267
F.rster Nachtrag ziir Xaturgeschichte der Eingeweidcwiirmer von J. A. E.
Gofze. 4to.
Entomologische Beytriige zu des Ritter Linne zwolften ausgabe des Natursys-
ttms von J. A. ]■-. Goeze. 3 vols in U. Svo.
Schrilten der Naturloischenden Gesellschaft zu Leipzig. \'ol. 1st. -Ito.
Tentanien Herpetologite : Auctore J. T. Klein. 4to.
The uiternal structure ot"lbs>il vegetables Ibund in the Carbonirorous and Ooli-
tic deposits of Great Britain; describ(><l, &c., by H. T. M. Witliani. Ito.
A Flora of Liverpool. By T. B. Hall; and an appendix by Wilson Arniistead.
Svo.
Joannis Rail de variis plantarum methodis dissertatio brevis. Svo.
'I'he Language of Botany. By Thomas Martyn. Svo.
Priniitia; Flora Sarnic.v. By C. C. Babington. Svo.
A botanical guide of ihe Flowering plants, &c., found indigenous within six-
teen miles of Manchester. By Richard Buxlon. Svo.
Flora Metropolitana. By iJaniel Cooper. Svo ; and supplement Svo.
December llth.
Tconographie Ornithologiqne. Par 0. Des Murs. 12th Liv. From Mr. Ed.
Wilson.
Dr. Wilson presented the following, on condition that they be not taken from
the Hall.
The Naturalists' guide for collecting and preserving subjects of Natural History
and Botany. By Wm. Swainson.
Catalogue of the Australian Museum, 18'J7.
Essay on the method of stu'lyiiig Natural History. By Richard Kentish.
Catalogue of the Mammalia in the museum of the Zoological Society of London,
2d edition.
Notice of the subjects of Natural History in the Museum of the Liverpool Royal
Institution. IQmo.
List of Hymenopterous Insects in the British Museum. Part 2. Chalcidites;
list of Dipterous Insects in the same, part 2.
Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum, .'j-lth edition.
The Voyager's Companion; or Shell-collector's Pilot, &c. By J. Mavi-e, 4th
edition, 12mo.
Treatise on the art of preserving objects of Natural History. By W. Bullock.
2d edition.
Christoph. W. J. Gattereri Breviarium Zoolosiias, Pars 1. Mammalia. Svo.
Short sketches of the wild sports and Natural History of the Highlands. From
the Journal of Charles St. John. Svo.
The history of Brutes. By Wolfgangus Franzius, D. D., and now resolved into
English by N. W. 12mo. 1G70,
British Annual and Epitome of the prpgress of Science, for 1857, 1S38 and
1839. By Robert D. Thomson, M. D. 3 vols. 12mo.
Musceum Ludovicae Ulricas Regince Suecorum, &c. A Carolo v. Linne. Svo.
Elements of the natural history of the Animal Kingdom. By C. Stewart. 2d
edition. 2 vols.
A collection of letters illustrative of the progress of Science in Fnsiland, from
the reign of (Jiieen Elizabeth to that of Charles I[. Edited by C. Halllwell. Svo.
Nouveau tableau du Regne Animal. Par R. P. Lesson. Mammiferes. Svo.
Martini Listeri Historias Animalium Angli.T tres tractatus. Svo.
Catalogue systematique du Cabinet d'Ornithologie et de la collection de Qiiad-
rumanes de C. J. Temminck. Svo.
Catalogue of the Museum of the Liverpool Royal Institution. Svo.
The Zoological Magazine, or Journal of Natural History. Svo.
Essai sur I'histoire naturelle par C. G. Chesnon. Svo.
Zur Angewandten Naturgeschichte und Physiologie : Von H. G. Brown. Svo.
The Sea-side book. By W. H. Harvey, M. D. Svo.
26S [Di:c.
Fraiicisci Rcdi Experimenta circa res diverses naturalcs speciatim illas qu;E ox
Indiis adferuntur. ]'2mo.
Fauna der (ializisch-nukovvinischen AVirbelthiore. Yon. Dr. A. Zovvadski. .Svo.
Aiir;m.:si;irindi' di-r iNaturwisseiisclialt (iir die Juiii.'inl \ on Dr. J. Drai'd. bvo.
The Natural History ol Ireland, in tliree parts : by several hands. 4to.
Sangio d"Osservii/,ioni sopra C'isoladi CIumso ed Orsero d'Alberto Fortis. -Ito.
Zwei VVorte uber den jetzigen Zustand der Naturgescluchte. Von i)r. C. \.
Baer. 4to.
Elenclius Tabularum Pinacothecarum atque nonnulloruin Cimeliorum in Ga-
eopliylacis Levini Vincent. Ito.
Arithinonomia natnialis seu de numeris in rerum natura tentamen e Miiieralogia,
Botania et Zooiogia illustratum. Auctore Alberto Sonnenberg. 4to.
An abridged catalogue ol' the Satlron Walden Museum. Svo.
An history of tlie wonderful things of nature. Written by Johannes Johnstonus,
and now rendered into Knglish by a person of quality. Ito. 1G57.
Produzione naturali che si rftrovaiio nel itiusco Ginanni in Ravenna. 4to.
J. T. Klein sumnia dubiornm circa classes (iuadrupednm et Arnphibiorum in
Celebris doniini C. Liniiei Systemate Naturx'. 4to.
F.lements of Natural History, or an introduction to systennatic Zoology. By
J. A. Hinton. 4to.
Gotthelf Fischer's Naturhistorische Fragmente. 4to.
Notices sur les anirnaux nouveaux ou pen connus du Musee de Geneve. Par
F. J. Pictet. 4 Livs. in 3. 4to.
Johannes Herrmann observationes Zooiogica;, opus posthumum edidit F. L.
Hammer. 4to.
Observations sur I'histoire naturelle sur la physique et sur la pointure. 2 vol?.
in one. 4to.
Th.! Natural history of Oxfordshire. By R. Plot, L.L. D. Folio.
A philosophical account of the works of Nature. By Richard Bradley. 4to.
Deli' Historia naturaie de Ferrante Iniperato Napoiitano libri 28. Folio.
The Edinburiih Journal of Natural History, and of the Physical Sciences, con-
ducted by W. Macgillivray. The Animal Kingdom of the Baron Cuvier. enlarged
and adapted to the present state of Zoolojiical !>ciencc, &c., (in one vol. folio.)
The Natural History of Lancashire, Cheshire, and the Peak, in Derbyshire, &c.
By Charles Leigh, M. D. Folio.
Museum Wormianum: seu historia rerum rariorum qune Hasniae Danorum in
cedibus authoris servantur: adornuta ab Olao Worm, }>1. D. Folio.
Museum Tessinianum. Folio.
Eight unpublished Plates to Indian Zoology by Major ITardwicke. Folio.
Abbildungen aiis di'm Thierreiclie in Kupfersestochen von J. C. SusemihI.
Ornitholo^ie 4 Hel'ts, Entomologie 1 Heft, Amphibioloi-ie 1 Heft. 4to.
Die vollstiindigste Naturgeschichte des In-und Auslandes. Von H. G. L.Reich-
enbach. Aves Gallinacenc. 4to.
Essays upon Natural History and other miscellaneous subjects. By George
Edwards. 8vo.
Medical Zoology and Mineralogy. By John Stephenson, M. D. Svo.
The Naturalist's Pocket-Book, or Tourist's Companion. Hy George Graves. Svo.
Elements of Natural History, adapted to the present state of the Science. By
John Stark. 2 vols. 8vo.
Nachrichtcn von den Kaiserl.-iisterreicheschen Naturforschern in Brasilicn und
den Rpsultaten ihrer Betriebsatnkeit. Parts 1 and 2. Svo.
An Essay towards a natur.il history of the County of Dublin. By John Rutty,
M. D. 2 vols. Svo.
Synopsis of the Newcastle ^Tusoum. By George Townshend Fox, Esq. Svo.
Memoir instructif sur la maniere de rassembler, de preparer,, &c., les diverses
curiosites d'histoire naturelle. 8vo.
An essay towards a natural history of Cumberland and Westmoreland. By
Thos. Robin-on. Svo.
184.9.] 269
December 18//t.
Ora Lefvcrns Byggnad af A. Retzius. From the Author.
Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia. Vol. 3. No?. 6 and 7.
From the Editor.
Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou. No. 4, 1S14;
No. 1, 1S45. From the Society.
Observations sur les phenomenes periodiques du Regne Animal, par Ed. de
Sclys Longchamps. From the Author.
Additional MSS. of the late Prof. E. F. Rafmesque. From Prof. Haldeman.
Dr. Wilson presented the following, on condition that they be not taken from
the Hall.
Voyage en Abyssinie : par MAI. Ferrett et Galinier : Texte, livs. 9-12. Svo:
planches, livs. 9-12. Folio.
The Zoology of the Voyage of the Samarang. No. 5. 4to.
The History of Sumatra. By \Vm. Marsden. 4to.
Discoveries in Australia: with an account of the coasts and rivers explored
and surveyed during the voyage of the Beagle in 1837-'43. By J. Lort Stokes,
R. N. 2 vols. Svo.
Narrative of a voyage round the world in H, M. S. Sulphur, lS3G-'42. By
Capt. Sir Ed. Belcher, R. N. 2 vols. Svo.
Travels in South Africa. By the Rev. John Campbell. First Journey, 3d
edition. Svo ; 2d journey, 2 vols. Svo.
Reisen in der Regentschaft Algier in den Jahren 1836, '37, '38 ; von Moritz
Wagner. 3 vols. Svo.
Herrn Carl Linnaei Reisen durch das Konigreich Schweden ; Reisen durch
Oeland und Gothland; Reisen durch Westgothland, (in one vol. Svo.)
A Tour through Sweden, Swedish-Lapland, Finland and Denmark, in a series
of Letters. By Matthew Consett, Esq. 4to.
Travels through Sweden, Finland and Lapland to the North Cape in 1798 and
'99. By Joseph Acerbi. 2 vols. 4to.
Viaggio in Dalmazia dell' Abate Alberto Fortis. 2 vols. 4to.
Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashantee. ByT. Ed. Bowdich, Esq. 4to.
Narrative of a second voyage in search of a North-west passage ; and of a resi-
dence in the Arctic Regions in 1829-'33. By Sir John Ross, R.N. 4to.
Reise durch Schweden, Norwegen, 'Lapland, Finland und Ingermannland in
den Jahren 1817-'20 : von F. W. Von Schubert. 3 vols, Svo.
De generis humani varietate natura : ed. 3ta : auctore J. F. Blumenbach, M. D.
Svo.
Grundriss der Naturgeschichte der Menschenspecies. VonC.F. Liuhvig. Svo.
Commentatio philologica de Simiarum. Ab Auctore M. Anton A. H. Lich-
tenstein.
Synopsis of Quadrupeds. By Thos. Pennant. Svo.
History of Quadrupeds. By Thomas Pennant. 2 vols. 4to.
The Natural History of the Sperm Whale. By Thomas Beale. Svo.
Library of Useful Knowledge. Cattle, their breeds, management and diseases.
By Wm. Youatt. Svo.
The Natural History of British Quadrupeds. By E. Donovan. 3 vols, in one.
Svo.
New Zealand: being a narrative of Travels and adventures during a residence
in that country in 1831-'37. By J. S. Pollock, Esq. 2 vols. Svo.
An account of the Arctic regions, with a history and description of the Northern
Whale Fishery. By Wm. Scoresby, Jr. 2 vols. Svo.
Narrative of a Journey to the Zoolu Country, in South Africa. By Capt. A.
F. Gardiner, R. N. Svo.
Narrative of the voyage of H. M. S. Samarang, in 1845-'46. By Capt. Sir Ed.
Belcher, R. N. 2 vols. 8vo.
37
270
[Dbc.
Briefe aus
der Schwei/. nach Ihmovcr geschriebei. m deni .lahr 17G3.
Voii
i;7.tpeSQuadrupedun. e GUnum ordine. Auctore P. S. Pallas. 4to.
Dr. Wilson also pvesented '^^^^:^^Z^,^^-;;;^.ner^o,y,
and December, iS-VJ, alltho^e woiks P'^" ?"' ^ '''I'?^^^ iotany, General
Herpetology, Ichthyology Entomology, Geology Concho^^^ I^/nod.cals.
Natural History, Mammalogy, ^^^^es and 1 ravels anj me j^^^ ^^^1
on condition that they be not aken aom he l^al • 1 he L.^ ^^^^ V ^^_
vols, and G6G parts, pamphleis, &c., the titles oi
nounced from time to time in the Proceedings.
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Class AVES.
I. Order R.^P TO RES.
I. Family VULTURID^.
I. Subfamily VULTURIN^.
1. Genus VULTUR, Linn.
1 . VULTUR. MONACHUS, Linii. Sijst. J\'af. i. p. 122. Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 2.
Vultur cinereus et cristatus, Gm. Syst. jYat. i. p. 24<7, 250.
Vultur vulgaris et chincou, Daudin. Traits d''Orn. ii. p. 12, 16.
Vultur arabicus, Briss. Orn. vi. Supp. p. 29. Edwards^ Birds.
pi. 290.
Vultur arrianus, Pic. La Peyr. Zool. des Pyrenees.
Vultur leporarius, Gesner.
Vultur niger et nigricans, B7iss. Brehm Vog. Deuts. p. 9.
Vultur imperialis, Temm. PL col. 426.
Polypterix cupido, Hodgson. Gray, Zool. Misc. 1844.
1. Adult, Moldavia, from the Rivoli collection.
2. middle age, Moldavia, from the same.
3. younger, Europe, from the same.
4. Adult, India, from Capt. Boys' collection.
2. VULTUR OCCIPITALIS, Burchell. Ti-av. in South .Africa, ii. p. 310,
329. Le Vaill. Ois. d'Afr. pi. 12.
Vultur galericulatus, Temm. PL col. 13. R'upp. Atlas, pi. 22.
1, 2. Adults, Cape of Good Hope, from the Rivoli collection.
3. younger, Africa, from the same.
2. Genus OTOGYPS, G. R. Gray.
1. OTOGYPS AURicuLAUis, (Daud.) Lc Vaill. Ois. d'Afr. pi. 9.
Vultur auricularis, Daudin, Txaite d'Orv. ii. p. 10,
Vultur iEgyptius, Temm. PL col. 407.
Vultur nubicus, Ham. Smith. Griffith's Cuvier, Aves. pi. 4.
1,2. Adults, Cape of Good Hope, from the Rivoli collection.
3. younger, Africa, from the same.
2. OTOGYPS CALVus, (Scop.) Gray, III. Ind. Zoo. pi. 15.
Vultur calvus, Scopoli. Flora et Fauna Insuhriccz.
Vultur ponticerianus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 7. Daud. Traite ii.
p. 11.
1. Adult, India, from the Rivoli collection.
2. Adult female, India, from Capt. Boys' collection.
II. Subfamily GYPINJE.
1. Genus GYPS, Savigny.
1. GYPS FULVus, (Gm.) Gotdd, B. of Eur. pi. 1. Biiffon. PL Enl. 426.
Vultur fulvus, Gmelin. Syst. Mil. i. p. 249.
Vultur percnopterus, Lafh. hid. Orn. i. p. 2. {not Linn.)
Vultur leucocephalus, Meyer. Tasch. Dent. i. p. 7.
Vultur trincalos, Bechstein. JYat. Dent. ii. p. 479.
Vultur persicus, Pallas. Zoog. i. p. 377.
Vultur albicollis, Lindermayer. Isis, 1843, p. 3241
1. Adult, Europe, presented by A. L. Heerman, M. D.
2. middle age, Europe, from the Rivoli collection.
3, 4. Cape of Good Hope, from the same.
5. young. Cape of Good Hope, from the same.
6. Adult male, India, from Capt. Boys' collection.
7. Adult female, India, from the same.
Vultur indlcus, Temminck. PL col. 26, (plate not text.)
8,9. Adults? Cape of Good Hope? from the Rivoli collec-
tion.
10, 11. younger, Africa? from the same.
Vultur Kolbii, Daudin. Traite d'Orn. ii. p. 15.
12, 13. South Africa, from the Rivoli collection.
Gyps tenuirostris, Hodgson, [ubi?) Gray's Genera, pi. 3.?
14. India, from the Rivoli collection.
15. young female. ?
2. GYPS BENGALENSis, (Gm.) Gray, III. Ind. Zoo. pi. 14, 15.
Vultur bengalensis, Gm. Syst. J^Tat. i. p. 245.
Vultur chaugoun, Daud. Traite d'Orn. ii. p. 14. Le Vaill. Ois.
d'Jlfr. pi. 11.
Vultur leuconotus. Gray. III. Ind. Zoo. pi. 15.
Vultur indicus. Lath. Ind. Orn. i, p. 7 ?
1. Adult male, Pondicherry, from the Rivoli collection.
2. Adult, India, from the same.
3, 4, 5. younger, India, from the same.
III. Subfamily GYPAETINJE.
1. Genus GYPAKTOS, Storr.
1. GVPAETos BARBATUS, (Linn.) Gould,B. of Eur. -p]. 4: Gray^s Genera,
pi. 1.
Vultur barbatus, Linn. Syst. J\''nf. i. p. 123.
Vultur niger et barbarus, Gm. Syst. A^al. i. p. 248, 250.
Falco barbatus ct magnus, Gm. Syst. MU. i. p. 252.
Vultur alpinus, Briss. Oni. i. p, 464.
Vultur aureus, Gesnei\
Vultur bceticus, Aldrovandus.
Gypaetos grandis, Storr.
Gj^pai'tos castaneus, Baud. Traite d'Orn. ii. p. 26.
Gypaetos leucocephalus et melanocephalus, Meyer. Tasch. deuts.
Fog. i. p. 9, 10.
Gypaetos Hemachalanus, Hutton. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. 1838,
Gypaetus meridionalis, Blasws. Ri'ipp. Uebersicht. pi. 1.?
Phene ossifraga et gigantea, Savigny.
1. Adult, Europe, from the Rivoli collection.
2, 3. young, Europe, from the same.
4. G. meridionalis, Bias. Adult, Northern Africa, from
M. Riippell's collection. Presented by J. E. Hol-
brook, M. D.
5. G. hemachalanus, Hutton ? Adult male, India, from
Capt. Boys' collection.
6. the same. Adult female, India, from the same.
IV. Subfamily NEOPHRINJE.
1. Genus NEOPHRON, Savigny.
1. NEOPHRON PERCNOPTERUS, (Linn.) Selby, Brit. Orn. pi. A. Gould.
B. of Eur. pi. 14.
Vultur percnopterus, Linn. Syst. JVat. i. p. 123.
Vultur fuscus, Gm. Syst. J\at. i. p. 248.
Vultur leucocephalos et isgyptius, Briss. Orn. i. p- 457, 4G5.
Vultur ginginianus, Baud. ii. p. 20, 21.
Vultur meleagris, Pallas.
Vultur stercorarius, La Peyrouse.
Percnopterus segyptiacus, Stephens. Gen. Zoo. xiii.
1, 2. Adult, Africa, from the Rivoli collection.
3. Adult, Abyssinia, from M. Riippell's collection. Pre-
sented by J. E. Holbrook, M. D.
4, 5. young, Europe, from the Rivoli collection.
6. young, Europe?
2. NEOPHRON pileatus, (Burch.) Temm. PI. col. 222.
Vultur pileatus, Burchell. Trav. S. Afr. p. 195.
Cathartes monachus, Temm. PI. col. 222.
Percnopterus niger. Lesson. Traite d'Orn. i. p. 29.
Neophron carunculatus, A. Smith. S. Afr. Quar. Jour. ii. p. 253?
1, 2. Adult females, Africa, from the Rivoli collection.
3. young male. Country of the Ashantees, Western Africa.
2. Genus GYPOHIERAX, Riippell .
1. GYPOHIERAX angolensis, (Gm.) Gruy's Gcuera, jil. i: Jard.^- Selby.
///. JV. S. pi. 13.
Falco angolensis, (imtlin. Syst. .Y(tt. i. p. 252.
Polyborus! Iiypoleuciis, Bennett. Proc. Zoo. Soc. Lond. 1830,
p. 13.
1. Male, nearly adult, Rio de Bontry, coast of Guinea.
2. Adult female. Western Africa, from the Rivoli col-
lection.
I
V. Subfamily SARCORAMPHINJE.
1. Genus SARCORAMPHUS, Dumeril.
1. SARCORAMPHUS GRYPiius, (Linn.) Temni. PL col. 133, 408, 494.
Vultur gryphus, Linn. Syst. jYaf. i. p. 121.
Vultur magellanicus, S/uiw. AJus. Leverianum. pi. 1.
Vultur Condor, S/taw. Gen. Zool. i. p. 2.
1. Adult male. South America, from the Rivoli collection.
2. Adult male. South America.
3. Adult female .' South America, from the Rivoli col-
lection.
4. young male, Peru, from Dr. J. K. Townsend's col-
lection.
5, 6, young, from the Rivoli collection.
2. SARCORAMPHUS PAPA, (Linn.) Buff. PL Eid. 428. VieilL GuL pi. 3.
Vultur papa, Linn. Syst. J^'at. i. p. 122.
Vultur sacra, Bartrum. Travels, p. 289. Lath. Gen. Hist. i.
p. 11?
Vultur monachus, Klein.
Vultur elegans, Gerini.
1. Adult male. South America, from the Rivoli collection.
2. Adult female, Peru. Presented by W. S. W. Ruschen-
berger, M. D., U. S. Navy.
2. Genus CATHARTES, Illis^er.
1. CATHARTES CALiFORNiANus, (Shaw.) ^ud. B. of Jim. pi. 411. Gray^s
Genera, pi. 2.
Vultur californianus, Shav:. Knt. Misc. ix. pi. 301.
Cathartes vulturinus, Temm. PL col. 51.
1. Adult, California.
2. CATHARTES JoTA, (Mol.) Aud. B. of Am. pi. 106. Wilson. Am. Orn.
pi. 75, fig. 2.
Vultur jota, Molina. Sacrgio sulla Storia JVaturale del Chili.
Vultur urubu, VieilL Ois. de I' Am. Sept. pi. 2.
Vultur atratus, Bartram. Trnv. p. 289.
Vultur foctens, Illiger. (Auct.) ubil
'* Vultur aura. Linn." VieilL Ois. de I'Am. Sept. i. p. 23.
"Cathartes aura," Spix. Av. Bras. i. p. 2.
1. Adult, Florida. Presented by Thos. McEuen, M. D.
2. Adult female, United States. Presented by Mr. J. J.
Audubon.
3. Adult, South America? from the Rivoli collection.
4. nearly adult, South America, from the same.
3. CATHAUTES AURA, (Linn.) Aud. B. of Jim. pi. lol. Wilson, Am.
Orn. pi. 75, fig. 1.
Vultur aura, Linn. Sj/st. jYat. i. p. 122.
Vultur brasiliensis, Briss. Orn. i. p. 468. Sloane''s Jamaica, pi,
254.
Cathartes ruficoUis, Spix. Av. Bras. i. p. 2- Catesby's Carolina,
pi. 6.
Cathartes septentrionalis, De Wied. Tschudi, Faun. Peruana. Orn.
p. 74.
1. Adult male, Florida. Presented by Thos. McEuen,M.D.
2. Adult, United States,
3. younger, from the Rivoli collection.
4. chick, South America ?
4. CATHARTES BURRoviANUS, Cassin. Proc. Acad. J^at. Sci. Philada. ii.
p. 212, {March, 1845.)
1. Adult, South America? from the Rivoli collection.
2. younger, Mexico. Presented by Marmaduke Burrougli,
M. D.
r.«
CATALOGUE
OK THE
S T E I G I D iE
IN THE COLLECTION OF
THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
OF PHILADELPHIA.
BT
JOHN CASSIN.
III. Family STRIGID,f:.
I. Suhfamih/ STBIGIJV^.
1. Genus STRIX, Linn.
1. STitix flammi:a, Linn. Sysf. .J\'af. i. p. 133. Gou/d, B. of Ear. pi,
36. .S'e%. Brit. Orn. pi. 24.
Strix guttata, Brc/i7n. ViJg. Dents, p. 106.
1. Adult male, Europe, from the Rivoli collection.
2, 3. Adult, France, from the same.
4. Adult male, Europe.
5. Adult female, France, Presented by J. Trudeau, M. D.
6. very young, France, from the Rivoli collection,
7. Adult, Western Africa, Presented by Mr, Ceo, IN.
Law^rence.
2. sTKix PRATiNcoLA, Bonaparte, Geog. Sr Comp. List. p. 7, ./!ud.
B. of.^im. pi, 171.
Strix americana. And. 8yn. p, 2.5.
" Strix flammea, Linn." Wilson. Am. Orn. vi. p. 57.
1. North America? from the Rivoli collection.
2. Adult female, New Jersey, from Mr. John Cassia's
collection.
3. STRIX PERLATA, Licht, Cat. Vvp. Berlin Museum, p. 59.
Strix furcata, Temm. PL col. 432,
1. Adult, Cuba Presented by Richard C. Taylor, Esq.
2. middle age, from the Rivoli collection.
3. young, California, from Dr. Wm. Gambel's collection.
4. STRIX TENEBRicosus, Gould. Proc. Zool. Sac. London, 1845, p. 80.
B. of Aust. i. pi. 3Q.
Strix migera. Catnlogve of the Rivoli collection.
1. Adult female, Australia, from the Rivoli collection.
2. young male? N. S. Wales, from Mr. John Gould's
collection.
5. STRIX cASTA.vops, Gould. Proc. Zoo. Sac. London, 1836, p. 140.
JB. of Aust. i. pi. -.^S.
1. Male, Van Dieman's land, from Mr. Gould's collection.
2. Female, Van Dieman's land, from the same.
3. young male, Van Dieman's land, from the same.
4. Adult female, Australia, from the Rivoli collection.
6. sTRix PERSONATA, Vio;ors. Proc. Zoo. Soc. Land. 1831, p. 60.
Gould, B. of Aust. i. pi. 29.
Strix Cyclops, Gould. Proc. Zoo. Soc. Lond. 1836, p. 1-tO.
1. Adult malp, Western Australia, from Mr. Gould's col-
lection.
2. Male, New South Wales, from the same.
3. Male, Southern Australia, from the same.
4, 5. Adult female, S. Australia, from the same.
6,7. Females, Australia, from the Rivoli collection.
8,9. younger, Australia, from the same.
10. Strix Cyclops, Gould. Swan River, Australia, from the
same.
7. STRIX DELicATULA, Gould. Proc. Zoo. Soc. Loti. 1836, p. 140. B.
of Aust. i. pi. 31.
1, 2. Adult males, Australia, from Mr. Gould's collection.
3. Female, Australia, from the same.
4,5. Australia, from the Rivoli collection.
6. Australia. Presented by C. Huffnagle, M. D.
8. STRIX CANDIDA, Tickell. Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, ii. p. 57. Jerdon,
III. Ind. Orn. pi. 30.
Strix longimembris, Jerdon. Madras Jour. Lit. and Set. 1839,
p. 86.
1. Male, India.
9. STRIX JAVANICA, Gm. Syst. Jfat. i. p. 295. Gray S,- Mitch. Gen.
Birds, pi. 15.
1. Female, India.
2. India? from the Rivoli collection.
3. Adult male, from Capt. Boys' collection.
4. Adult female, from the same.
10. STRIX CAPENsis, A. Smith. S. Af. Quart. Jour. 1836. ///. .S^. Af.
Zoo. Aves, pi. 45.
Strix flammeoides. Cafrdogue of the Rivoli collection.
1,2. Adult females, Cape of Good Hope, from the Rivoli
collection.
3. young female, Southern Africa, from the same.
2. Genus PHODILUS, GeofTroy.
1. PHODILUS RADIUS, (Horsf.) Temm. PI. col. 318.
Strix badia, Horsfield. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xiii. p. 139. Zool.
Res. Java, pi. 36.
1. Male, India, from Capt. Boys' collection.
3. Genus OTUS, Cuvier.
1. OTUS vuLGAPas, Fleming. Brit. .7n. p. 56. Selhy, Brit. Orn. pi.
20.
Strix otus, Linn. Syst. Aat. i. p. 132. Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 39.
Otus albicollis, Daudin. Orn. ii. p. 213.
Strix deniinuta, Pallas. Trav. Russ. ii. p. 707 ?
Otus europeus, Stephens. Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 57.
Otus communis, Lesson. Tr. d^Orn. i. p. 110.
Otus sylvestris, arboreus et gracilis, Brehm. Vijg. Deuis. p. 121.
1,2, 3, 4. Adults, France, from the Rivoli collection.
5, 6. younger, Europe, from the same.
7. very young, Europe, from the same.
2. OTUS wiLSONiANUs, Less. Traite d'Orn. i. p. 110. Wilson, Jim. Orn.
pi. 51, fig. 3.
Otus americanus, Bonap. Comp. List. p. 7.
Strix peregrinator, Bartram. Trav. p. 289 ?
1. Adult female, near Chester, Penna., from Mr. Cassin's
collection.
2. Adult, near Philadelphia. Presented by J. K. Town-
send, M. D.
3. OTUS MExicANUs, Gm. Jlud. B. of Am. pi. 412.
Strix mexicana, Gmelin. Syst. .Nat. i. p. 288.
Strix americana, Gm. Syst. JS'at. i. p. 288 ?
Strix longirostris, Spix. Av. Bras. pi. 9.
Bubo clamator, Vieill. Ois, d'Am. Sept. pi. 20.
1, 2. Adult females, Bahia, from the Rivoli collection.
3. younger, from the same.
4. Adult male, Cayenne.
5. Adult, Surinam. Presented by C. Hering, M. D.
4. OTUS MADAGASCARlENsis, A. Smith. Cat. S. Af. Mus.
1. Male, Madagascar, from the Rivoli collection.
5. OTUS BRACHYOTUS, (Gm.) Gould^s B. of Eur. pi. 40. Wilson, Am.
Orn. pi. 33, f. 3.
Strix brachyotos et accipitrina, Gmelin. Syst. JVat. i. p. 289.
Strix fEgolius et ulula, Pallas. Zoos;, i. p. 309, 322.
Strix caspia, Shaw. (icn. Zoo. rii. p. 272.
Strix tripennis, Schrank. Fauna Boica-
Strix arctica, Sparrman. Mus. Carlson.
Strix brachyura, .JVillson. Fauna Stiecica, p. 62.
Otus palustris et agrarius, Brehm. Vog. Deuts. p. 124.
1, 2, 3. Adult, France, from the Rivoli collection.
4. Male, France, from the same.
5. very young, France, from the same.
6. Adult, Europe. Presented by A. L. Heerman, M. D.
7. Adult malo, Pcimsvlvaiiia. rrcseiiti'd Ity Juliii K.
Townsend, M. J).
8. Adult female, New Jersey. Presented Ijv William
Gamhel, M. D.
9. Female, Cordilleras, South America.
10. Rio La Plata, South America. Presented by W. S. W.
Ruschenbergcr, M. D., U. S. Navy.
11. Male, Northern India.
12. Adult male, India, from Ca])t. Boys' collection.
13, l-i. Adult females, India, from the same.
G. oTLs GALAPAfiOENSis, Gould. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend. 1887, }>. 10.
Voy. Bett'Tle. Birds, ]il. '.i.
1. Hawaii, Sandwich Islands, from Dr. Townsend's col-
lection.
7. OTUS CAPENSis, A. Smith. S. .If. Qwirl. Jour. IS."]."). ///. ,S'. .■//■.
Zool. Jli'cs, pi. ()7.
Otus abyssinicus, Guerin. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 321. Firnl cS' Gali-
nier. Voij. ^^byss. Ois. pi. 3.
1. South Africa, from the Rivoli collection.
2. Adult, ^lorocco.
;j Genus SYRNIUM, Savigny.
1. SYRNIUM ALuco, (Linn.) Selby\s Brit. 0/-/1. pi. 25. Gould, B.of Eur.
pi. 4-7.
Strix aluco, Linn. Syst. A*//, i. p. 132.
Strix stridula, Linn. Syst. jYat. i. p. 133.
Strix soloniensis, Gm. Syst. A''(if. i. p. 293.
Strix sylvatica, S/urw. Gen. Zool. vii, p. 2:') 3.
Strix sylvestris, alba, noctua et rufa, Scopoli. .^nn. Hist. .Xut.
Syrnium ululans, Savigny. Esypie xxiii. p. 299.
1, 2. Males, Europe, from the Rivoli collection.
3. Female, France, from the same.
4. very young, b'rance, from the same,
f), 6, 7. Europe.
2. SVKNIUM NEBJJLOSUM, (Gm.) Wilson's ^^m. Orn. pi. 33, f. 2. Df Kny,
Mtt. Hist. JVew York. Orn. ])1. 10.
Strix nebulosa, Gmelin. Syst. J\"at. i. p. 291. .'7ud. B. of .^Im.
pi. 46.
Strix chichictii, Gm. Syst. J\at. i. p. 2!Ui. />////. C/m. Hist. i.
p. 364 ?
Strix Fornandica, Shiw. Gen. Zool. vii. p. 263 ?
1. Adult female, Chester county, Penna. I'resented by
Samuel W. Woodhousp, M. D.
2. Adult, near Chester, Penna., from Mr. Cassin's col-
lection.
3, 4. Europe ? from the Rivoli collection.
3. SYR.\n:>i iTvALKXSE, (Pull.) (Jou/iJ\s B. of Kar. ])1. -i-i.
Strix ui'alensis, Pallas. Travels Russia, .Ippendix, No. 25,
Strix liturata, Retz. Fan. Sue. p. 79. Temin. PL col. '21.
Strix macroura, .Xutterer. Meyer Tasc/i. i. p. 84.
''Strix iTiacrocephala, Meisner." Brelim. Voir. Deals, p. llo.
1. Adult, Sweden, from Mr. J. G. Kinberg's collection.
2. Adult, Europe, from the Rivoli collection.
4. SYRNHJM Fr-scEscRNs, (Temm. & Schl.) Fauna Japonica, pi. 10.
Strix fuscescens, Temm. tS* Schl. Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 30.
1. Adult female, .Tapan.
5. sYRNiuM ciNRREUM, (Gm.) Tiich. cS" Sw. Fauna Bar. Am. Birds, pi.
31. AuJ. B. of Am. pi. 351.
Strix cinerea, Gmelin. Syst. JVat. i. p. 291.
Strix lapponica, Relz. Fan. Sue. p. 79.
Strix barbata, Pallas, Zooi^. i. p. 318.
Strix acclamator, Bartram. Travels, p. 289.
Strix fuliginosa, Shaw. Gen. Zoo. vii. p. 244.
1. Adult, Europe, from the Rivoli collection.
2. Female, Russia.
3. Adult female. Rocky Mountains, from Dr. Townsend's
collection.
6. SYRNiuM LEPTOGUAMMicuM, (Temm.) PI. col. 525.
Strix leptogrammica, Temminck. PI. col. iii p. (liv. 88.)
1. Male, nearly adult, Sumatra.
2. Female, Sumatra, from the Rivoli collection.
7. sYRNiuM HYLorHiLUM, (Temm.) Pi. col. 373.
Strix hylophila, Temminck. PL co. ii. p. (liv. 63.)
1. nearly adult, Bogota, from the Rivoli collection.
2. younger, Bahia, from the same.
3. nearly adult, Rio La Plata. Presented by W. S> W.
Ruschenberger, M. D., U. S. Navy.
.8. ^YRNTUM FASCiATiM, (Vieill.) .^'ouv. Bicf. d'Hist. .XaL vii. p. 21?
Strix fasciata, J'ieillof, [at supra.) Ency. .Meih. iii. p. 1288"?
Syrnium zonocercus. List of Spec, of Birds in Brit. .Mus^f
1. South America, from the Rivoli collection.
2. younger, Bahia, from the same.
9. SYRNIUM viRCATPM, Cassin. Proc. Acad. Aw/. Sci. Phdada. iv.
p. 124. (Dec. 1848.)
1. Adult, Bogota, from the Rivoli collection.
2. younger. South America, from the same.
3,4. Nlexico, from Mr. W. S. Pease's collection.
r>. Adult male .' Trimdad, liom Mr. Cassia's collection.
6. Male, Cayenne.
7. Female, Cayenne.
10. SYRNiuM ALBOGULARis, Cassin. Proc. Acad. v\a/. Sci. Philada. iv.
p. 124. (Dec. 1848.)
1. Adult male? South America, from the Rivoli col-
s. lection.
2. Female, South America, from the same.
3. Female, South America.
11. sYRNiiTM sELOPUTo, (Horsf.) Tevim. PL col. 230.
Strix seloputo, Horafield. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xiii. p. 140.
Strix pagadorum, Temminck. PI. col. ii. p. (liv. 39.)
1, 2. Adults, Java, from the Rivoli collection.
3. young female, Java.
12. SYRNIUM siNENSE, (Lath.) Gray^s 111. Ind. Zoo. pi. 21.
Strix sinensis, Latham. Index Orn.
Strix orientalis, Shaw. Gen. Zoo. vii. p. 257.
Syrnium ocellatum, Lesson. Rev. Zoo. 1839, p. 289.
Strix jougou. Catalogue of the Rivoli collection.
1, 2. Adult males, India, from the JRivoli collection.
3. Adult female, India.
4, 5. Adults, India, from the Rivoli collection.
6. nearly adult, India, from the same.
13. SYRNIUM NivicoLUM, Hodgson. Jour. As. Soc. Bernral, xiv. p. Ib.T.
1. young female, Sumatra.
14. SYRNIUM wooDFORDii, (A. Smith.) ///. Zoo. S. Africa, Aves,
pi. 71.
iVoctua Woodfordii, A. Smith. S. Afr. Quar. Jour. 1834.
1. Adult, Cape of Good Hope, from the Rivoli collection.
4. GeniLs NYCTALE, Brehm.
FUNKREA, (Linn.) Gould's B. of Eur. pi. 40.
merea, fjnn. Fauna Suecica, p. 2."^, \o. 7."). Spt. A'at. i.
NVCTALE F\
Strix fur
p. 133.
Strix Tengmalmi, Gmdin. Sr/st. Xat. i. p. 291.
Strix dasypus, Jirchs. Orn. Tasch. p. .57.
"Strix noctua, Tengmalin." .Vi/lson. Fau. Sue. p. Hli.
Nyctale pinotorum, abietum et planiceps, Brehm. I'iip. Deut. i.
p. 112,11 3.
J, 2. Adults, Europe, from the Rivoli collnctinn.
3, Adult, France. Prespiit»Ml by A. L. Hetrman, M. D.
2. nyctale acadica, (Gm.) Aud. B. of Jim. pi. 199.
Strix acadica, Gvi. Syst. jYat. i. p. 296.
Strix acadiensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 65.
" Strix passerina, Linn." Wilson, Am. Orn. iv. p. 66. pi. 34,
%. 1.
"Strix albifrons?" Wilson, Am. Orn. iv. p. 67.
1,2. Adulls, from the Kivoli collection.
3. Adult, near Chester, Penna., from Mr. Cassia's col-
lection.
4. Adult, California, from Dr. Gambel's collection.
3. NYCTALE HARRisii, Cussin. Proc. Acad. JVat. Sci. Philuda. Feb.
1849.
1. South America? from Mr. J. G. Bell's collection.
II. Subfamihj BUBONINJE.
1. Genus BUBO, Sibbald.
1. BUBO MAXiMus, Sibb. Gould's B. of Eur. pi. 37. Selby, Brit. Orn.
pi. 19.
Bubo maximus, Sibbald. Scotia illustraia, Pars ii. Lib. iii. p. 15.
Strix bubo, atheniensis, et scandiaca, Linn. Syst. JVaf. i. p. 131,
132.
Bubo italicus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 482,
Bubo albus. Baud. Traite ii. p. 210?
Bubo europceus, Lesson. Traite i. p. 115.
Bubo germanicus et septentrionalis, Brehm. Vbg. Deut. p. 119,
120.
1. Adult male, Europe, from the Rivoli collection.
2. Adult female, Europe, from the same.
3. Adult female, Switzerland, from the same.
4. Male, France. Presented by A. L. Heerraau, M. D.
2. BUBO viRGiNiANUs, Briss. Orn. i. p. 484. Wilson, Am. Orn. pi. 50,
f. 1.
Strix pythaules, Bartram. Travels, p. 2S9.
Bubo pinicola, Vieill. Ois. de PAm. Sept. pi. 19. Aud. B. of Am.
pi. 61.
Bubo ludovicianus, Baud. Traite d^Or. ii. p. 210.
1, 2. Adult, North America, from the Rivoli collection.
3. Adult female. New Jersey, from Mr. Cassin's col-
lection.
4. Male, nearly adult, Pennsylvania, from the same.
5. Adult female, Moorestown, N.J. Presented by Edward
Harris, Esq.
6. Adult female. New Jersey. Presented by Ralph Ham-
merslv, M. D.
2
7. Adult lemale, Pennsylvania.
8. nearly adult.
9. very young, Pennsylvania, Presented by A. F.
JNIickle, M. D.
3. BUBO MAGELLANicus, (Gm.) Buffoji, PL Enl. 385.
Strix magellanicus, Gmelin. Syst. Jfat. i. p. 286. {var. 6.
S. bubo.)
Strix nacurutu, Vieill. JVouv. Did. d'Hist. JVat. vii. p. 44-.
1,2. From the Rivoli collection,
3. liio Grande, South America, from the same,
4- California, irom Dr. Gambol's collection.
5. very old male. South America.
4. BUBO CRASsiRoSTRis, (Vioill.) Temm. PL coL 62.
Strix crassirostris, Viei/lot. J\''otiv. Did. (THist. JVat. vii, p. 44.
Strix macrorhyncha, Te.mminck. PL coL ii. p. (liv, 11.)
1, 2. Adults, South America, from the Rivoli collection.
5. BUBO CAPENSis, Daud. Traite d'Orn. ii. p. 209, v?. Smith. IlL Zoo.
S. Afr. Aves, pi. 70,
1, Adult, Cape of Good Hope, from the Rivoli collection.
2. South Africa, from the same.
6. BUBO MACULosus, (Vieill.) Temm. PL coL 50.
Strix maculosus, VieilL JYouv. Did. vii. p. l-l,
Strix africana, Temminck. PL coL ii, p. (liv, 9.)
1. Adult male, Cape of Good Hope, from the Kivoli col-
lection.
2, Adult female. Cape of Good Hope, from the same,
3, 4, 5. South Africa, from the same,
6. young. South Africa, from the same.
7. BUBO ciiN'EKASCENs, Gucrin. Rev. Zoo. 1843, p. 321, Ferret &; GnL
Voy. Abyss. Ois. pi. 2.
1. Adult, Fazogloa, Eastern Africa, from the Rivoli col-
lection.
2, 3, Fazogloa, from the same.
8. BUBO ASCALAPHUs, (Savigny.) Desc. de P Egypte, Hist. .M//. i. p. 1 10.
Ois. pi. 3, f. 2.
Strix ascalaphus, Savigny.
Ascalaphia Savicrni, Gcoffroy. Mem. du Mus. 1830, p. Gould,
B. of Eur. pi. 38.
1. Adult male, Egypt, from the Rivoli collection.
2. Adult, Morocco, from the same.
9. BUBO BKNGALENSis, (Franklin.) Gould's Century of Birds, pi. 3. ^
Otus bensalensis, Franklin. Proc. Zoo. Soc. London, lS31,
p. 115.
Bubo? cavearius, Hodgson. Asiatic Researches, xix. p. 169.
1, 2. India, from the Rivoli collection.
3. Adult male, India.
4. Adult female, India.
5. Adult male, India, from Capt. Boys' collection.
10. BUBO oRiENTALis, (Horsf.) Temm. PI. col. 174, 229.
Strix orientalis, Horsjield. Trans. Linn. Soc London, x'lu. p. 140.
Strix sumatrana, Raffles. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xiii. p. 279.
Strix strepitans, Temm. PL col. ii. p. (liv. 30.)
Bubo nipalensis, Hodgson. Asiatic Researches, xix. p. 172.
1. Adult, Java, from the Rivoli collection.
2. young, Java.
n. BUBO coROMANDUS, (Lath.) Gray, III. Ind' Zoo. pi. 20.
Strix coromanda, Latham. Ind. Orn, i. p. 9.5. Baud. Traite d^Orn.
ii. p. 215.
Urrua umbrata, Blyth. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. xiv. p. ISO.
1. Adult, from the Rivoli collection.
2. Adult male, India.
3. Adult female, India.
12. BUBO LACTEUS, (Temm.) PI. col. 4.
Strix lacteus, Temm. PL col. ii. p. (liv. 1.)
1, 2. Adults, Senegal, from the Rivoli collection.
3. Adult, Fazogloa, from the same.
13. BUBO PEC TOR ALis, (Jerdon.) ?
1. Adult? Hi m.alay a mountains.
2. Genus KETUPA, Lesson.
1. K.ETUPA cEYLONENSis, (Gm.) Temm. PL col. 20.
Strix zeylonensis, Gmelin. Syst. JsTat. i. p. 287.
Strix Hardwickii, Gray. III. Ind. Zool. pi. 31.
Strix Leschenaultii, Temm. PL col. ii. p. (liv. 4.)
Strix dumeticola, Tickell. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. ii. p. 571.
Cultrunguis nigripes, Hodgson. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 363.
1. Adult female, India, from the Rivoli collection.
2, 3. Adults, India, from the same.
2. KETUPA JAVANENSis, Lesson. Traite d'Orn. i. p. 114. Temm. PL
col. 74.
Strix ketupa, Horsjield. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xiii. p. 141.
"Strix ceylonensis, Lath." Temm. PL col. ii. p. (liv. 13.) f/ Less.
Trait e d'Orn. i. p. 114.
1, 2. Adult, Java, from the Kivoli collection.
3. Adult, India. Presented by Gavin Watson, M. D.
3. KETUPA FLAVirES, Hodgson.
1. Adult male, India, from Capt. Boys' collection.
2. Adult female, India, from the same.
3. Genus LOPHOSTRIX. Lesson.
1. LOPHOSTRIX CRiSTATA, (Daud.) Lc Vnill. Ois. (I'JJf. pi. 48.
Strix crislata, Daudin. Tmite d'Orn. ii. p. 207.
Strix griseata, Lntham. Ind. Orn. Si/pp.
1, 2. Adults, Guiana, from the Rivoli collection.
3. Adult, South America, from the same.
4. Adult, Cayenne. Presented by C. Hering, M. D.
4. Genus EPHIALTES, Keyserling & Blasius.
1. EPHIALTES SCOPS, (Linn.) Selby''s Brit. Orr,. pi. 22. Gould, B. of
Eur. pi. 41.
Strix scops, Linn. Syst. Md. i. p. 132.
Strix pulchella, Pallas. Trav. Russia.
Strix giu, Scopoli. Jlnnus. Hist. J\'at.
Strix zorca et carniolica, Gm. Syst. Xat. i. p. 289, 290.
"Scops Aldrovandi, Ray.'' Sclby.
Scops europ.Tus, Lesson. Traite i. p. 106.
Scops ephialtes, Suv. Egyple xxiii. p. 291.
1, 2. Adult females, France, from the Eivoli collection.
3. Adult female, Europe, from the same.
4, 5. younger, from the same.
6,7. Scops penmidi, Hodgson? India, from the Rivoli col-
lection.
2. EPHIALTES suNiA, (Hodg.) Jtrdou^s lll.'Jnd. Om. pi. 41.
Scops sunia, Hodgson. As. Res. xix. p. 175.
1, 2, 3. India, from the Rivoli collection.
3. EPHIALTES SENEGALEXSIS, (Swains.)
Scops senegalensis, Swainson. B. of W. Jlf. {Mai. Lib.) i.
p. 127.
1,2. Senegal, from the Rivoli collection.
3. Adult, Western Africa, from Mr. Cassin's collection.
4, 5. Adult, Western Africa.
6, 7, 8. Scops capensis, A. Smith, South Africa, from the Rivoli
collection.
9. the same. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Gavin
Watson, M. D.
4. EPHiALTEs LEMPiJi, (Horsf.) Temni. PI. col. 99 ?
' Strix Lempiji, Horsfield. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xiii. p. 140.
Scops lettia, Hodgson. As. Res. xix. p. 176?
Scops javanicus, Less. Traite i. p. 107?
1, 2. Adult males, India, from the Eivoli collection.
3,4. Adult females, India, from the same.
5. Adult male, India, from Capt. Boys' collection.
6. Adult female, India, from the same.
7,8. young, India, from the Rivoli collection,
9,10. "Strix noctula, Reinw." Temm. PL col. 99. India,
from the Rivoli collection.
5. EPHIALTES LOPHOTES, (LesS.) ?
Scops lophotes, Lesson. Traite d'Orn. i. p. 107"?
1. Adult, India? from the Rivoli collection.
2, 3, 4. younger.
6. EPHIALTES SAGiTTATUS, Cassin. Ptoc. Jlcad. Mat. Sci. Philada. iv.
p. 121, Dec. 1848.
1. Adult? India?
2. young, Malacca?
7. EPHIALTES SEMiTORQUES, (Temm. &, Schl.) Fauna Japonica, pi. 8.
Otus semitorques, Temm. Sf Schl. Faun. Jap. JJves, p. 25.
1. Adult, Japan, from the Rivoli collection.
2. Adult male, Japan.
8. EPHIALTES LEUcoTis, (Temm.) PL col. 16.
Strix leucotis, Temminck. PL col. ii. p. (liv. 3.)
1, 2. Adult, Fazogloa, from the Rivoli collection.
3, 4. Adult, Senegal, from the same.
9 EPHIALTES Asio, (Linn.) Jjud. B. of Jim. pi. 97. Wilson, Am. Om.
pi. 19, 42.
Strix asio, Linn. Sysi. J^Tat. u p. 132.
Strix nsBvia, Gm. Syst. J\'at. i: p. 289.
Scops carolinensis, Brisson. Om. i. p. 497.
" Strix albifrons ?" Bonaparte. Obs.
" Bubo striatus ? Vieill." Bonaparte. Obs.
1 2. North America, from the Rivoli collection.
3. New Jersey. Presented by Ralph Hammersly, M, D.
4. Male, Pennsylvania. Presented by W. S. Zantzinger,
M. D.
5. Female, Chester county, Penna. Presented by Samuel
W. Woodhouse, M. D.
6. very young male, Chester county, Penna., from the
same.
7. Strix na^via, Gm. Pennsylvania, from Mr. Cassin's col-
lection.
S. the same, North America, from the Rivoli collection.
9. the same, female, near Pliiladclphia.
10. the same, female, Pennsylvania.
10. EPHiALTKS CHOLiBA, (Vieill.) Spix. Jlv. Jivas. Jives, pi. 9. Des
.Mum, PL peint. {Icon. Orn.) pi. 26.
Strix choliba, Vieilloi. ..Yoj/r. Did. vii. p. 39.
Strix crucigera et undulata, Spix. ^Iv. Bins. pi. 9, 10.
Strix decussata, Lichtensiein. Cat. Dup. Jicrl. Mus. p. 59.
Scops portoricensis, Lesson. Tr. iVOrn. i. p. 107.
Strix tolchiquatli, Gm. Syst..Kat.i. p. 296 ? Azara Voy. iii.
p. 126.
1,2, 3,4. Adult, South America, from the Rivoli collection.
5, 6. Brazil, from the same.
7. young, Cayenne.
8. young, South America.
11. EPHiALTES WATSONii, Cassin. Proc. Acad. J^^at. Sri. Philnda. iv.
p. 123, (Dec. 1848.)
1. Rio Orinoco, South America, from the Rivoli col-
lection.
2. South America.
3. Surinam. Presented by C. Horing, M. D.
12. EPiiiALTES ATRicAPiLLA, (Natt.) Temm. PI. col. 14.5.
Strix atricapilla, JVatterer. {ubi?) Temm. PL col. ii. p. (liv. 25.)
1. nearly adult, Mexico, from Mr. W. S. Pease's col-
lection.
13. EPIIIALTES NUDiPES, (Vieill.) Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 22^
Strix nudipes, Vieillot ?
1,2. Bogota, from the Rivoli collection.
III. Subfamily NYCTEININ.l^.
1. Genus NYCTE A, Stephens.
1. NYCTEA NiVEA, (Daud.) Aud . B. of Am. pi. 121. Selhy, Brit. Orn.
pi. 23.
Strix nivea, Duudin. Traits d'Orn. ii. p. 190. Favn. Franc.
Verteb. pi. 23.
Strix nyctea, Linn. Syst. JVat. i. p. 132. Fau. Sue. p. 25.
Strix Candida, Lnt/i. Ind. Orn. Supp.
Strix erminea, SImw. Gen. ZooL vii. p. 251.
Nyctea erminea et cinerea, Stephens.
Strix wapacuthu, ViciU. Fauna Bor. Am. Birds, p. 99 '
Strix arrticus, Bnrlrnm. Trav. p. 289.
I, 2. Europe ? from the Rivoli collection.
3. Adult, New Jersey, from Mr. Cassin's collection.
4. younger. Presented by J. Trudeau, M. D.
5. Adult female, New Jersey.
IV. Subfamily ATHENINjE.
1. Genus ATHENE, Boie.
1. ATHENE NocTUA, (Retzius.) Gould's B . of EuT . pi. 1-8.
Strix noctua, Retzius. Fauna Suecica, p. 85.
"Strix passerina, Gm." Temm. Man, i. p. 93.
"Strix passerina, et accipitrina, Linn." Meyer Tasch. i. p. 81.
Strix nudipes, J\'iUson. Orn. Suec. p. 68, pi. 2.
Noctua glaux, Savigny. Egypte.
1 , 2. Adult, Europe, from the Rivoli collection.
3. Adult female, Algiers, from the same.
4, 5. Adult, France.
2. ATHENE PASSERINA, (Linn.) Gould's B. of Eur. pi. 50.
Strix passerina, Linn. Syst. Js^it. i. p. 133. Faun. Suec. p. 26.
Strix pusilla, Dcmdin. Traite. d'Orn. ii. p. 205. Le Vaill. Ois.
d'Jlf.'jA.^Q.
Strix pygmaea, Bechstein. JVat. Lent. ii. p. 978.
"Strix acadica, Linn." Temm. Man. i. p. 96.
1. Adult, Europe, from the Rivoli collection.
3. ATHENE PASSERiNOiDEs, (Temm.) PL col. 344. .dud. B. of Am.
pi. 432.
Strix passerinoides, Temm. PI. col. ii. p. (liv. 58.)
1. Adult?" New Grenada, from the Rivoli collection.
2. Adult ? Brazil, from the same.
3, 4, 5. South America, from the same.
4. ATHENE puMiLA, (IHig.) Temm. PI. col. 39.
"Strix pumila, llliger." Temm. Pi. col. ii. p. (liv. 7.)
Strix pumila, Lickt. Cat. Dup. Ber. Mus. p. 60.
Strix ferox, Vieiil. Mouv. Did. vii. p. 22.
Strix minutissima, de Wied. Beifrage zur JVat. Bras. iii. p. 242.
1,2. St)uth America, from the Rivoli collection.
5. ATHENE SI.IU, (D'Orb.) De la Sagra^s Cuba, Ois. pi. 3.
Noctua siju, D^Orbigny. De la Sagra^s Hist, de Pile de Cuba, Orn.
p. 33.
1. Adult, Cuba. Presented by Richard C. Taylor, Esq.
6. ATHENE FERRUGiNEA, (de Wied.) Temm. PI. col. 199.
Strix ferruginea, de Wied. Beit. Jfut. Bras. iii. p. 234.
Strix phalceiioides, Baud. Tr. d'Orn. ii. p. 206 ? Vicill. Ois.
d\im. Sept. pi. 15 ?
"Strix pumila, Illig. ?' de IVied. {ut supra.)
1, 2, 3. Adult males, Brazil, from the Rivoli collection.
4, 5, 6. Adult females, Brazil, from the same.
7. Adult, Rio Negro, from Mr. Cassin's collection.
8, 9. younger, South America, from the Kivoli collection.
10. Female, Trinidad.
11. younger. South America. Presented by Gavin Watson,
M. D.
12. S. ferruginea? Caraccas, from the Rivoli collection.
7. ATHKNE NANA, (Vig.) Gray tS" Mitch. Genera, pi. 12.'
Strix nana, Vigors. Zoo. Jour. iii. p. 426.
1. America, from the Rivoli collection.
1,2. A. nana? Mexico, from M. Bruzin's ' jction.
1,2,3,4. A. nana? South America. l'
8. ATHENE BRAMA, (Temm.) PL col. 68.
Strix brama, Temm. PI. col. ii. p. (liv. 12.)
Noctua indica, VrankUn. Proc. Zoo. Soc. Lond. 1831, p. 1 \b.
Noctua tarayensis, Hodgson. ^Is. Res. xix. p. 175.
ijtrix persica, Vieill. Aomu. Diet. vii. p. 26. ?
1,2,3. Adult females, India, from the Rivoli collection.
4. Adult male, India. Presented by M. Burrough, M. D.
5. young, India, from the Rivoli collection.
9. ATHENE RADiATA, (Tickell.)
Strix radiata, Tickell. Jour. .^s. Soc. Bens:, ii. p. 572.
Strix eyrthroptcra, Gould. Proc. Zoo. Soc. Lond. 1837, p. 136.
Athene undulatus, Blyth. Jour. As. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 457.
1,2. Adult females, Himalaya mountains, from the Rivoli
collection.
3. Adult male, Himalaya mountains, from the same.
4, 5. younger, India.
10. ATHENE cucuLoiDES, (Vig.) Gould^s Ccntury, pi. 4.
Noctua cuculoides, Vigors. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1820, p. 8.
1. Adult male, India, from Capt. Boys' collection.
2. Adult female, India, from the same.
3. India, from the Rivoli collection.
4. A. cuculoides? India, from Capt. Boys' collection.
11. ATHENE CASTANEorTERA, (Horsf) Temm. PL col. 98.
Strix castaneoptera, Horsfield. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xiii.
p. 140.
1, 2, 3. Adults, Java, from the Rivoli collection.
12. ATHENE BUODIEI, (Burt.)
Noctua Brodiei, Burton. Proc. Zoo. Sac. Land. 1835, p. 152.
Noctua tubiger, Hodgson. As. Res. xix. p. 175.
1. Adult male, India, from Capt. Boys' collection.
2. Adult female, India, from the same.
3. India.
13. ATHENE SCUTELLATA, (Raff.) Tciiim. PL coL 289.
Strix scutellata, Raffles. Trans. Linn. Sac. Land. xiii. p. 280.
Strix hirsuta, Tcmm. PL coL ii. p. (liv. 49.)
Strix lugubris, TickelL Jour. As. Soc. Beng. ii. p. 572.
Athene malaccensis, Eyton. Ann. and Mug. JVat. Hist. xvi.
p. 228 ?
2. Adults, India, from the Rivoli collection.
' "*. Adult, Sumatra, from the same.
■oitnger, Ceylon, from the same.
5. ' It, India. Presented by M. Burrough, M. D.
6. t female, India.
14-. ATHENE PERLATA, (Vieill.) Lc VailL Ois. d'Af. pi. 284. Temm.
PL coL 34.
Strix perlata, Vicillot. Jfouv. Did. vii. p. 26.
Strix occipitalis, Temm. PL coL ii. p. (I'lv. 4.)
1. Adult, Western Africa. Presented by Edward Harris,
Esq.
2, 3, 4. Adults, South Africa, from the Rivoli collection.
5. younger. Cape of Good Hope, from the same.
6, 7. Adult, Senegal, from the same.
8. younger, Africa, from the same.
9. Female, Cape- of Good Hope.
15. ATHENE cuNicuLARiA, (Mol.) Aud. B. of Am.-p\. 4>12. (from S. A.
specimens.)
Strix cunicularia, Molina. Sagg. Chili.
Strix grallaria, Temm. PL col. ii. p. (liv. 25.) pi. 146 ?
Strix californica, Aud. B. of Am. pi. 412. (name on plate.)
Noctua coquimbana, Brisson.-, Orn. i. p. 155.
1,2. Adult females? South America, from the Rivoli col-
lection.
3. younger, Rio La Plata. Presented by W. S. W.
Ruschenberger, M. D., U. S. Navy.
4. Female, Peru.
5. Strix grallaria, Temm. South America, from the Rivoli
collection.
16. ATHENE HYPUG^A, (Bjnap.) Bonaparte's Am. Orn. i. pi. 7.
Strix hypugrea, Bonaparle. Am. Orn. i. p. 72.
Asthenesocialis, Gamhel. Proc. Acad. Jfat. Sci. Philada, iii. p. 47.
4
1. Male, Columbia River. Presented by Edward Harris,
Esq.
2. Adult male, Platte River. Presented by A. L. Heer-
man, M. D.
3. very young, Western North America. Deposited bv
Mr. E. M. Kern, and collectpd by him during Col.
Fremont's Expedition of 184-.').
4. Adult, Columbia River, from Mr. John G. Tiell's col-
lection.
17. ATHENE? sTRKNUA, Gould. Proc. Zoo. Soc. Loud. 1837, p. 14'J.
B.of^ust.i.])]. 35.
1,2, Adults, Australia, from the Rivoli collection.
3. New liouth Wales, from Mr. Gould's collection.
18. ATHENE? coNNivENs, (Lath.) Gould's B. of Aust. i. pi. 34.
Falco connivens, Latham. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 12.
Athene? fortis, Gould. Proc. Zoo. Soc. Lond. 1837, p. 141.
1,2. Australia, from the Rivoli collection.
3. Adult male, Western Australia, from Mr. Gould's col-
lection.
4-. Adult female, Western Australia, from the same.
5. Male, New South Wales, from the same.
6. Female, New South Wales, from the same.
19. ATHENE nooBooK, (Lath.) Gould's B. of Jlust. i. pi. 32.
Strix boobook, Latham. Ind. Orn. Supp.
1. Adult, Swan River, Australia, from the Rivoli collec-
tion.
2, 3. Males, Western Australia, from ?Jr. Gould's collection.
4'. Female, do. from the same.
20. ATHENE MACULATA, (Vig. &, Horsf.) Govld's, B. of Jlvst. \. p. 33.
Noctua maculata. Vigors <S* Horsfield. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.
XV. p. 139.
1. Adult, Van Dieman's land, from the Rivoli collection.
2, 3. New Zealand, from the same.
i. Male, Van Dieman's land, from Mr. Gould's collection.
5. Female, Van Dieman's land, from the same.
21. ATHENE MARMORATA, Gould. Pvoc. Zoo. Soc. Lond. 1846, p. 18.
1. Male, Southern Australia, from Mr. Gould's collection.
22. ATHENE RUFA, Gould. Proc. Zoo. Soc. Lond. 184-6, p. 18, B. of
Jlust. i. pi. 36.
1. Port Essingtori, Australia, from Mr. Gould's collection.
23. ATHENE MAUGEI, (TeiTitn.) PL col. 46.
Strix Alaugei, Temm. PI. col. ii. p. (liv. 8.)
1. Adult male.
2. Genus CICCABA, Wagler.
t. CICCABA HUHULA, (Daud.) Le Vaill. Ois. (VAf. pi. 41.
Strix huhula, Daudin. Tr. d'Orn. ii. p. 190.
Strix lineata, Shaw. Gen. Zoo. vii. p. 280, pi. 36.
Strix alboraarginata, Spix. Av. Bras. pi. 10 a.
1,2. Adults, South America, from the Rivoli collection.
3. younger, South America, from the same.
2. CICCABA pfRSPiciLLATA, (Lath.) Lc Vaill. Ois. d'Af. pi. 42, 44.
Strix perspicillata, Latham. Ind. Orn. i. p. 58. Cren. Hist. i. pi. 15.
Strix personata et torquata, Daudin. Tr. d'Orn. ii. p. 192, 193.
Strix superciliosa, Shaw. Gen. Zool. vii, p. 251, pi. 32.
Strix larvata, S/iaio. JSTat. Misc. pi. 801.
1. Adult, Surinam, from the Rivoli collection.
2. Adult, South America, from the same.
3. middle age. South America, from the same.
4. middle age, Surinam. Presented by C Hering, M. D.
5. younger, South America, from the Rivoli collection.
6. very young. South America,
V. Subfamily SUENINyi:.
1. Genus SURNIA, Dumeril.
1. SURNIA ULULA, (Linn.) Aud. B. of Am. pi. 378. Gould's B. of Eur.
pi. 45.
Strix ulula, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 26. Syst. JVat. i. p, 133.
Strix uralensls et hudsonia, Gm. Syst. JV'at. i. p. 295. Buff. PL
Enl. 463.
"Strix funerea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 133." Mllson, Faun. Suec.
p. 65, [et nl. Auct.)
Strix canadensis et freti-hudsonia, Briss. Orn. i. p. 518, 520.
Strix nisoria, Meyer Tasch. i. p. 84.
Strix doliata, Pallas. Zoog. i. p. 316.
Strix arctica, Sparrm. Mus. Car.
Surnia borealis, Less. Tr. d'Orn. i. p. 100.
1, 2, 3,4. Adults, Europe, from the Rivoli collection.
5. Adult male, Nova Scotia.
6. Adult female. Nova Scotia.
n^ [1
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